Archives of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Escherichia coli strain O55 contains two cryptic plasmids that depend on each other to replicate","authors":"José A. Martínez-Álvarez,&nbsp;Sandra Ethelvina Coria-Alcaraz,&nbsp;Fátima Berenice Ramírez-Montiel,&nbsp;Ana Laura Medina-Nieto,&nbsp;Sairy Yarely Andrade-Guillen,&nbsp;Fátima Tornero- Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Ángeles Rangel-Serrano,&nbsp;Naurú Idalia Vargas-Maya,&nbsp;Rodolfo García-Contreras,&nbsp;Felipe Padilla-Vaca,&nbsp;Bernardo Franco","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04437-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04437-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plasmids are fundamental to molecular biology and biotechnology, playing a crucial role in bacterial evolution. Some plasmids are linked to complex cellular dynamics, including pathogenicity islands, antibiotic resistance, and gene mobilization. This study reports the isolation and sequencing of two cryptic plasmids with different electrophoretic mobilities from the <i>Escherichia coli</i> clinical isolate O55. This strain was isolated based on its capacity to bind mannoses on the surface of yeast cells, a property that could be counteracted with methyl α-<span>d</span>-mannoside, a feature used to characterize yeast cell agglutination and, more recently, to assess virulence in <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>. The strain exhibited no growth differences compared to the laboratory strain <i>E. coli</i> BW25113. Attempts to transform the plasmids independently were unsuccessful; however, they remained stable when the cells were co-transformed. Sequence analysis revealed that both plasmids have conserved counterparts in GenBank (over 100 sequences in Enterobacteriaceae) and can be classified into two distinct groups, regardless of host strain or species. Additionally, in <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> isolates, the smaller plasmid was identified as an integrated copy into the genome, aligning with the observation that the plasmids cannot be maintained separately. ORF content analysis identified only putative proteins except for two, one associated with the resistance to aminoglycosides (a functional aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase), a putative sulfonamide resistance gene, and another associated with a replication protein, suggesting that one plasmid regulates the replication of the other based on AlphaFold3 DNA–protein models. Our findings underscore the importance of further analyzing plasmids in next-generation sequencing data from clinical samples to enhance our understanding of plasmid biology and their impact on the dissemination of pathogenesis-related traits in bacteria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of brines relevant to Mars and the ocean worlds on bacterial growth reflect salt-specific responses across water activity","authors":"Hassan Z. Zbeeb,&nbsp;MD Joad,&nbsp;Hadi H. Zayed,&nbsp;Ammar Mahdi,&nbsp;Fei Chen,&nbsp;Benton C. Clark,&nbsp;Thomas M. Luhring,&nbsp;Mark A. Schneegurt","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04418-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04418-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freezing point depression due to high salt concentration is crucial for liquid water to exist on cold worlds, expanding special regions where habitats are plausible. Determination of the growth tolerances of terrestrial microbes in analog systems impacts planetary protection protocols aimed at preventing interference with life detection missions or potential native ecosystems on celestial bodies. We measured the salinity tolerances of 18 salinotolerant bacteria (<i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Halomonas</i>,<i> Marinococcus</i>,<i> Nesterenkonia</i>, <i>Planococcus</i>, <i>Salibacillus</i>, and <i>Terribacillus</i>). The salts tested to high concentrations included the anions, Cl, NO₃, and SO₄, paired in every combination with the cations, Mg, K, and Na. Certain salts of NH₄, borate, Ca, Cs, ClO₃, Fe, ClO₄, and PO₄ also were examined. Strong growth was observed among the isolates in Salt Plains media supplemented with 2 M MgCl₂, 1 M Mg(NO₃)₂, 2 M MgSO₄, 0.6 M K chlorate, 4 M KCl, 3 M KNO₃, 0.8 M K₂SO₄, 3 M NaCl, 2 M NaNO₃, 2 M NaH₂PO₄, and 1.5 M Na₂SO₄, often with modest growth at higher concentrations. Logistic growth curves were fitted to estimate the rate of population increase (<i>r</i>) and carrying capacity (<i>K</i>) for each replicate. Effects on bacterial growth were best explained by statistical models that included anion, cation, water activity and all their 2-way and 3-way interactions. Salt-specific effects suggest that the concentration of any single ion is not consistently the reason behind the inhibition of microbial growth. Knowledge of the tolerances of terrestrial microbes to salts at extremely high concentrations sets limits for the permissible conditions of extraterrestrial habitable regions and for the risks of forward planetary contamination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00203-025-04418-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ameliorative effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCS2 on DSS-induced murine colitis","authors":"Qian Luo,&nbsp;Shukun Liu,&nbsp;Ying Zhang,&nbsp;Xiao Meng,&nbsp;Lishi Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04458-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04458-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The inhibitory effects of <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> on inflammatory responses are known, but its action mechanisms in oxidative stress, immunomodulation, and intestinal homeostasis remain of interest. Accordingly, we investigated the protective effects of <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> SCS2 (<i>L. plantarum</i> SCS2) against sodium dextran sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice as well as elucidated its impact on inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal microbiota. The gut microbiota composition was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators in the colon were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and biochemical analysis. The results revealed that pretreatment with <i>L. plantarum</i> SCS2 (10 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) attenuated DSS-induced pathological conditions such as colon shortening and weight loss in mice (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the expression of colonic inflammatory factors was reduced, and colonic oxidative stress was regulated. In addition, <i>L. plantarum</i> SCS2 increased the beneficial mouse intestinal flora, which promoted short-chain fatty acid production. Thus, <i>L. plantarum</i> SCS2 could alleviate colitis, showing potential as a novel dietary intervention agent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of nifL-nifA operon of Klebsiella oxytoca improves N2-fixation efficiency, ammonium-excretion and plant-growth promotion ability","authors":"Peichun Lan,&nbsp;Yimin Shang,&nbsp;Shuo Jiao,&nbsp;Gehong Wei,&nbsp;Ruizong Jia,&nbsp;Wanbin Zhu,&nbsp;Sanfeng Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04457-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04457-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> is a N₂-fixing bacterium whose <i>nif</i> (<i>ni</i>trogen <i>f</i>ixation) gene expression is controlled by the two antagonistic regulatory proteins NifA and NifL encoded by the <i>nifLA</i> operon. NifA is a transcriptional activator, while NifL inhibits the transcriptional activity of NifA. In order to develop an improved <i>K. oxytoca</i> strain with high N₂-fixation efficiency, ammonium-excretion and plant-growth promotion, the negative regulatory gene <i>nifL</i> was deleted and accompanied by insertion of a constitutive Tc promoter upstream of the positive regulatory gene <i>nifA</i>. Engineered strain (designated as <i>K. oxytoca</i> TcP15) exhibited high nitrogenase activity and increased ammonium-excretion, both in the absence and presence of different NH₄⁺ concentrations. Greenhouse experiments showed that engineered <i>K. oxytoca</i> TcP15 promoted growth of cucumber, tomato and rice more efficiently than wild-type <i>K. oxytoca</i> M5al did. This study demonstrates that engineered <i>K. oxytoca</i> TcP15 has the potential to be utilized as biofertilizer for non-legumes in nitrogen-poor and -rich fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and characterization of a Clostridium Butyricum esterase from pit cellar of Chinese liquor and its potential in flavor ester synthesis","authors":"Chuan Wang,&nbsp;Ge Rang Lamu,&nbsp;Xiaomei Wang,&nbsp;Xueping Wen,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04433-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04433-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The esterase gene encoding EstJN1 of <i>Clostridium butyricum</i>, which was isolated from the pit cellar of Chinese liquor facility, was expressed. EstJN1 was identified as a novel GDSL esterase belonging to family II. The enzyme demonstrated a marked substrate preference for <i>p</i>-nitrophenyl butyrate, with optimal activity at a temperature of 40 ℃ and a pH of 7.0. Notably, EstJN1 displayed prominent tolerance to acidic conditions and organic solvents, particularly methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. Moreover, the whole-cell biocatalyst of EstJN1 was found to efficiently catalyze the synthesis of ethyl hexanoate in heptane, achieving ester conversion rate of 80.5% under the optimized conditions of 40 ℃ temperature, 0.25 M ethanol and 0.2 M hexanoic acid concentrations. The distinctive characteristics of EstJN1 suggest a potential role in the biosynthesis of flavor compounds in Chinese liquor. EstJN1 has promising application in the synthesis of flavor esters and enhancement of aromatic profiles of alcoholic beverages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and metabolomic insights into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids in oleaginous red yeast Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum HZR20 isolated from Mangrove plants in Southern China","authors":"Die Zhao,&nbsp;Nan