Archives of Razi Institute最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Different Newcastle Disease Virus Antigens and Inactivators of Binary Ethylene Amine and Formalin for the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay.","authors":"F Rahmanzad, F Amini Najafi, A Bahonar, K Parvandar Asadollahi","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.2.437","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.2.437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease is a severe viral threat to the global poultry industry due to its high prevalence and rapid transmission. Evaluating vaccination timing and effectiveness is crucial, often accomplished through the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. This test relies on the virus's agglutination ability in certain animals, utilizing various inactivated antigens. Our study aimed to assess multiple Newcastle viral antigens ( LaSota, clone, thermo-resistant strain, B₁, and V₄ ) inactivated by binary ethylene amine (BEA) and formalin, seeking the best antigen and inactivator for the HI assay. We prepared the different ND antigens include; LaSota, Clone, thermo resistant, B₁, V₄ and the mixture of the antigens then inactivated them using BEA and formalin. The hemagglutination (HA) assay determined mean titers, comparing BEA and formalin inactivation. These antigens were also subjected to the HI test using 112 serum samples from different commercial poultry flocks to assess their performance. BEA-inactivated antigens exhibited significantly higher mean titers in the HA assay than formalin-inactivated antigens. In the evaluation of different antigens in the HI test, the mean titer of antigen B₁ followed by clone and LaSota displayed a higher mean titer than others. In conclusion, this study recommends using Hitchner pathotype antigens, specifically the B₁ vaccine, for Newcastle disease HI testing. BEA is the preferred inactivator, preserving antigen structure particularly the structure of hemagglutinin antigen while minimizing risks. These findings can enhance serological testing accuracy, contributing to more effective disease control and prevention in the poultry industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 2","pages":"437-444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of the willingness to receive the third dose of COVID-19 vaccine based on the Health Belief Model: A cross-sectional study in South Khorasan province.","authors":"Z Khazir, H Kouhpeikar, E Javanmardi, M A Zareipour, M Gholamian","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.2.403","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.2.403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections have re-emerged in several countries due to reduced levels of antibodies provided by vaccines or the rapid emergence of viral variants, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. A considerable supplementary intervention is recommended, including an additional dose of vaccination. The present study aimed to assess the predictors of the willingness to receive the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs among people referring to health centers in South Khorasan province. In this cross-sectional-analytical study, 283 people over 18 years old in South Khorasan province were randomly selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic information and health status, knowledge about COVID-19, and the third dose of the vaccine, as well as a questionnaire according to the HBM constructs, which was completed through self-report methods. Finally, the data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The mean age of the study participants was 36.57±11.56 years (range of 18-55). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that gender (<i>P</i>=0.012), marital status (<i>P</i>=0.038), occupation (<i>P</i>=0.013), perceived severity (<i>P</i>=0.005), and cues to action (<i>P</i>=0.018) had a significant direct effect, while perceived barriers (<i>P</i>=0.010) had a significant inverse effect on the willingness to accept the third dose of the vaccine. Moreover, the predictor variables explained about 67.7% of the willingness to receive the third dose of the vaccine. The current study suggested that enhancing the perceived severity of COVID-19, along with healthcare providers' recommendations to receive the vaccine and reducing perceived barriers, can effectively encourage individuals to receive the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. These findings can be utilized to develop interventions aimed at promoting the uptake of the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 2","pages":"403-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Forced Degradants of Tegafur, Gimeracil, and Oteracil Potassium by Liquid Chromatographic-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry and Simultaneous Estimation of Triple Combination in Drug Substance and Finished Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.","authors":"A K Pal, S Raja","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.2.287","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.2.287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium are widely used pharmaceuticals to treat lung cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, such as those of the oral cavity, esophagus, colon and rectum, and pancreas, as well as non-small cell lung cancers. The literature review revealed that no study has yet offered a completely stability-demonstrating, validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric approach for the concurrent estimation of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium, along with all known degradation products. The simultaneous detection of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium and their forced degradation product characterization necessitated the invention of a simpler, faster, and less expensive method. Therefore, this study