Archives of Razi Institute最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Thymol Microcapsules Prepared With Xanthan and Gu ar Gums on the Count of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Hamburgers During Frying.","authors":"Mesgaran Karimi Parastoo, Rabbani Mohammad, Akhondzadeh Basti Afshin, BeigMohammadi Zahra","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ARI.80.6.3393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The preservative effect of the addition of thymol coated with xanthan gum and guar gum on meat quality parameters and sensory acceptability of fried hamburgers during a 21-day storage period was investigated.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Eight treatments were studied CON (burger without thymol); TYM 0.5% (burger with 0.5% thymol); TYM 1% (burger with 1% thymol); TCX 0.5% (burger with 0.5% thymol coated with 1% xanthan gum); TCG 0.5% (burger with 0.5% thymol coated with 1% guar gum); TCX 1 (burger with 1% thymol coated with 1% xanthan gum); TCG 1 (burger with 1% thymol coated with 1% guar gum); and TCXG (burger with 1% thymol coated with 1% xanthan and guar gums).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The control treatment had the highest energy level, while TCG1 had the lowest. The use of thymol resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the moisture content, particularly when the thymol was coated with xanthan and guar gums. The most significant (P<0.05) reduction in cooking loss and fat absorption was observed with TCXG treatment. The treatment groups showed an increase in ash levels compared to the control treatment. The protein content of the group treated with thymol was lower than the control. The carbohydrate content of the samples increased with TCXG compared to the control treatment. Odor, color, texture and general acceptability scores (P) were higher in the TCXG and TCG1 treatments and lowest in the CON treatment. From the beginning of the display (day 1) to day 21, there was a significant decrease in the scores for odor, color, texture, and overall acceptability. The results showed that coating thymol with xanthan and guar increased the b, a, and l indices compared to the control treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study concluded that thymol can extend the shelf life of processed foods, making it a potential natural alternative to synthetic ingredients. The utilization of thymol, in both uncoated and coated forms, resulted in a significant reduction in the TVN index. The combination of thymol coated with xanthan and guar at a concentration of 1% proved to be the most effective in reducing the levels of bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1411-1428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Broiler Chickens: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors.","authors":"Salhi Omar, Messai Chafik Redha, Nabi Mustapha, Ouchene Nassim, Touhami Nadjet Amina Khelifi","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ARI.80.6.3501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important viral diseases, causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The present study was conducted in Algeria to investigate the seroprevalence, associated risk factors, clinical signs, and lesions of IBV disease in broiler chicken.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>The study was conducted in 63 chicken farms, where three IBV vaccination protocols were used in the first protocol: A single H120 dose was administered to the chicks at 7 days of age, in the second protocol: H120 at 3 days with an MA5 booster at 14 days, and in the third protocol: H120 at 3 days with MA5 and 4/91 boosters at 14 and 35 days, respectively. A total of 2142 sera were collected and analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IBV was detected in 77.77% of broiler farms. The most common clinical signs observed were wheezing, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge in the respiratory form, aqueous diarrhea, and dehydration in the nephropathogenic form. Lesions included tracheitis, fibrin deposition in the respiratory form, hemorrhagic nephritis, uric acid deposition at the renal, visceral, and articular level in the nephropathogenic form. Antibody titers were higher in winter compared with autumn and spring (P<0.01). Antibody titers were also higher in chickens aged >30 days, in farms with a high density, poor hygiene level, and under the first vaccination protocol, compared with chickens aged ≤30 days (P<0.01), farms with a low density (P<0.001), farms with good hygiene level (P<0.01) and those under the third vaccination protocol (P<0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings showed a high seroprevalence of IBV in Algeria and highlight the importance of continuous surveillance and molecular characterization of persistent strains to optimize vaccination strategies against emerging variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1507-1514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Characterization and Subtype Isolation of Circulating Metapneumovirus in Commercial Turkeys in the Central Region.","authors":"Hosseini Seyed Davood, Mahdavi Morteza, Asli Esmaeil, Lotfi Mohsen","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ARI.80.6.3513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rhinotracheitis is an acute respiratory infection in turkeys and is considered a relatively significant economic disease caused by Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) in poultry species. AMPV is responsible for turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) and swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens, which is usually accompanied by secondary bacterial infections that increase mortality. This virus belongs to the genus <i>Metapneumovirus</i> within the subfamily Pneumoviridae of the family Paramyxoviridae. AMPV has been identified in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. In turkeys, depending on the country, AMPV may be the most important viral pathogen causing substantial economic losses. AMPV also causes disease in domesticated poultry.