Archives of Razi Institute最新文献

{"title":"Double Jeopardy: The Intersection of COVID-19 and Pregnancy in an Educational Hospital, Northern Iran, Gorgan.","authors":"Hosseini Seyedeh Delafruz, Banaee Mahdis, Yasaghi Mohammad, Rastegar Mostafa, Hassanpour Mina, Kashani Elham, Sabzi Zahra, Cools Piet, Tabarraei Alijan","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.629","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, controversial theories emerged regarding the potential consequences of the virus on pregnant women and delivery outcomes. Over the past three years, various studies have reported various data on pregnant women infected with covid and pregnancy-related complications, including preterm birth, stillbirth, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery. However; the exact influence of the virus and possibility of vertical transmission remained unclear. Here, we described the clinical features and delivery outcomes in 16 laboratory confirmed COVID-19-infected mothers who referred to a hospital in northern Iran from August 2020 to December 2021. We collected Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans,as well as samples as maternal peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placental blood, vaginal secretions, placental tissue, breast milk after the first lactation, neonatal throat swab, and peripheral blood. We evaluated all the aforementioned specimens based on molecular and serological assays to answer the questions raised on the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 and transfer of maternal immunity to the neonates. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in vaginal secretions and placental tissue. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 15 and 4 maternal blood samples, respectively, in one breast milk sample (IgM), two umbilical cord blood (IgG) samples, two placental blood (IgG) and two neonatal blood (IgG) samples. Chest CT scans of abnormal cases revealed typical signs of viral pneumonia. The current study suggests an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and an increased risk of preterm birth. However, no intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was identified. These results also suggest passive IgG transfer from infected mothers to their neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"629-637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanded Leptospirosis Syndrome - An Unusual Case.","authors":"Sahu Shiv Narayan, Das Nilanjana, Panda Prasan Kumar, Tiwari Ashutosh, Das Merina","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.801","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira species, is known for hepatorenal dysfunction in severe cases. Emerging evidence shows atypical manifestations, complicating diagnosis, especially in regions where it mimics other tropical illnesses like Dengue or Malaria. A healthy young female presented with high-grade fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, epigastric pain, and altered sensorium. Examination revealed conjunctival injection, meningeal signs, and abdominal tenderness. Liver function tests showed transaminitis with direct hyperbilirubinemia and albumin reversal, while renal function tests were normal. An ECG showed sinus tachycardia with non-specific ST segment changes. Elevated cardiac biomarkers trended downward with monitoring. Fundoscopy was normal, but a CT scan revealed cerebral edema. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated meningitis, and MRI confirmed meningoencephalitis. Based on clinical findings and modified Faine's criteria, leptospirosis was diagnosed. Multi-organ involvement was evident, excluding renal dysfunction. The patient responded well to treatment and was discharged in stable condition. This case highlights an unusual presentation of leptospirosis with multi-organ involvement but no renal dysfunction. Such atypical cases are increasingly recognized, similar to expanded Dengue syndrome. Early recognition of these presentations is crucial for appropriate management to prevent adverse outcomes. Clinicians must be aware of these evolving patterns for timely diagnosis and improved prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"801-805"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Cloning and Expression of the Fusion (F) Gene from Newcastle Disease virus in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: A Platform for Further Studies.","authors":"Parvas Sahere, Galehdari Hamid, Seyfi Abad Shapouri Masoud Reza, Fayazi Jamal","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.645","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting most avian species. The fusion protein in the ND virus serves as the target for immune response. The goal of this study was to develop the DNA vaccine using a fusion gene from the Newcastle virus. A new candidate DNA vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been developed. This innovative vaccine uses a fusion gene that encodes immunogenic proteins derived from NDV. The hypothesis behind this approach is that the fusion gene induces a strong immune response against the virus, potentially leading to long-term immunity in vaccinated individuals. Fusion gene RNA was extracted from the Newcastle virus and amplified by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Afterwards, it was sub-cloned in the pTG-19T vector, then into the expression vector pET43.1a E. coli BL21. Gene expression was induced by IPTG. The fusion protein was subjected to Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Sequencing and PCR results confirmed the successful cloning of the fusion gene into the vector. Digestion results showed the target gene had been successfully inserted in the pET43.1a plasmid. SDS-PAGE revealed a protein band of about 54.7 kDa. Analysis of the constructs in E. coli cells demonstrated successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Our results indicate that the fusion protein produced by pET43.1a in E. coli can be used as a DNA vaccine. However, a weak band of expressed protein was observed, indicating that the fusion protein produced by pET43.1a in E. coli was not highly efficient. This survey encourages further research to test the produced protein as a vaccine in vivo and in vitro.