Annals Of Work Exposures and Health最新文献

{"title":"Occupational health of drilling waste workers as related to microbial exposure and waste treatment methods.","authors":"Elke Eriksen, Hanne Line Daae, Anani Komlavi Afanou, Anne Mette Madsen, Pål Graff","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae102","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxae102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Exposure to microorganisms is a known contributor to occupational disease. This study assessed drilling waste workers' health status and investigated the potential of inhalable bioaerosols to elicit an immune response in vitro and in vivo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Venous blood and self-reported health data were collected from 56 and 73 Norwegian drilling waste workers, respectively. Immunological effects were assessed as Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation potential of personal air samples in vitro and biomarker expression in workers' plasma samples in vivo. Parameters, such as BMI, sex, and smoking habits, were considered along with factors such as purification technology of drilling waste when biomarker expression was interpreted. Symptom prevalence among exposed workers was compared to an unexposed control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Personal air samples activated TLR signalling in vitro in 90% of all cases. The activation potential correlated significantly with work exposure to microbial agents and total dust. Significant differences in biomarker expression and symptom prevalence were identified between purification technologies and exposure groups. Drilling waste workers had significantly increased OR of skin irritation and respiratory symptoms compared to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to microorganisms during the treatment of offshore drilling waste is an occupational health concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"261-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a nano-specific safe-by-design module to identify risk management strategies.","authors":"Hasnae Ben Jeddi, Henk Goede, Remy Franken, Eugene van Someren, Neeraj Shandilya, Ruby Vermoolen, Josephine Steck, Sebastien Artous, Jorge Salvador Hermosilla, Wouter Fransman","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae088","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxae088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the development of a Safe-by-Design (SbD) module and its integration into an easy-to-use tool, named the Nano Exposure Quantifier-Safe-by-Design (NEQ-SbD) tool. The NEQ-SbD tool guides its user to lower the exposure to nanomaterials at the worksite where nanomaterials are manipulated or handled during a wide range of activities. This allows the tool user with an informed decision to assess airborne exposure and to select, compare, and identify appropriate risk management measures (RMM). The SbD module was developed using various information sources that can support and guide the SbD process, including the (i) RMM effectiveness based on analyses of an Exposure Control Efficacy Library (ECEL), (ii) RMM performance using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, (iii) e-cards based on a qualitative analysis of RMM information sources, and (iv) guidance for SbD strategy using an exposure directionality assessment. This information has been integrated in the user interface of the SbD module and NEQ-SbD tool to facilitate the SbD decision-making process. The SbD concept applied in the integrated NEQ-SbD tool introduces a comparison between a baseline exposure assessment and an (improved) SbD exposure assessment. The integrated NEQ-SbD tool consists of 4 modules including (i) a baseline exposure assessment, (ii) baseline results, (iii) SbD assessment, and (iv) SbD comparative results. The main purpose of the SbD module lies in guiding the user to the most sensitive (exposure) parameters and allowing a side-by-side comparison of potentially suitable RMMs. The integrated NEQ-SbD tool also offers a tiered approach and seamlessly shifts from a tier-1 to tier-2 uncertainty of an exposure assessment. The SbD module is illustrated using a worked example for the transfer of nano powders, showing the possibility of identifying SbD solutions for both safe-by-process and safe-by-material design purposes. The NEQ-SbD tool is a valuable tool for the SbD of nanomaterials and as a decision-making tool to support SbD risk management strategies that lead to minimizing health risks associated with occupational exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"310-322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silica exposure controls usage in masonry and concrete trades: before and after enactment of the OSHA Silica Construction Rule (1926.1153).","authors":"Deborah E Dickerson, Ari Joseph Goldberg","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae106","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxae106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In 2017, The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Construction Industry Respirable Crystalline Silica rule (1926.1153) became effective. This regulation stipulates silica exposure control methods to be used in specific construction tasks (1926.1153 Table 1). The present study examined the impact of the regulation on usage of control methods. Reported are findings from 2 surveys of concrete and masonry contractors conducted 3 years prior to, and 3 years following, the OSHA rule.