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>In the present study, a total of 208 samples were collected from 87 flocks of broilers, layers, broiler turkeys, breeder chickens, and indigenous chickens from central Iran (Hamadan, Qazvin, Zanjan and Isfahan) to identify and isolate the virus. These samples were tested using specific primers and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) techniques. Additionally, 4 positive samples were partially sequenced. Positive samples were inoculated into embryonated eggs for virus isolation, and evaluations were conducted post- inoculation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 87 flocks, twenty-eight samples tested positive. Positive samples were mainly swabs from the upper respiratory tract. The positive samples predominantly identified subtype B of the virus, with one sample also testing positive for subtype A. Positive samples were detected in turkeys, broilers, and layer chickens. Both subtypes A and B of the virus were positive and isolated after 3 to 5 sequential inoculations in embryonated eggs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study confirm that PCR with specific primers is an effective and reliable method for identifying and differentiating avian metapneumovirus.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1515-1522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Investigation of Pro-inflammatory and Anti- Inflammatory Cytokines Gene Expression in Macrophages Exposed to <i>Leishmania major</i>.","authors":"Babaei Dehaghi Fatemeh, Hamoonnavard Sahar, Rezvan Hossein, Fekri Mahya, Baniasadi Faezeh, Sharifirad Atefeh, Miadfar Mohammad Parsa","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3464","DOIUrl":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious skin disease that affects people all over the world. The innate and adaptive immune response generated against the parasite in the host is effective during the treatment period and wound healing process. The production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a central role in susceptibility and resistance to the pathogen.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Peritoneal macrophage cells were harvested from the peritoneal cavity of BALB/C mice and exposed to <i>Leishmania major</i> parasite (MHOM/IR/75/ER) at three time points (24, 48, and 72 hours). Gene expression of <i>TNF-α</i>, <i>IL-12</i>, <i>CXCL-9</i>, <i>CXCL-10</i>, <i>IL-10</i>, and <i>TGF-β</i> cytokines was analyzed by real-time PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of <i>IL-10</i> as an anti-inflammatory cytokine was higher than that of inflammatory cytokines during the three treatment periods (24, 48, and 72). The expression of <i>IL-p35</i> was also high, but not <i>IL-p40</i>. The expression of CXCL-9 (crucial for the recruitment of immune T cells) was also upregulated (P≤0.05). The gene expression of TNF-α was low at three different time points, especially after 72 hours of exposure, and the level of TGF-β expression increased significantly after 72 hours, and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression was higher than that of pro-inflammatory cytokines (P≤0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have a critical role in the treatment of <i>L. major</i> infections. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production is related to the mechanism of suppression of cellular immune responses mediated by Th2 lymphocytes during disease progression. Evaluation of macrophage cytokine gene expression may be indicative of cytokine expression by macrophage cells as a major factor in the host defense involved in CL and is important for studies on the pathogenesis of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1603-1610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13498450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Effects of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam on Humoral Immune Responses Against <i>E. Coli</i> and <i>T. pyogenes</i> in Postpartum Dairy Cows.","authors":"Emam Seyyad Mojtaba, Gooraninejad Saad, Khosravi Mohammad, Mihandoost Behrooz, Nouri Mohammad","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3475","DOIUrl":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Disruption of the endometrial barrier after gestation leads to devastating effects on the cow's reproductive system. However, the accumulating immune responses help repair and defend the endometrium against microbial infections. Nevertheless, excessive inflammation could lead to chronic inflammation and consequently result in reproductive issues. The administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce the harmful effects of excessive inflammation, modulate the immune response, and improve reproductive indices in postpartum dairy cows. The aim of this study is to evaluate the side effects of NSAID administration on humoral immune responses, which could potentially inform the development of more effective treatment strategies for postpartum cows.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>The study involved a total of 60 apparently healthy cows, which were divided into three groups Flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, and control. The test groups were treated at 3 and 8 days after calving. To assess the humoral immune responses, the IgG and IgM titers against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Trueperella pyogenes</i>, were determined on day 4, 9, and 15 after gestations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the study showed that the drugs did not significantly affect the total specific and nonspecific antibody levels against tested pathogens. A time-dependent decrease and increase in the levels of IgM and IgG antibodies against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>T. pyogenes</i> were observed in all groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed a reduction in IgM and IgG titers against both pathogens after treatment with meloxicam and flunixin, respectively. However, the elevation of IgG and IgM titers suggested that the treatment affected antibody isotype switching rather than suppressing humoral immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1611-1620"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13498455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Scaling and Root Planing on <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Load and Periodontal Health in Dogs: A Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Rahmani Yasaman, Jamshidi Shahram, Nayeri Fasaei Bahar, Akbarein Hesameddin, Joghataei Seyed Mehdi, Mazloom-Jalali Azin","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ARI.80.6.3392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Periodontal disease is a widespread oral health issue in pets, particularly in dogs, linked to plaque accumulation, inflammation, and tissue destruction. Despite the common use of scaling and root planing (SRP) in veterinary dentistry, there is limited research on its effects on bacterial load and periodontal health indicators in pets, particularly in Iran. This study aims to evaluate the impact of SRP on <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> load and periodontal health in dogs and emphasize the importance of post-treatment monitoring to prevent disease recurrence.