Archives of Razi Institute最新文献

{"title":"Modeling the time series of scorpion stings in Southwestern Iran.","authors":"F Rostampour, M Heidari, H Rashidi, A Faramarzi, S Shojaei, B Barati, S A Mousavi","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.651","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scorpion stings pose a significant public health concern in Iran, resulting in approximately 45,000-50,000 cases and 19 deaths annually. The Khuzestan and Hormozgan provinces have the highest reported incidence rates, with an estimated 36,000 cases each year. This study focused on modeling the time series data of scorpion stings, specifically in Shoushtar City, from 2017 to 2022. Our objective was to investigate the presence of seasonality and long-term trends in the incidence of scorpion stings by utilizing advanced analytical techniques, such as the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. We applied the seasonal ARIMA model to fit a univariate time series of scorpion sting incidence. This study revealed a significant seasonal trend and an overall increase and decrease in scorpion sting cases during the study period. The best-fitting model for the available data was a seasonal ARIMA model in the form of ARIMA(0,0,1)(1,1,1)12. This model can forecast the frequency of scorpion sting cases in Southwestern Iran over the next two years. As a result, time series analysis can provide valuable insights into the patterns and trends of scorpion sting incidents, allowing for better planning and allocation of healthcare resources. By understanding the seasonal variations, proactive measures can be implemented to address the growing issue of scorpion stings in Iran effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"651-658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Linalool, Cineole, and β-Bourbonene Coupled with Aerobic Training on the Improvement of Presenilin-1/Amyloid Protein Precursor/Interleukin-1 beta/CASPASE 1 Network, Oxidative Capacity, and miRNA-210 in Mice with Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Z Alimoradi, F Taghian, K Jalali Dehkordi","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.629","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's is an advanced nervous disorder related to aging. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight-week aerobic training, along with the consumption of Linalool, Cineole, and β-Bourbonene, on the prevention and improvement of Alzheimer's disease. Mice were randomly assigned to 8 groups: control group, mice induced with Alzheimer's disease treated with β-amyloid (Alzheimer group), Alzheimer's mice treated with bioactive compounds of herbal medicine (Linalool with a concentration of 25 mg/kg, Cineole with a concentration of 100 mg/kg, and β-Bourbonene with a concentration of 10 μg/ml) by gavage for 8 weeks (Alzheimer+Biocompounds group), Alzheimer's mice treated with aerobic exercise with a moderate intensity treadmill for 8 weeks (Alzheimer's+Training group), Alzheimer's mice treated with bioactive compounds of herbal medicine and aerobic exercise for 8 weeks (Alzheimer+Biocompounds+Training group), healthy mice initially treated with bioactive compounds of herbal medication (Linalool with a concentration of 25 mg/kg, Cineol with a concentration of 100 mg/kg, and β-Bourbonene with a concentration of 0.20 μg) by gavage for 8 weeks and then induced with Alzheimer's (Biocompounds+Alzheimer group), healthy mice initially treated with aerobic exercise using a treadmill with moderate intensity for 8 weeks and then induced with Alzheimer's disease (Training+Alzheimer group), and healthy mice initially treated with bioactive compounds of herbal medicine and aerobic exercise for 8 weeks and then induced with Alzheimer's disease (Biocompounds+Training+Alzheimer group). Compared to other groups, Interleukin-1 beta, CASPASE1, Presenilin-1, and amyloid protein precursor levels improved in mice initially treated with aerobic exercise and biocompounds. Oxidative capacity was improved by exercise training and bioactive compounds. In addition, exercise training and bioactive compounds regulated the miRNA-210 in the hippocampus of the mice with Alzheimer's. It can be concluded that the consumption of biocompounds and aerobic training can manage and prevent Alzheimer's.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"629-638"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wound healing activity of green synthesized copper nanoparticles through cell proliferation-migration, antimicrobial effects, and nitric oxide triggering.","authors":"S Hakimzadeh, M Kosar","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.639","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present experimental study aimed to assess the <i>in vitro</i> wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of green synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by the methanol extract of <i>Ferula macrecolea</i> (Boiss), as a plant with various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, in traditional and modern medicine. The precipitation approach was used for the green synthesis of CuNPs by mixing the methanol and copper sulfate solution. Cell viability and fibroblast proliferation assay were performed by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. The migration abilities of fibroblast cells were evaluated using the <i>in vitro</i> scratch assay for wound healing. The effects of CuNPs on gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) were also examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <i>In vitro</i> antibacterial susceptibility test of CuNPs was carried out according to the standards protocol of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the green synthesized CNP exhibited a globular shape with a size ranging from 15 to 90 nm, while the majority were at 40-60 nm. The results of the MTT assay demonstrated that the calculated 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) value of green synthesized