Zeng,&nbsp;Dandan Wang,&nbsp;Zhenyan Xie,&nbsp;Mimi Xie,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhu,&nbsp;Bingxue Li,&nbsp;Guohui Yu,&nbsp;Chunji Li","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04456-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04456-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum</i>, biotechnologically significant yeast, is increasingly garnering attention due to its superior ability to produce valuable carotenoids and lipids. Nonetheless, until now, the reference genome that governs the biosynthesis of carotenoids and lipids in <i>C. infirmominiatum</i> remains unreported. Here, the first genome assembly of <i>C. infirmominiatum</i> was performed through integrating Oxford Nanopore and Illumina NovaSeq techniques. The assembled genome is 27.61 Mb in size, comprising 35 scaffolds, with a N50 length of 1,144,974 bp and a GC content of 68.21%. It was predicted to encompass 10,719 protein-coding genes, with functional annotation conducted on 8,045 utilizing the NR database. Moreover, <i>C. infirmominiatum</i> was capable of synthesizing at least 3 carotenoids, 839 Lipids, 1,876 volatile organic compounds, and 540 other metabolites, as revealed by LC/GC-MS-based metabolomic profiling. Integrative multi-omics analysis identified key carotenogenic and lipogenic genes, as well as their related metabolic intermediates. The findings presented herein significantly improve our comprehension of the biosynthetic mechanisms of carotenoids and lipids in <i>C. infirmominiatum</i>. It furnishes a valuable genomic and metabolomic framework that facilitates fundamental molecular biology and comparative genomics studies, thereby broadening our insights into the genetic features and evolutionary dynamics of this species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of a Llama VHH-hFc chimeric antibody recognizing conserved neutralization epitope of H5N1 hemagglutinin with high affinity","authors":"Lingyan Liu,&nbsp;Liliang Xia,&nbsp;Biao Wu,&nbsp;Ying Wang,&nbsp;Jie Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04460-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04460-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a continuing global public health threat due to its outbreaks in poultry farms and zoonotic transmission from birds to humans. In the quest of effective therapeutics against H5N1 infection, antibodies with broad neutralizing activity have attracted significant attention. In this study, we employed a phage display technique to select and identify VHH antibodies with specific neutralizing activity against H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) from an immune llama-derived antibody library. Subsequently, we prepared fusions of VHH10 antibody with human Fc fragment. The chimeric antibody VHH10-hFc was characterized and evaluated for its specificity, binding affinity, serum persistence and antigen recognition epitope. Following purification from 293 F cell cultures, VHH10-hFc chimeric antibody retained its specificity to H5N1 HA. Its antigen-binding affinity was enhanced by up to 130-fold, and its serum persistence was extended by up to 170-fold compared to VHH10. The VHH10-hFc chimeric antibody demonstrated high affinity, excellent thermal stability, and broad reactivity against H5N1 HA in clades 0, 1, 2, and 4. Through epitope mapping, we identified a conformational epitope consisting amino acid residues at positions Q187, K189, L190, Y191, N193, T215, S217 and N220 located on the top region of HA, which was specific and conserved epitopes among H5N1 strains. Consequently, VHH10-hFc, with great specificity, high affinity, prolonged serum persistence and good thermal stability, recognizes a conserved neutralization epitope on the globular head of H5N1 HA, indicating great potential in therapeutic strategies against H5N1 infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics analysis for elucidating the mechanism underlying the enhancement of Arabidopsis Thaliana growth by the endophytic fungus Clonostachys rosea","authors":"Le Yu,&nbsp;Qinger Huang,&nbsp;Ting Wu,&nbsp;Jiaqi Gao,&nbsp;Bo Zhu,&nbsp;Luping Qin","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04453-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04453-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Endophytic fungi are nonpathogenic fungi that live symbiotically in the interior of healthy plant tissues and form mutualistic associations with their hosts. These fungi are critically involved in promoting plant development, strengthening plant uptake of nutrients, and improving plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Endophytic fungi improve plant growth by synthesizing phytohormones (e.g., auxins and gibberellins), solubilizing phosphorus, and enabling nitrogen fixation, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and root development. Previously, we isolated an endophytic fungal strain named AE16 from <i>Actinidia eriantha</i> Benth., a traditional Chinese medicinal plant; this strain was found to substantially stimulate <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> growth. Here, to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we