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Ten adult dogs with periodontal disease were selected for this split- mouth study. Four teeth from each dog were treated with SRP. Subgingival plaque samples were collected before SRP (baseline) and on days 10 and 30 post-treatment, with bacterial load assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting <i>P. gingivalis</i>. Clinical parameters such as periodontal pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), sulcus bleeding, and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were measured at baseline, day 10, and day 90 to monitor the effects of the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data revealed a significant reduction in PI by day 10, though some plaque reaccumulation occurred by day 90. Bleeding on probing showed mixed results, with some dogs improving by day 90 while others either remained the same or worsened; changes in sulcus bleeding were not statistically significant. GI initially improved by day 10 but returned to baseline in many dogs by day 90, with no statistically significant changes. PPD showed some short-term improvements by day 10, but these were not sustained by day 90. CAL worsened progressively in most dogs by day 90, indicating ongoing periodontal deterioration without intervention, though changes in CAL were not statistically significant. Real-time PCR results showed a sharp increase in <i>P. gingivalis</i> load by day 10, peaking at a fold change of 9.45, followed by a slight reduction by day 30, indicating bacterial regrowth post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring after SRP to sustain short-term improvements in plaque reduction and bacterial load. Future research should investigate the use of adjunctive therapies, including the application of nanotechnology, to improve long-term periodontal health in pets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1401-1410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design a Multiplex PCR Molecular Technique to Detect Sexually Transmitted Agents, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2, and Human Papillomavirus.","authors":"Bastamifard Marziyeh, Shakib Pegah, Zolfaghari Mohammad Reza, Aghaei Seyed Soheil, Morovvati Abbas","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ARI.80.6.3409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) include various organisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. These organisms are transmitted through sexual activity, which can lead to problems such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and the risk of genital cancers. Therefore, quick diagnosis of sexually transmitted agents is important. In recent decades, the detection of microbial agents has been improved by using molecular techniques, because it is challenging and often impossible to isolate a disease agent from clinical samples simultaneously and quickly. Most unsuccessful cases and time-consuming culture-based methods have led to the non-identification of microbial agents. This study aims to design a multiplex PCR technique for detecting sexually transmitted agents, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and human papillomavirus (HPV) in 2022 in Qom, Iran.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>In the current study, about 100 Pap smear samples of patients in Qom City, Iran, were evaluated over a one-year period (2022) for testing HSV-2, HPV, <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>C. trachomatis</i>, and <i>T. vaginalis</i> using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) design.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the investigated samples, the frequency of <i>C. trachomatis</i>, <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i>, <i>T. vaginalis</i>, HSV-2, and HPV was 8%, 5%, 3%, 12%, and 18%, respectively. HPV and <i>C. trachomatis</i> agents were found in five samples, and HPV and <i>T. vaginalis</i> co-infection was observed in two samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The multiplex PCR method has higher speed, accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. With this molecular technique, simultaneous infections can be detected faster and more accurately in clinical samples such as Pup smears, effectively speeding up treatment and reducing infection transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1437-1442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzylguanine Induces Cellular Senescence and Decreases Relaxation of Vascular Smooth Muscle in the Rat Aorta.","authors":"Alinejad Kasbakhi Nasim, Vavrinec Mgr Peter","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3322","DOIUrl":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cellular senescence (CS) is defined as a condition of permanent cessation of growth, accompanied by distinct morphological and physiological alterations. This phenomenon is closely associated with DNA damage. Recently, our department identified that inhibition of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) by O-6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) induces CS in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Consequently, we have resolved to validate these findings in an animal model. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of O6-BG on CS in vascular smooth muscle and to assess its influence on the relaxation response.