aimed to follow the ICH method validation standards to develop and validate a fast, easy, and rugged liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique for the concurrent estimation of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium in the drug substance and the finished dosage form. Tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium were examined on the Waters HPLC Alliance system, coupled to the SCIEX QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer, and endowed with an interface capable of carrying electrospray ionization. The tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil peaks eluted at retention times of 2.338 min, 3.756 min, and 5.338 min, respectively. The limit of detection values of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil were detected to be 0.6, 0.174, and 0.474 μg/mL, respectively. The results for the quantification limit were calculated at 2.0, 0.58, and 1.58 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. Tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil had linear ranges of 50-300 µg/ml, 14.5-87 µg/ml, and 39.5-237 µg/ml, with regression coefficients of 0.99956, 0.99986, and 0.999479, respectively. The accuracy values of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil in the ranges of 50%, 100%, and 150% were determined at 99.9%, 99.9%, and 99.4%, respectively. The RSD for the six replicates was less than 2% for precision. According to the ICH Q2 guidelines, this approach was effectively evaluated with LC-MS to validate the chemical structures of the freshly created tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil degradation products. An accurate and sensitive LC-MS technique was developed and validated for the concurrent quantification of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium in the drug material and the medicinal dosage form.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 2","pages":"287-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of Johne's disease in the Iranian animal population (1999-2020).","authors":"L Abdolmohammadi Khiav, H Khangahi Abyaneh, M H Fallah Mehrabadi, N Mosavari, K Tadayon","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.168","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Johne's disease (JD) affects domestic and wild animals across the globe. Paratuberculosis exerts huge economic impacts on the animal industry. Despite significant economic losses, little knowledge is available on the epidemiological status of Paratuberculosis in the animal population of Iran. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence rate of this disease in the Iranian animal population with confidence interval (CI) and p-value. The search was conducted on and screened the electronic international and national databases. Thereafter, sufficient and relevant data were extracted. Data were analyzed in STATA software (version 14). Prevalence disease rates were determined using random effect models. A total of 52 articles were included in the systematic review. According to the results, the overall disease incidence rate in Iran was 20.39%. The prevalence rate of JD was 22.33% (95% CI, 18.87-25.78) in the cattle population and 25.61% (95% CI, 21.43-29.78) in sheep. This study pinpointed that cattle and sheep were the most commonly infected hosts. The highest prevalence rate of disease was 35.88% in Tehran (95% CI, 16.77-54.99), followed by 32.86% (95% CI, 25.07-40.65), and 20.10% (95% CI, 14.63-25.58) in Khorasan Razavi and Kerman, respectively. The lowest prevalence rate of JD was 2.27% in Ilam (95% CI, 0.84-3.70). Based on this result, molecular-based methods were properly compared to other diagnostic methods. This study reported <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP) prevalence in dairy herds in the provinces of Iran. The infection transmission from animal sources to humans and the potential role of MAP in human disease highlight a critical need for further study on this issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"168-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Molecular study</i> of <i>Hemiscorpius</i> Peters (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae) in Hormozgan province, South of Iran.","authors":"M Shahi, H Barahoei","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.211","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three species of <i>Hemiscorpius</i> were identified in Hormozgan province, for which the available antivenoms lack the efficacy required for treating patients. Consequently, an exact identification of the existing species was deemed necessary as the first step in managing treatment procedures. Considering the morphological similarities among the species, the aim of this research was the molecular study of the samples to accurately identify the species. <i>Hemiscorpius</i> specimens were collected from various locations in Hormozgan province between 2021 to 2023. The Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was amplified and sequenced. Four sequences were obtained from <i>Hemiscorpius</i> specimens collected from Hormozgan province, and three sequences were sourced from the NCBI for analysis. Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees showed similar results, positioning the base of <i>Hemiscorpius enischnochela</i> tree as an older species and <i>Hemiscorpius lepturus</i> adjacent to <i>Hemiscorpius acanthocercus</i>, identified as the newest species at the tree's tip. The results confirmed the validity of three species, namely <i>H. acanthocercus</i>, <i>H. enischnochela</i>, and <i>H. lepturus</i>. <i>Hemiscorpius acanthocercus</i> and <i>H. lepturus</i> are known for having dangerous venom for humans with reported deaths due to their stings. Considering the importance of the members of this genus from the medical point of view, a comprehensive examination of all species is imperative.