conducted transcriptome sequencing analysis and used bioinformatics tools to determine the transcriptome profiles of AE16-inoculated <i>A. thaliana</i> root tissues. We obtained 683 genes with differential expressions, including 391 and 292 upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. We screened and validated 25 selected genes with a role in plant growth promotion (3 photosynthesis-related genes, 14 starch- and glucose metabolism-related genes, 6 plant hormone synthesis-related genes, and 2 cell transport-related genes). These genes, along with the ERF family of transcription factors, might have a crucial role in promoting <i>A. thaliana</i> growth. The strain AE16 was identified as <i>Clonostachys rosea</i> according to its morphological characteristics and ITS sequencing results. These results further clarify the mechanisms of the mutualistic association between <i>A. thaliana</i> and <i>C. rosea</i> and provide theoretical support to obtain sustained agricultural yield of other plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated machine learning, molecular dynamics, and DFT-based approach to elucidate the inhibitory effect of Ciprofloxacin analogues against fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi","authors":"Romita Guchhait,&nbsp;Sudha Ramaiah","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04452-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04452-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of Typhoid fever, remains a critical public health concern associated with high morbidity in many developing countries. The widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi strains against the fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin, poses a significant global therapeutic challenge with underlying resistance due to mutations in quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) of <i>gyrA</i> gene, encoding DNA gyrase subunit A (GyrA). In pursuit of alternative therapeutic candidates, the present study was designed to evaluate ciprofloxacin analogues against prevalent GyrA mutations (S83F, D87G, and D87N) to overcome fluoroquinolone resistance through machine learning (ML)-based approach. Based on Decision table algorithm with 78% predictive accuracy, 354 potential active ciprofloxacin analogues were identified from a dataset of 400 compounds. Following molecular docking against each mutant variant, top 10 analogues were screened out based on their higher binding affinity than the reference compound, from which 8 compounds revealed acceptable drug-likeness and ADMET properties. Notably, two analogue compounds (C1) and (C5) exhibited highest average binding affinities of −34.17 kJ/mol and −33.61 kJ/mol, respectively. These compounds further yielded validatory results in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding-free energy analysis using Molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area. Density functional theory (DFT) study of both the compounds indicated least HOMO–LUMO energy gaps, implying enhanced chemical reactivity. Additionally, MEP (Molecular electrostatic potential) surface mapping and Fukui function analysis revealed key reactive regions, supporting favourable binding orientations. Overall, the findings identify promising ciprofloxacin analogues as lead compounds against GyrA mutations, supporting the development of structurally optimised antimicrobial therapeutics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in macrocyclic trichothecene research: structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological activities","authors":"Peiwen Yan,&nbsp;Hui Zhang,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04454-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04454-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Macrocyclic trichothecenes are a distinctive class of secondary metabolites produced by Ascomycota characterized by complex macrocyclic scaffolds and diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. This review provides a comprehensive summary of their classification, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivities, with a particular focus on research advances from 2015 to 2025. During this period, 30 new macrocyclic trichothecene derivatives have been identified from fungal genera such as <i>Myrothecium</i>, <i>Podostroma</i>, <i>Stachybotrys</i>, <i>Fusarium</i>, and <i>Paramyrothecium</i>. Their biosynthesis is primarily governed by polyketide synthase (PKS) and terpene synthase systems, with key genes such as <i>TRI5</i> and <i>TRI4</i> playing central roles. Structural features—including epoxy moieties and side-chain modifications—have been shown to significantly influence their biological activities. In this review, we emphasize newly discovered compounds and recent insights into their biosynthetic mechanisms as well as the anticancer capabilities of different compounds, aiming to provide a valuable reference for future research on the development, optimization, and application of macrocyclic trichothecene derivatives in medical and agricultural contexts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}