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In 2014 and 2021, a telephone survey was conducted of the following trade associations: the Mason Contractors Association of America (n = 700), the Concrete Sawing and Drilling Association (n = 541), and the American Concrete Pavement Association (n = 450). Collected were frequency of use of the following dust mitigation strategies: stationary masonry saw wet methods, stationary masonry saw dust capture, handheld saw wet methods, handheld saw dust capture, fiber-cement saw dust capture, walk-behind saws wet methods, walk-behind saws dust capture, impact and rotary hammer drills dust capture, jack hammer wet methods, jack hammer dust capture, handheld grinder dust capture, floor grinder wet method, floor grinder dust capture, and sweeping compound. The 5-point Likert-scale data were analyzed via the Welch's t-test. Open-ended questions about benefits, barriers, and motivations for using dust mitigation methods were analyzed via Content Analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant increases in usage were found across many control methods. Highly significant increases in frequency of use were found for handheld saw dust capture, fiber-cement dust capture, handheld grinder dust capture, and impact and rotary hammer dust capture.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the study provides evidence that the OSHA rule has been effective in effecting change in these silica-exposing trades.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"273-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deconstruction of farm machine-related safety interventions: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.","authors":"Aswathi Surendran, Jennifer McSharry, Rossella Di Domenico, David Meredith, Oonagh Meade, Sandra Malone, Denis O'Hora","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae105","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxae105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Agricultural workplaces have a high number of incidents and fatalities, with the majority occurring from machinery use. Farmers' behaviour plays a critical role in maintaining safety, as improper or unsafe practices often lead to injuries and fatalities. This review categorises interventions targeting farm machine safety, examining both the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used and their reported outcomes to understand how the techniques influence safety practices and outcomes on farms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The systematic review is reported in accordance with the Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published before June 2024, and the quality of included studies was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias assessment tools. Analysis of intervention behavioural components was guided by the behaviour change wheel framework and BCT taxonomy (v1). The findings were synthesised using a narrative review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine studies were included and a total of 21 BCTs were identified. The most frequently coded BCTs were 4.1 (instruction on how to perform the behaviour), 10.8 (incentive [outcome]), and 16.3 (vicarious consequences) (each n = 6). Reported outcomes included reductions in injury rates, improved adoption of safety devices, implementation of safety measures, and positive shifts in safety norms and perceptions. However, due to variations in intervention design and reporting, assessing the direct impact of specific BCTs on these outcomes proved challenging.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The use of BCT taxonomy provided a common language for describing intervention components and enabled the standardisation of intervention content analysis. While patterns were observed regarding the commonly used BCTs, their implementation and outcomes, the heterogeneity and limited details provided by studies limited our ability to discern their effectiveness. Providing (i) greater transparency in reporting active intervention components and (ii) clearer connections between components and specific outcomes, will enable enhanced comparisons of future studies, and facilitate a greater understanding of how to support safe machine-related behaviours on farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"233-250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne particulate matter exposure in male sugarcane workers at risk for chronic kidney disease in Guatemala.","authors":"John L Adgate, Grant Erlandson, Jaime Butler-Dawson, Laura Calvimontes-Barrientos, Luis Amezquita, James Seidel, Joaquin Barnoya, Colton Castro, Magali Coyoy, Marcos Pérez, Miranda Dally, Lyndsay Krisher, Diana Jaramillo, Stephen Brindley, Lee S Newman, Joshua Schaeffer","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxaf008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaf008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is an international epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in agricultural working populations. Particulate air pollution is a likely contributing factor in populations at risk for CKDu, but there is little personal breathing zone data for these workers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected 1 to 3 personal breathing zone particulate matter <5 microns (PM5) gravimetric measurements in 143 male sugarcane harvesters over 2 seasons and concurrent ambient samples using personal sampling pumps and cyclone inlets as a sampling train. Due to very high concentrations observed during a pilot of these methods, personal breathing zone sampling duration was set to 4 h, beginning either at the start of a work shift (AM) or delayed for 4 h (PM). To obtain full-shift exposure concentrations we calculated 8-h time-weighted average (TWA, in µg/m3) estimates of each worker's full-shift personal breathing zone PM5 exposure concentration by averaging their individual monitored concentration with the median concentration of the unmonitored AM or PM segment from all workers that day to obtain an 8-h TWA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median full-shift personal TWA PM5 concentrations were 449 μg/m3 (range 20.5 to 1,930 μg/m3), which were much higher than ambient concentrations in these fields (median 136, range 22.5 to 2,360 μg/m3). These findings document very high personal breathing zone PM5 exposure in workers at risk for CKDu: median concentrations for all workers were 3.5 (range <1 to 33.6) times as high as concurrent ambient concentrations.