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Wistar rats were administered O6-BG by gavage with a dose of 12 mg/kg (two doses every 24 hours). After 12 weeks, animals were sacrificed, the aorta was removed and cleaned, and samples were prepared for Western blotting. Small aortic rings were the isolated for vascular response measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Senescent markers p27Kip1 and p21 Cipl were significantly upregulated after O6- BG treatment, which confirms that MGMT inhibition leads to CS. We did not observe any statistically significant changes in the relative expression of the proteins p53 or ERK1/2. This means that the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is regulated independently of the cell cycle regulator p53 and the ERK1/2 branch of the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we observed significantly decreased relaxation response of aortic smooth muscle to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which confirms known adverse effects of CS on the vascular system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To conclude, we found that treatment with O6-BG triggered an increase in the relative expression of p27, p21, and PCNA compared to healthy aortic tissues, acting as mediators and markers of senescence. Our findings provide new insights into the signaling of CS in a model of MGMT inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1581-1590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13498452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Virulence Genes and Multi-drug Resistance Patterns in <i>Streptococcus Agalactiae</i> in Clinical Bovine Mastitis: Tehran and Alborz Provinces, Iran.","authors":"Hashemi Haghighi Fatemeh, Pourtaghi Hadi, Harzandi Naser, Moosakhani Farhad","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ARI.80.6.3479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> is one of the important causes of mastitis in cows. The ability of <i>S. agalactiae</i> to cause disease depends on the production of a large number of virulence factors encoded by different genes. The overuse of antibiotics to treat mastitis can lead to antibiotic resistance. This research was conducted to detect selected virulence genes and assess the antibiotic resistance of <i>S. agalactiae</i>.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>A total of 30 bacteria that isolated from clinical cases of mastitis and characterized as <i>S. agalactiae</i> by conventional cultural methods was collected from veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Then, these isolates undergo further characterization by detecting virulence genes by molecular methods and antibiotic resistance by disc diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of these, 24 samples were confirmed as <i>S. agalactiae</i> through the detection of the two <i>16S-23S rRNA</i> genes. The disk diffusion method, using a panel of 10 antimicrobial agents, showed a large number of strains resistant simultaneously to six antibiotics. Five virulence genes <i>bac</i>, <i>bca</i>, <i>cylE</i>, <i>hylB</i>, and <i>cfb</i> were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The <i>cfb</i> and <i>hylB</i> genes were found in 95.83 % of the isolates,while the <i>cylE</i> gene was detected in 29.16% of the isolates. The <i>bca</i> and <i>bac</i> genes were not detected in any of the isolates. The absence of <i>bac</i> and <i>bca</i> genes suggests that they likely have minimal impact on the pathogenesis of <i>S. agalactiae</i> mastitis in dairy cows, while the <i>hylB</i> and <i>cfb</i> genes play a crucial role in this condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results presented here are one of the first molecular data concerning these five virulence genes in <i>S. agalactiae</i> isolates causing bovine mastitis in the Tehran and Alborz provinces, providing a foundation for the development of diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1487-1496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of Bovine Leptospirosis Prevalence in India.","authors":"Vinod Kumar Kirubakaran, Bokade Prajakta Prashant, Lakshman Rithu, Deenadayalan Oviya, Sowjanyakumari Shashikumar, Nayak Akshata, Pal Archana, M Swathi, Y P Arun, Suresh Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa, Dharmashekar Chandan, Shivamallu Chandan, Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy","doi":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3504","DOIUrl":"10.32598/ARI.80.6.3504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis is a globally significant and neglected zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> spp., affecting a wide range of mammalian hosts including humans, cattle, and buffaloes. In livestock, it leads to considerable economic losses through abortions, stillbirths, reduced fertility, and decreased milk production, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where environmental conditions favor bacterial persistence and transmission. Despite its severity, bovine leptospirosis remains under reported in endemic regions such as India. This meta-analysis synthesized data from 46 studies (2001-2021) to estimate the pooled prevalence, epidemiology, and diagnostic challenges of bovine leptospirosis in India. The pooled prevalence was 29% in cattle and 32% in buffaloes. Seropositivity ranged from 50- 70% in animals with reproductive disorders to 15-20% in healthy bovines. Coastal states such as Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the Andaman Islands showed the highest prevalence, influenced by favorable ecological conditions. Twenty pathogenic Leptospira serogroups were identified, with dominant serogroups (Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, Pomona, etc.) and evidence of temporal shifts in the prevalent serogroups. Significant diagnostic challenges included variability in sample sizes, heterogeneity among studies, and the limited sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared to the gold-standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT). These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, incorporation of diverse serogroups into diagnostic panels, and region-specific vaccination strategies. Strengthening molecular diagnostic tools, improving seroepidemiological studies, and implementing targeted control measures are essential for reducing the impact of leptospirosis on livestock productivity and public health in India. This work offers critical insights that can inform policy decisions and intervention strategies for effective disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 6","pages":"1353-1368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13490306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}