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"645-650"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Monkey Pox- Dental Implications and Public Health Emergency.","authors":"Arul Queen Alice, V Rakshagan, Mahalingam Padmapriya, Debnath Dipanjan","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.549","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A viral disease that is mostly limited to African area is monkey pox (MPX). However, it has recently re-emerged in several places outside of nations where the disease is prevalent. Humans may acquire the virus through contact with infected individuals, contaminated materials, or diseased animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, and enlarged lymph nodes, followed by the development of painful skin sores. Typically, monkey pox is a self-limiting illness that gets better on its own without medical intervention. However, It canoccasionally be dangerous, especially for those with compromised immune systems. An interprofessional team comprising physicians, nurses, virologists, dentists, veterinarians, and public health specialists who can quickly detect MPX infection in people and animals, implement preventative measures, and start public health reporting builds a strong defense against a potential catastrophic outbreak. An improved patient outcome will be facilitated by the interprofessional paradigm. Infection management in dentistry may face new difficulties as a result of the re-emerging global outbreak of monkey pox. Given the recent spread of MPXV in non-endemic areas where dentists are not accustomed to include this illness in the differential diagnosis, it is now expected that all dental healthcare providers be knowledgeable about the oral signs of MPX. This knowledge is essential for conducting adequate oral screening and implementing the necessary infection control measures within dental practices. As the dental setup is more prone for aerosol cross infection, strict infection control measures have to be followed. In this article we have focussed on the dental implications of MPX disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"549-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal study of Blood Parasites: <i>DirofilariaImmitis</i> and <i>Dipetalonema Reconditum</i> in the Guard Dogs of Tabriz city, Iran.","authors":"Gilandoust Miyankouh Roya, Garedaghi Yagoob, Amouoghli Tabrizi Bahram","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.623","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dirofilariasis, also known as canine heartworm disease, is one of the most dangerous invasive diseases in dogs. Invasion caused by <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> is the most critical case. Filarial infection has been observed worldwide, involving different agents and species of nematodes.However, <i>D. immitis</i> is more important than other species in dogs. For this study, one hundred guard dog collars were examined from dogs that visited small animal clinics of Tabriz, Iran during the summer of 2023 (May, June, and July), because blood parasites are more prevalent in dogs in summer. A total of 100 blood samples from guard dogsof various ages, sexes, and breeds were examined for blood parasites. Of these, 70 were adult dogs, 30 were puppies, 35 were females, and 65 were males. The prevalence of blood parasites in the dogs was determined using wet blood smear, a centrifuge hematocrit, and modified Knott's technique. The blood parasites found in this study were <i>D. immitis</i>, Dipetalonema reconditum. Out of 100 guard dogs, 9 dogs (9%) were found to be infected with blood parasites. The prevalence of <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. Reconditum</i> in our study was 7% and 2%, respectively. Two out of thirty puppies (6.6%) were infected with blood parasites, and in the group of adult dogs, 7 collars out of 70 dog collars (10%) were infected with blood parasites. The highest infection percentage recorded was related to <i>D. immitis</i> with 7 collars (7%) out of 100 cases were positive. The findings showed the highest prevalence of blood parasites in May (10%), followed by June (9.37%) and July (8.33%). The results showed that male dogs more likely to be infected than females. The incidence of blood parasites in was higher than in female dogs. Males were infected at a rate of 9.23%, while females were infected at a rate of 8.57%.The results of this study showed that the prevalence of <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. Reconditum</i> in guard dogs in Tabriz, Iran was 7% and 2%, respectively. Guard dogs should be kept in a sanitary environment and regularly tested for blood parasites. To prevent the growth of blood parasites and their dangerous consequences, they should be regularly treated with anti-parasitic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"623-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RAS-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1 Inhibition Attenuates Platelet Chemokine Activation in Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Hwaiz Rundk, Jawdat Helen, Salim Tavga, Merza Mohammad, Al-Rawi Rafil","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.733","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent cause of platelet (PLT) activation. Inflammation-induced dysregulation of PLT function adds to chronic complications. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a 21 kDa G-protein, has been shown to modulate many PLT activities. We hypothesized that Rac1 may influence the PLT release of CXCL4 and CCL5, thereby contributing to macrovascular and microvascular problems in DM. The study included Swiss albino male mice pretreated with the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 and streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. A sample of 150 diabetic patients and 50 healthy controls was also analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney tests on one hundred fifty confirmed diabetic patients who visit Layla Qasim health center for diabetes management, and 50 healthy individuals were included in this study. The serum CXCL4 and CCL5 in diabetic patients and healthy volunteer were measured. Swiss albino male mice received pretreatment of 5 mg/kg of the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766, followed by injection of streptozotocin at a dosage of 45 mg/kg body weight, twice daily for five days. Rac1 activity in the PLT was measured using pulldown assay and Western blot method. Blood chemokine concentrations were also assessed using ELISA, and histological scores for the kidney, liver, pancreas, and lung were evaluated. CXCL4 and CCL5 levels were markedly elevated in DM patients compared to healthy individuals. Our findings indicated that streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in mice. GTP-Rac1 was induced in diabetic mice, and pretreatment with NSC23766 was significantly lower compared to vehicle group. Furthermore, diabetic mice showed significantly greater levels of CXCL4 and CCL5 (P <0.05) compared to the sham group. CXCL4 levels were reduced by 80% following Rac1 inhibition (P <0.05), while CCL5 levels decreased by 55.5% (P <0.05). The current study indicates that Rac1 plays a pivotal role in releasing PLT chemokines due to diabetes-induced inflammation in several organs, and inhibiting Rac1 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to managing inflammation in diabetic individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"733-742"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological Diagnosis and Detection of <i>Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli</i> Virulence Genes in Broiler Chickens in Indonesia.","authors":"Jellia Wibisono Freshinta, Yoppy Ro Candra Adhitya, Mardijanto Arief, Rahayu Puji Astuti Nussa Olan, Alias Kendek Irfan, Christy Artha Allsya, Andika Bhayangkara Muhammad","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.693","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colibacillosis is a disease in poultry that often occurs in poultry farms in developing countries, including Indonesia. This disease is generally caused by cage or environmental sanitation problems, as well as poor poultry husbandry patterns. Colibacillosis, caused by <i>Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli</i> (APEC) infection, is one of the significant health problems in the poultry industry, especially in Indonesia, with clinical symptoms such as emaciation decreased appetite, impaired growth, diarrhea, dirty or sticky feathers around the vent, bloated intestines ,and white feces. This study aims to V histopathological identification and detect virulence genes of Avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> in broiler chickens. The methods used included organ sampling such as heart, liver, jejunum ,and cecum, which were then processed for histopathological preparation using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining. In addition, molecular diagnosis was performed using <i>Polymerase Chain Reaction</i> (PCR) technique to detect virulence genes, <i>iroN</i> and <i>hlyF</i>. The results showed that avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates were present in chickens suspected of colibacillosis, with positive blood agar culture showing hemolysin production (β-hemolysis), and the gene encoding <i>hlyF</i> was found positive but the gene encoding iroN was not. Histopathology results of liver, heart, jejunum ,and cecum infected with pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> showed damage in the form of hemorrhage, necrosis, rupture of intestinal villi, erythrocyte accumulation, central venous congestion, and fatty degeneration. Our study demonstrates that <i>avian pathogenic</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains can be isolated from broiler chickens suffering from colibacillosis and cause anatomical pathological changes. This study emphasizes the importance of a better understanding of this pathogen to develop effective prevention and control strategies in the poultry farming industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"693-701"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Purification of the <i>Burkholderia Mallei</i> Antigenic Proteins and its Use in Diagnostic Tests.","authors":"Babaie Mahdi, Mosavari Nader, Fazilati Mohammad","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.683","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glanders is a contagious infectious disease caused by <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> that affects both solipeds and carnivores. This disease occasionally leads to human infection through direct contact between humans and infected animals. The recent rise in glanders prevalence has intensified focus on control and eradication programs, emphasizing accurate diagnosis of infected cases using high-performance test. To this end, antigenic proteins were purified from Burkholderia mallei, and the mallein test was optimized using these purified proteins. Finally, the efficacy of antigenic proteins was evaluated using the complement fixation test (CFT). The