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>These findings suggest that ambient measurements of particulate matter are insufficient to estimate personal exposure in this population and that personal breathing zone monitoring should be used to fully explore air pollution as a risk factor for CKDu. Given that particulate matter from this source likely has multiple hazardous constituents, future research should focus on characterizing all constituents and explore associations with biomarkers of kidney injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quantitative solar ultraviolet radiation job-exposure matrix for Europe.","authors":"Else T Würtz, Kirsten Pugdahl, Morten Fenger-Grøn, Ina A Berglind, Mark P C Cherrie, Anna Dahlman-Höglund, Kasper Grandahl, Jelena Macan, Alberto Modenese, Hilde Notø, Svetlana Solovieva, Kurt Straif, Marc Wittlich, Sven Connemann, Timo Heepenstrick, Peter A Philipsen, Stephan Westerhausen, Calvin B Ge, Johnni Hansen, Cheryl E Peters, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Vivi Schlünssen, Henrik A Kolstad","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxaf011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Outdoor workers are exposed to high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR causes skin cancer and is a risk factor for cataract and other short- and long-term health effects, but there are significant knowledge gaps regarding the exposure-response relations based on quantitative measures of UVR exposure. We developed a quantitative UVR job-exposure matrix (JEM) for the general working population of Europe.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three experts from each of Northern, Central, and Southern Europe rated duration of outdoor work for all 372 occupations defined by the International Standard Classification of Occupations from 1988 (ISCO-88(COM)). A systematic literature search identified 12 studies providing 223 sets of summary workday UVR exposure for 49 ISCO-88(COM) occupations based on 75,711 personal workday measurements obtained from 2,645 participants and reported as arithmetic mean standard erythemal dose (SED). We combined the expert ratings with the measured occupational UVR exposure data and estimated harmonized workday UVR exposures for all 372 occupations in a linear mixed effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Monotonically increasing workday UVR exposure of 0.68, 1.57, 1.80, and 2.49 SED were seen by increasing expert ratings of 0, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and ≥5 h of daily outdoor work. The UVR exposure showed a 6-fold increase from lowest to highest exposed occupation. Farm hands, roofers, concrete placers, and other occupations within craft and related trades were among the highest exposed, while bartenders, wood-processing-plant operators, and several white-collar occupations who typically work indoor were among the lowest exposed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This quantitative JEM for solar UVR exposure proves able to provide substantial discrimination between occupations, shows good agreement with expert assessments, and may facilitate epidemiological studies characterizing the exposure-response relation between occupational solar UVR exposure and different health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personal air monitoring and biological assessment of perchloroethylene exposure in workers in the dry-cleaning industry in Bogotá, Colombia.","authors":"Maira Fernanda Zambrano Carrillo, Karen López Castro, Stefano Basilico","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxaf009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines occupational exposure to perchloroethylene among dry cleaning workers in Bogotá, Colombia, where its use remains prevalent despite global trends toward alternatives. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 9 workers to measure perchloroethylene exposure levels and blood concentrations. Additionally, a case-control study assessed gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as biomarkers for hepatocellular damage. Workers were classified into 3 job categories: dry cleaning operators, ironers, and cold washing operators. Results indicated that dry cleaning operators experienced significantly higher exposure levels (0.72 to 7.22 ppm) compared to ironers and cold washers (0.001 to 3.39 ppm). All exposure levels were below the adjusted threshold limit of 19.58 ppm, and blood perchloroethylene concentrations were below detection limits. No significant differences in GGT and ALT levels were observed between exposed workers and the control group. Given the small sample size, further research is warranted to better understand exposure risks in this sector. Emphasizing a culture of prevention is crucial due to the carcinogenic potential of perchloroethylene, even at low environmental exposure levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial risks and ethical implications of technology: considerations for decent work.","authors":"Paul A Schulte, Jessica M K Streit","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxaf003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Decent work, a United Nations Sustainable Development Goal, is built on the ethical treatment of workers and ensures respect of their security, freedom, equity, and dignity. In the future, a wide range of technological forces may pose significant impediments to the availability and quality of decent work. This paper applies a prescriptive taxonomy to categorize evidence of the psychosocial impacts technology may bring to the future of work and elucidate the associated ethical concerns. Ethical objectives in support of a future defined by decent work are also offered. Central to this technoethical discourse are the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, justice, and respect for persons. Expanded technoethical education, ethical technology assessments, ethical foresight analysis, and revised ethical standards are important ways to address technology-related ethical challenges on a larger scale. The findings in this