CuNPs was 236.3 μg/mL. The optimum concentrations of the CuNPs were selected based on the CC₅₀, which dose-dependently increased the proliferation of fibroblast cells. The CuNPs dose-dependently increased the rate of wound closure after 16 and 24 h. The results of the real-time PCR illustrated that CuNPs caused upregulation in the expression level of the iNOS gene in RAW 264.7 cells. CuNPs showed promising antimicrobial effects against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. The present study highlighted the high potency of green CuNPs synthesized by <i>F. macrecolea</i> for wound healing through their antimicrobial properties, proliferation of fibroblast cells, and provoking iNOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"639-644"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites among Children Attending the Hevi Pediatric Hospital in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.","authors":"S S Ismael, B H Abdullah, A J Sadiq, J S Ajaj, N S Ali, D M Omer, N Y Nori","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.507","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of intestinal protozoan infection among children in Duhok Province, North of Iraq, from October 2022 to May 2023. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 740 children attending Hevi Pediatric Hospital, Duhok Province, Iraq. Firstly, all collected stool samples were examined directly by preparing a wet stool smear for the detection of the vegetative stage (Trophozoite) of both <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> and <i>Giardia</i> lamblia. Thereafter, all stool samples were preserved at -22°C until further use for identifying cysts of protozoa and oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum by the Telmman concentration stool method. The children were within the age range of 1-14 years. Out of 740 stool samples collected, 205 (27.7%) cases were positive for intestinal protozoan infections as follows 160 (78.0%) children tested positive for <i>E. histolytica</i>, 35 (17.1%) were positive for <i>C. parvum</i>, and only 10 (4.9%) were positive for <i>G. lamblia</i>. Nonetheless, the results indicated a statistically significant difference between the prevalence of <i>E. histolytica</i>, <i>C. parvum</i>, and <i>G. lamblia</i> infections across different age groups (<i>P</i><0.05). The highest infection rates of intestinal protozoa, namely <i>E. histolytica</i>, <i>C. parvum</i>, and <i>G. lamblia</i>, were reported in the age ranges of 5-9 years (53.75%, 25.0%, and 60.0%), 1-4 years (28.75%, 20.0%, and 30.0%), and 10-14 years (17.55%, 8.6%, and 10.0%), respectively. In this study, the prevalence of amoebiasis and cryptosporidiosis was reported to be higher than in other studies performed in Iraq, while the prevalence of giardiasis was reported at a lower rate than the rate reported previously in Iraq, especially in Duhok. These infections continue to pose a challenging public health issue, necessitating the implementation of stronger and more effective preventative measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"507-512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Chitosan Nanoparticles Coating with Sodium Lactate on Beef Hamburger Quality during Storage at 4°C: Oxidative Stability, Microbial and Sensorial Characteristics.","authors":"R Satarzadeh, A A Motallebi, H Hosseini, H Ahari","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.529","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the nano chitosan particles were produced by ionotropic gelation between sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan. The effect of nano chitosan with or without sodium lactate coating was evaluated on physicochemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, and peroxide), microbial (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic viable counts, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and molds), and sensorial properties of beef burgers within 24 days of storage at 4°C. The solutions of 1% nano chitosan (T₁), 2% nano chitosan (T₂), 2.5% sodium lactate (T₃), 1% nano chitosan+2.5% sodium lactate (T₄), and 2% nano chitosan+2.5% sodium lactate (T₅) were used for the coating. Although the results showed the increment of microbial growth of all treatments during storage time, the T₄ and T₅ samples had the lowest microbial counts, which indicates the synergistic effect of sodium lactate and nano chitosan. The pH of all samples was acidic to neutral (5.48-7.15) and increased during 24 days of storage, and the pH value of T₄ and T₅ samples increased with a lower slope. On the other hand, the evaluation of peroxide and TBARS values exhibited that nano chitosan had a more efficient preservative effect than sodium lactate, and both of them individually had lower antioxidant activity than their combined form. Furthermore, T₄ and T₅ samples had the best sensorial scores. These results indicated that nano chitosan and sodium lactate had synergistic effects and could be effectively applied to expand the shelf life of beef burgers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"529-540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of protective immunity in chickens vaccinated with combined IB H120/D274 and IB H120 against IS/1494/06 in Iran.","authors":"A Eshaghniya, H Haghbin Nazarpak, A Ghalyanchilangeroudi, H Hosseini","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.575","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a variety of serotypes that cause many problems in the poultry industry. Two H120 and H120-D274 live vaccines were evaluated against strain IS/1494/06 (variant 2) IBV challenge. The study aimed to determine whether it was possible to achieve success in controlling disease symptoms and pathological lesions and reducing virus shedding by combining two types of vaccines against different severities of poultry IBV. After random selection of 100 specific pathogen-free chickens, four 25 chicks/group experimental groups were arranged