laboratory strain of <i>B. mallei</i> was selected,and proteins from inactivated bacteria were precipitated using ammonium sulfate (AS) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). An optimal precipitation method was selected, and the proteins were purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Brute mallein was also prepared for comparison. The protein profile of the samples was analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The mallein test was also performed, and results were evaluated using CFT. The AS method was identified as the optimal precipitation method. The protein profile exhibited a range of proteins from low to high molecular weights, appearing as a smear in the brute mallein. Mallein test using AS-participated proteins, the first SEC fraction and the second HPLC fraction yielded significant results, demonstrating erythema diameters of 18.46, 21.70 and 25.37 mm, respectively. These mallein test results were confirmed by CFT. The findings indicated that the purified antigenic proteins improved both mallein test and CFT results. Consequently, these proteins can diagnose glanders correctly and increase the accuracy of the mallein test and CFT.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"683-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle in Wistar Rats: Behavioral, Biochemical, And Histopathological Insights from Acute and Sub-Acute Oral Exposure.","authors":"A Elumalai, N Irfan, Ahamed Haja Nazeer, Prasad M Vijaya Vara, Y Ismail, P Ashok Kumar, D Prabhu","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.769","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acalypha paniculata (AP) is a subshrub traditionally used in ethnomedicine for treating skin diseases, asthma, and inflammatory conditions. This study focuses on the eco-friendly synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from the Acalypha paniculata herb. The safety profile of Acalypha paniculata-based silver nanoparticles (APSN), particularly regarding behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological aspects, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of APSN in rats, adhering to OECD guidelines. Four groups of six rats each received a single oral dose of APSN at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg. Post-administration, the rats were monitored for thirteen signs of general toxicity over four hours and assessed for motor and locomotive behavior using a rota rod and open field test on the 14^th day. In repeated- dose toxicity studies, four groups of six rats each were administered 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg APSN daily for 28 days. Parameters such as feed intake, body weight, biochemical and hematological profiles, and organ histopathology were studied. The results of the acute toxicity studies indicated no evident signs of toxicity, including abnormal motor locomotion and behavior. The rats exhibited good tolerance across the three doses. However, sub-acute exposure at 2g/kg showed minor morphological changes in liver histopathology, evidenced by minimal hepatic cell infiltration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) exceeded 2000 mg/kg/day in both male and female Wistar rats, confirming the safety of APSN when administered orally. This study supports the ethnomedicinal claim of APSN, though further clinical studies are necessary to confirm these findings and ensure comprehensive safety validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"769-781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and ACE2 Receptor in Different Tissues: From Pathophysiologic Function To Therapeutic Responses.","authors":"Karimian Mohammad, Behjati Mohaddeseh, Mohammadi Amir Hossein","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.591","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is characterized by its high transmission rate, leading to a global pandemic. Millions of people have lost their lives due to the infection caused by this virus. The ability of the virus to spread rapidly and infect large numbers of people has highlighted the need to understand its mechanisms of infection. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an essential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a high affinity to this receptor and shows high infectivity, leading to an explosive increase in patients infected with COVID-19. ACE2 is the carboxypeptidase homolog of ACE, which produces angiotensin II, the main active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system. From a pathophysiological perspective, this system regulates vital processes across different organs. Additionally, ACE2 enzyme activity could play a protective role against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by viral pneumonia. Upon infection, SARS-CoV-2 downregulates the expression of ACE2, which is possibly related to the pathogenesis of ARDS. Since this receptor is present in various other tissues such as the heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, and sensory organs, it may contribute to pathological symptoms in these organs. Thus, ACE2 is not only a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 but may also play a crucial role in various aspects of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and potential post-COVID-19 syndromes. Administering ACE2 could competitively bind to SARS-CoV, thereby reducing viral spike protein from attaching to transmembrane ACE2 and consequently reducing viral cell entry into cells and COVID-19 symptoms. In this review, we first examine the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 across different tissues and propose treatment strategies for COVID-19 that involve ACE2.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"591-604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}