paper may serve as a foundation for the systemic prevention and control of adverse effects and ethical concerns from the use of technology in the workplace of the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat strain in road construction workers during the summer in New Mexico: a preliminary study.","authors":"Jonathan W Specht, Serena Garcia, David H Wegman, Jason Glaser, Zachary J Schlader, Fabiano T Amorim","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae097","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxae097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the summer season, road construction workers perform physically demanding tasks outdoors, placing them at greater risk for exertional heat illness conditions. Assessing core temperature (Tcore) is critical as it serves as a key indicator of heat strain and helps to estimate the risk of heat-related illness. Despite the increased risk of hyperthermia, previous research has not assessed Tcore in road construction workers in the United States during summer work.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report heat strain and environmental heat stress in a pilot study of road construction workers during work in the summer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven male road construction workers in New Mexico were observed performing physically demanding work during a summer work shift. Environmental heat stress (heat index [HI], dry/wet bulb temperature, and relative humidity), Tcore, and skin temperature (Tskin) were measured continuously at a single job site throughout the workday. Hydration was assessed pre- and post-shift via measurements of urine specific gravity (USG) and changes in body weight.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The peak HI recorded throughout the workday was 34.1 °C, corresponding to a \"warning\" heat risk level according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Heat Safety Tool App. Two of seven (29%) workers reached a peak Tcore of greater than 38.0 °C, and 4 (57%) began the work shift dehydrated, indicated by a USG >1.020.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings from this pilot study suggest that road construction workers may begin their shifts dehydrated and some experience moderate hyperthermia while performing physically demanding work in hot environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"225-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory quaternary ammonium and volatile organic compound exposures experienced by home care aides during residential bathroom cleaning using conventional and green products.","authors":"Margaret M Quinn, John E Lindberg, Rebecca J Gore, Susan R Sama, Catherine J Galligan, David Kriebel, Pia K Markkanen, Ryan F LeBouf, Mohammed Abbas Virji","doi":"10.1093/annweh/wxae092","DOIUrl":"10.1093/annweh/wxae092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>US home care (HC) aide visits to clients' homes typically involve cleaning and disinfecting (C&D) environmental surfaces, particularly in bathrooms. Some ingredients in C&D products are associated with respiratory illness: sodium hypochlorite (bleach), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study assessed and compared aides' respiratory exposures to specific VOCs and QACs while using 2 conventional and 1 \"green\" household C&D spray products during bathroom cleaning. Measured exposures were compared to ingredients listed on publicly available sources.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three C&D products were selected with principal active disinfecting ingredients: 1% to 5% sodium hypochlorite by weight (\"bleach-based\"); 0.1% to 1% QACs (\"QACs-based\"); and 0.05% thymol (\"green\"). Twenty-two aides were recruited to perform C&D tasks in a simulated residential bathroom constructed in an environmental monitoring laboratory. A balanced experimental study design involved each aide visiting the lab 4 times to perform typical cleaning tasks with the 3 products and distilled water (as a control), randomly assigned across the 4 visits. Aides wore air sampling equipment for breathing zone samples: canisters to collect whole air for VOC analyses and filter cassettes for QACs analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aides performed 84 cleaning visits contributing approximately 20 air samples each for VOCs and QACs, for each of the 3 products and distilled water. In total, 38 unique VOCs were identified in the canister whole air samples: 20 in the QACs-based product samples, 15 in the bleach-based, and 10 in the green. Most VOCs were not listed in publicly available sources of cleaning product ingredients. Toxicity information was limited. Few VOCs had occupational exposure limits. The QACs-based product generated QACs aerosol: benzalkonium chloride (BAC)12 (geometric mean (GM) = 6.98 µg/m3), BAC14 (GM=2.97 µg/m3), BAC16 (GM=0.78 µg/m3); and the 3 QACs summed (GM=10.86 µg/m3).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The use of C&D spray products for residential cleaning can generate respiratory exposures to complex mixtures of volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Notably, we measured aerosols containing QACs during the use of the QACs-based product. Dermal is usually considered the main route of exposure because QACs are nonvolatile salts. This study provides evidence that QACs inhalation exposure should be recognized and minimized in addition to the well-accepted dermal exposure routes. The green product generated the fewest VOCs. However, more toxicity information is needed on the health impacts of green C&D products. Spraying of C&D products, conventional and green, should be avoided.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Aides' respiratory health should be protected from chemical exposures while performing C&D in home care.</p>","PeriodicalId":8362,"journal":{"name":"Annals Of Work Exposures and Health","volume":" ","pages":"173-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11858560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}