in the H120 (IB-H120, Intervet®; Serial No: **** at 1st day + Booster 14th day + Challenged with IS/1494/06- 14 DPV), H120-D274 (Poulvac® IB Primer at 1st day + Booster 14th day + Challenged with IS/1494/06- 14 DPV), Control (No vaccine + No Challenge), and Challenged (No vaccine + Challenge). After euthanasia of the animals on the 42nd day of the research, serum neutralization (days 14, 28, and 42), ELISA (14 days after the booster vaccine and before challenged), Ciliostasis (7 days after the booster vaccine and seven days after challenged), and pathological lesion scores were evaluated on day 14 after being infected with IS/1494/06 type 2 strain (day 42). Moreover, the virus shedding was monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Infection with the IS/1494/06 variant 2 strain showed high to moderate ciliostasis and pathologic scores. All groups that received the IB-H120-D274 vaccine had fewer lesions relatively. The IB-H120-D274 vaccinated groups showed the highest protection rates and high protection scores (70.3) than the IB-H120 vaccine groups (24.4). The virus shedding was significantly reduced in groups that received the H120-D274 vaccine compared to those that received the IB-H120 vaccine. In conclusion, the homologous IB-H120-D274 vaccine showed superior results compared to the IB-H120 vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"575-586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorative Potential of Resveratrol on Kidney Toxicities Following Adjuvant Treatment with Antiretroviral Drugs in Male Wistar Rats.","authors":"O O Ogedengbe, O Imoyin Omene, A O Adekeye, B O Ajiboye, O A Adeeyo","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.565","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged use of antiretroviral agents has been clearly associated with nephrotoxicity, suggesting deterioration of renal function in patients receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol (RV) in the treatment toxins-induced renal impairment. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats weighing 70-90 g were divided into four groups and subjected to the following treatments: Control A (distilled water), B (HAART), C (RV-2.5 mg/kg), D (RV- 2.5 mg/kg) + HAART. Assessment included renal histological examination; renal function indicators such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen; serum electrolyte levels including sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate; and oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde, catalase and glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Adverse effects of HAART include adverse histological changes, such as tubular atrophy, vacuolization, tubular granular degeneration and glomerular capillaries abnormalities. Compared to the other treatment cohorts, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, chloride and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased, while antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels were notably decreased. Renal structure remained largely unchanged after RV administration, with some recovery in histological abnormalities. Visible improvements, including reduced inflammation, reduced necrosis, reduced vacuolization and improved tubule and glomerular configuration, were also observed. In addition, RV notably increased antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, and GSH) and decreased BUN, serum creatinine and MDA levels. RV helped mitigate HAART-induced structural abnormalities and renal dysfunction, while improving renal morphology. However, further investigation of these mechanisms is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"565-574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Identification, Characterization, and Documentation for Use in the Production of Biological Products.","authors":"S Soleimani","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.449","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is always a concern about the quality of cell-based products in terms of the contamination of the cells and their lack of efficiency. Therefore, it is of prime importance to ensure these cells' identity, purity, efficacy, and suitability for the production of biological products and diagnostic uses. Hence, cells must be identified, evaluated, documented, and stored to be used consistently and efficiently. With these conditions, vaccine manufacturers have a suitable reserve of efficient and valuable cells for the production and quality control of biological products. In this review article, a strategic plan was drawn for cell-substrate well-characterization and identification according to scientific principles, the author's work experience, and regulatory guidance for the optimal use of that cell in research and diagnostic studies especially for the biological product production process. For this purpose, all aspects of cell identification, cell evaluation, and cell characterization are discussed. Because of the importance of cell identity in the competence of a cell substrate, in the cell identification section, all aspects of cell identification, including general cell information and specific cell characteristics, especially in terms of cell passage history, cell storage conditions, and cell coding and labeling, were studied. In the part of cell evaluation and determination of cell characteristics, all required tests to determine cell characteristics from various aspects, including determination of cell identity, cell growth conditions, cell quality, efficiency, and the possibility of cell contamination with adventitious agents, including cellular, viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, and mycobacterial agents were introduced. Due to the importance of endogenous virus contamination, this topic is specially discussed. In addition, the stability of the cell both from the aspect of genetic stability and from the aspect of stability of cell efficiency, were discussed. In the end, while reviewing the necessary documents to be under the control of the cell for use in the laboratory, based on the studies conducted, the certificate of the cell has been compiled. Therefore, on this basis, the studied cell can be used for research and diagnostic studies of virology, especially for the production and quality control of biological products.