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"211-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authorizing of Immunogenicity of Concentrated and Purified Newcastle Disease Virus V4 Strain using Downstream Processing.","authors":"A Nazari, M Samianifard, A Ameghi, Mag Gholipour, M Mahmodzadeh, M Abdoshah","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.102","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease virus (NVD) from the <i>Paramyxoviridae</i> family is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus. This infection can affect both domestic poultry and almost all other bird species. It has been considered a very severe difficulty for the poultry industry all over the world. Even though it remains a potential threat to poultry industries, this virus is a powerful oncolytic virus as well. In this study, a process was accomplished to achieve concentrated and highly purified NDV V4 strain particles. Downstream processing of Newcastle virus strain V4 was characterized by amplifying virus in embryonated chicken eggs. Through a sequence of steps, harvesting allantoic fluid, clarification by centrifuge, concentration by ultrafiltration, and size exclusion separation, the reduced volume and pure virus particles were considered for the amount of ovalbumin, hemagglutinin activity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrophoresis, and additionally immunogenicity of prepared antigens. The results presented a high recovery of HA activity in concentrated and purified virus with the removal of ovalbumin and the typical morphology based on TEM. Sepharose CL-4B was determined as the best media among all used resins to purify the virus. Prepared formulations as vaccines demonstrated positive hemagglutinin inhibition for 6 months and stability for 2 years. Strong evidence from organized studies supports the effectiveness of this method in concentrating and purifying intact NDV, which could be valuable in vaccine research, antiserum preparation, or even as an alternative oncotic agent to traditional methods. Despite further studies being conducted, this method can be utilized particularly on a semi-industrial scale to produce various vaccine components.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Education Method on Leprosy Prevention: Integrative Review.","authors":"M Darmi, A Johari, S Sahrial, G Guspianto","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.1","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leprosy is still found mainly in lower-middle-income countries. Breaking the chain of leprosy transmission requires various ways, especially by increasing knowledge of leprosy prevention through health education. Although several studies have mentioned the effectiveness of health education, there is still uncertainty about the best method to use. Therefore, the review question should be answered: what forms of health education have been developed about Leprosy in the community? This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, ScienceDirect, ERIC, Cochrane, and ProQuest databases for the studies published in the 2000 to 2023 period with the inclusion criteria such as increasing knowledge, changing attitudes and behavior, and increasing positive stigma. The quality of the study was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program, and the Risk of Bias using the Cochrane RoB tool. Overall search on databases resulted in a total of 184,681 articles. Only six studies were eligible to be included in this review. Various educational methods were used in the eligible studies, including MH Mobile, the myth or truth on Leprosy game, posters, leaflets, community meetings, tele-education the web, discussion lists, chats, activity diaries, iconographic 3D videos, classes on video streaming, video conference, case simulation, lecture, and the contact intervention (education, testimonies (direct contact), videos, and comics). All of the methods used had the potential to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice and reduce negative stigma regarding Leprosy. There is no method of health education superior to another on Leprosy prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chaya Leaf Infusion (<i>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</i>) as a Phytogenic for Productivity and Egg Quality of Japanese Quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) of 17-20 Weeks of age.","authors":"R N Nurjanah, W Hermana, Y Retnani","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.234","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chaya (<i>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</i>) from family <i>Euphorbiaceae</i> is a plant has leaves similar to papaya leaves but with dark green leaf color. This plant contains phytochemical compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoids, glycoside, and tannin that can function as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Chaya leaf infusion are processed into infusion before given to the quails through drinking water, this method is used to obtain the phytochemical compounds contained in chaya leaves. This study aimed to evaluate chaya leaf infusion (<i>Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</i>) as a phytogenic source on the productivity and egg quality of japanese laying quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) aged 17-20 weeks. Chaya leaf infusion is given through drinking water and is expected to increase the productivity and quality of quail egg. The variables observed consisted of productivity (water intake, feed intake, egg weigh, QDP, egg mass, FCR, mortality) and egg quality (yolk, albumen, shell weight and percentage, egg index, yolk index, albumen index, shell thickness, yolk color, and haugh unit). This study was analyzed using the T test with 2 treatments and 4 replications: T0 = drinking water without any additives and T1 = drinking water with a concentration 10% of chaya leaf infusion. The results showed that chaya leaf infusion had a significant effect (<i>P</i>≤0.05) on quail day production, egg mass, albumen index, and yolk color. Besides that, supplementation chaya leaf infusion significantly reduces (<i>P</i><0.05) feed convertion ratio. So that the use of 10% chaya leaf infusion in drinking water by giving it 2 times a week can increase the productivity and egg quality of laying quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>) 17-20 weeks old.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"234-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Helminths Infection in Wild Rodents of Northwestern Iran.","authors":"S Parande Shirvan, S Yaghfoori, A Mahmoudi, S R Naddaf, G Molawi, A Ahmadi, J P Hugot, E Mostafavi","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.120","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodents act as reservoirs, intermediate hosts, or definitive hosts for various zoonotic helminths. Parasitic diseases are among the critical factors affecting the survival and composition of wild rodent populations. Wild rodents share their habitat with domestic free-grazing animals, mainly sheep, stray dogs, and cats, which allows the transmission of helminth infections, such as <i>Toxocara</i> and <i>Trichinella</i>, to these animals. This study investigated the helminth parasite fauna of wild rodents in East Azerbaijan province, north-western Iran, and discussed the possibility of parasite transmission among wild rodents. A total of 204 rodents of 17 different species (spp.) were collected in north-western Iran. Information about the genus, developmental stage, and rodent spp. was recorded for each animal. The gastrointestinal tract, liver, and diaphragm were examined for the presence of helminths. The recovered specimens were identified based on references. The prevalence rate of helminth infection among the captured rodents was 67.16%. <i>Meriones persicus</i> (<i>M. persicus</i>) showed the highest infection and diversity rates. This spp. harbored the zoonotic helminth <i>Capillaria hepatica</i> and some spp. belonging to the genera <i>Toxocara</i>, <i>Syphacia</i>, and <i>Hymenolepis</i>. <i>M. persicus</i> specimens from mountainous areas showed the highest infection rate. This study aimed at evaluating the potential role of wild rodent spp. as reservoirs of helminth infection in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. <i>M. persicus</i> was the most common spp. in our study and represented a higher proportion of the infected rodents in terms of helminth diversity and frequency. Harboring zoonotic helminths, <i>M. persicus</i> represents a health risk. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in the human community and inform people concerned about the risk of disease transmission to humans through rodents.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"120-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against <i>Giardia lamblia</i> infection.","authors":"S Golabi Azad, H Cem Özyurt","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.218","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2024.79.1.218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current experimental study is designed to examine the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against <i>Giardia lamblia</i>, a major cause of parasitic diarrhea. The precipitation method was employed for the green synthesis of AgNPs by <i>Astragalus ecbatanus</i> aqueous extract. In the, <i>in vitro</i>, <i>Giardia lamblia</i> cysts and trophozoites were exposed to AgNPs at 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL for 10-360 min. The effects of AgNPs on trophozoite plasma membrane and their cytotoxic effects on normal and colon cancer cells were evaluated using Sytox green and MTT assay for cell viability. The <i>in vivo</i> assay included BALB/c mice, infected by <i>Giardia</i>, treated with AgNPs at 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg/day for one week. On the 8th day post-infection, stool examination was conducted to assess the presence of <i>Giardia</i> cysts and the reduction rate. The size distribution of AgNPs ranged between 5 and 80 nm, with the maximum particle size observed at 40-60 nm. AgNPs significantly (P<0.001) increased the mortality of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> trophozoites in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, AgNPs at concentrations of 200 and 300 μg/mL destroyed Giardia lamblia cysts after 4 and 2 h, respectively. Trophozoites of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> showed more sensitivity to AgNPs compared to cysts. At concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 μg/mL, AgNPs eliminated all trophozoites after 4, 2, and 1 h of treatment, respectively. AgNPs dose-dependently reduced (P<0.001) the parasite load and viability of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> cysts. Exposure of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> trophozoites to AgNPs dose-dependently increased the plasma membrane permeability as indicated by rise in the exposed fluorescence. The CC₅₀ value AgNPs for colon cancer and normal cell lines was 402.3 μg/mL and 819.6 μg/mL, respectively. The selectivity value greater than 2 (2.04), suggests that these AgNPs are safe for normal cells in comparison with cancer cells. This experimental study showed that AgNPs green synthesized by <i>Astragalus ecbatanus</i> exhibited significant <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-Giardia activity, positioning them as potential candidates for <i>Giardia</i> infection treatment. Nevertheless, further research on the precise mechanisms of action and comprehensive exploration of all toxicity aspects associated with this type of AgNPs need to be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"79 1","pages":"218-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11345486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}