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"449-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Mechanisms Involved in Scopolamine-induced Memory Degradation.","authors":"A Asadi Rizi, L Amjad, M Shahrani, H Amini Khoei","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.555","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study, the mechanisms involved in scopolamine-induced memory impairment have been investigated. The molecular events that take place during memory mostly include mechanisms that are seen in the acquisition phase. Results showed that one of the mechanisms of memory destruction caused by scopolamine, in addition to weakening the cholinergic system, is the indirect effect of scopolamine on other neurotransmitter systems, including the glutamatergic system. Scopolamine injection increases dopamine by inhibiting M2/4 muscarinic autoreceptors. These autoreceptors are located on dopaminergic presynaptic neurons, and their activation reduces the release of dopamine. Therefore, blocking these autoreceptors by scopolamine can increase the release of dopamine. Both D1 and D2 receptors are involved in learning and memory processes. In general, stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors follows an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve, meaning that both insufficient and excessive amounts of dopamine cause memory impairment. Therefore, an indirect effect on the dopaminergic system can be one of the scopolamine-induced memory impairment mechanisms. Effects on cell membrane potential and neuron plasticity, and interaction with acetylcholine are among other mechanisms. Serotonin plays a complex role in memory and learning. Serotonin receptors (5-HT2A) also play a role in memory function by affecting calcium transport. This action is similar to dopamine and other G-protein-coupled receptors, which activate phospholipase C, enter calcium into the cell, and activate calcineurin. Activation of 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors by specific agonists of these receptors enhances long-term potentiation (LTP), which plays a significant role in memory. On the other hand, specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonist improves LTP. The 5-HT6 receptor antagonist can improve memory function. Therefore, different serotonin receptors have different roles in memory function, and the interaction between scopolamine and these receptors needs further study. It has been shown that histamine increases the secretion of acetylcholine in the hippocampus, and postsynaptic H1 and presynaptic H3 receptors play a major role in memory and learning; however, whether scopolamine can cause memory impairment through interaction with histamine receptors has been not reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"555-564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Media Components for Production of Lipase from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> KUBT4.","authors":"R D Nadaf, P D Nadaf, M M Toragall, S Ct","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.659","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.3.659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipases are triacylglycerol hydrolases with various potential applications because of their different physical properties. Most lipase producers are extracellular in nature and are created using solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation methods. The fungal, mycelial, and yeast lipases are produced using various solid substrates through the solid-state fermentation method. This method is cost-effective and widely used in industries to produce lipase using fungi. However, lipases from bacteria are produced using submerged fermentation. The optimization of media is a main requirement for increasing the quantitative yield by the overproduction of enzymes. The optimization of media is a main requirement for increasing the quantitative yield by overproduction of enzymes. Different parameters, such as pH, temperature, agitation speed, inoculum size, incubation time, and carbon and nitrogen sources, have been of great importance for researchers in designing economical media. The optimization by one factor at a time (OFAT) is a one-dimensional approach that is laborious and time-consuming and does not consider interactions between the factors. The limitations of OFAT method can be alleviated by employing some techniques, such as Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The PBD is a method to screen the variables that influence production and remove the non-significant factors to attain a smaller and manageable set of factors. Subsequently, the chosen significant factors are optimized by RSM that assists to study the interactions of different factors. The RSM comprises of central composite design (CCD) to fit a second-order polynomial equation. In this study, the effect of temperature, tryptone, inoculum size, and incubation time on the lipase production were analysed by PBD screening experiments. The experiments were designed using a CCD with four variables as part of RSM, utilizing the Design Expert software. This model predicted optimal activity of lipase at 58.53 U/mL when using 1.5% tryptone, a 10 mL inoculum size, and an incubation period of 48 h at 34°C. This experiment was further validated and optimal activity of lipase of 57.85 U/mL was observed. Thus, RSM model enhanced the production of lipase and can be applied for the maximum yield of lipase.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 3","pages":"659-668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11682502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}