Nicolas Quinn Nortje, Jamiu Olaseni Aribisala, Charlene Pillay, Saheed Sabiu
{"title":"Molecular modelling and experimental validation of mangiferin and its related compounds as quorum sensing modulators of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Nicolas Quinn Nortje, Jamiu Olaseni Aribisala, Charlene Pillay, Saheed Sabiu","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04240-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04240-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The LasR quorum sensing system regulates the virulence factors of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, a multi-drug resistant pathogen. Mangiferin and related compounds have been found to modulate this system as determined by in silico and in vitro experimental procedures. ZINCPharmer was used to compile a library of over 1000 metabolites that were screened to the top five based on shared pharmacophores and drug-like properties with mangiferin. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (140 ns) showed that ZINC E (− 55.64 ± 2.93 kcal/mol) and ZINC D (− 54.51 ± 2.82 kcal/mol) had significantly lower binding free energy compared to mangiferin-LasR (− 42.24 ± 3.94 kcal/mol) and the reference standard (azithromycin-LasR (− 40.01 ± 6.15 kcal/mol). ZINC D (95.16%) competed favorably with mangiferin (95.77%) as potential QS modulators at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations relative to ZINC E (85.07%) and azithromycin (85.79%). These observations suggest mangiferin and related lead compounds as potential drug candidates for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infection management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00203-025-04240-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Breyer, Leyao Chen, Jenny Zhou, Zhang-Hai Li, Shu-Ming Li
{"title":"Expression of a Colletotrichum polyketide synthase gene in Aspergillus nidulans leads to unexpected conjugates with a host metabolite","authors":"David Breyer, Leyao Chen, Jenny Zhou, Zhang-Hai Li, Shu-Ming Li","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04258-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04258-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heterologous expression of the putative 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase gene <i>ChPKS</i> from <i>Colletotrichum higginsianum</i> in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> led to the formation of at least eight new compounds. LC-MS analysis proved them as coupling products of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene with an intermediate of the cichorine biosynthetic pathway. Comprehensive NMR analysis confirmed the structures of the two predominant products higginidulans A and B. Deletion of the backbone gene of the cichorine pathway in host strain <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> abolished the formation of higginidulans. Heterologous expression of <i>ChPKS</i> in the alternative <i>Penicillium crustosum</i> expression host resulted in the formation of the expected product 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, which was confirmed by acetylation and structural elucidation. This study provides an additional example of unexpected natural product formation by crosstalk of biosynthetic pathways derived from different species. Moreover, it highlights the importance of using alternative host systems for gene expression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00203-025-04258-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Harnessing the potential of exogenous microbial agents: a comprehensive review on enhancing lignocellulose degradation in agricultural waste composting","authors":"Meng Liu, Luxin Xu, Zhixuan Yin, Deming He, Yujia Zhang, Changqing Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04247-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04247-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composting converts organic agricultural wastes into value-added products, yet the presence of significant non-biodegradable lignocelluloses hinders its efficiency. The introduction of various exogenous microbial agents has been shown to effectively addresses this challenge. In this context, basing on the microbial enzymatic mechanism for lignocellulose degradation, this paper synthesizes the latest research advancements and practical applications of exogenous microbial agents in agricultural waste composting. Given that the effectiveness of lignocellulose degradation is highly dependent on the waste’s inherent characteristics, it is crucial to carefully consider the composition of fungi and bacteria, the dosage of microbial agents, and the composting process operation, tailored to the specific type of agricultural waste. Moreover, the combination of additives with exogenous microbial agents can further enhance the degradation of lignocelluloses and the humification of organic matters. Furthermore, insights into the future research and application trends of exogenous microbial agents in agricultural waste composting was prospected.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00203-025-04247-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amr H. Hashem, Ebrahim Saied, Bahaa M. Badr, Mohamed Soliman Dora, Mahmoud A. Diab, Amer Morsy Abdelaziz, Fathy M. Elkady, Mohamed Abdelrahman Ali, Nasser Ibrahim Issa, Ziad A. Hamdy, Mohamed E. Nafea, Ahmed Nageh Khalifa, Albraa Adel, Abdulrahman Hasib, Ahmed Mostafa Hawela, Menna M. El-Gazzar, Mustafa A. Nouh, Ahmed Abdelhay Nahool, Mohamed S. Attia
{"title":"Biosynthesis of trimetallic nanoparticles and their biological applications: a recent review","authors":"Amr H. Hashem, Ebrahim Saied, Bahaa M. Badr, Mohamed Soliman Dora, Mahmoud A. Diab, Amer Morsy Abdelaziz, Fathy M. Elkady, Mohamed Abdelrahman Ali, Nasser Ibrahim Issa, Ziad A. Hamdy, Mohamed E. Nafea, Ahmed Nageh Khalifa, Albraa Adel, Abdulrahman Hasib, Ahmed Mostafa Hawela, Menna M. El-Gazzar, Mustafa A. Nouh, Ahmed Abdelhay Nahool, Mohamed S. Attia","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04237-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04237-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) have emerged as a pivotal area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications across medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. This review provides several novel contributions that distinguish it from existing literature on trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs). Firstly, it offers a focused exploration of TMNPs, specifically addressing their unique properties and applications, which have been less examined compared to other multimetallic nanoparticles. This targeted analysis fills a significant gap in current research. Secondly, the review emphasizes innovative biosynthesis methods utilizing microorganisms and plant extracts, positioning these green synthesis approaches as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical methods. This focus aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable practices in nanotechnology. Furthermore, the review integrates discussions on both medical and agricultural applications of TMNPs, highlighting their multifunctional potential across diverse fields. This comprehensive perspective enhances our understanding of how TMNPs can address various challenges. Additionally, the review explores the synergistic effects among the different metals in TMNPs, providing insights into how these interactions can be harnessed to optimize their properties for specific applications. Such discussions are often overlooked in existing studies. Moreover, this review identifies critical research gaps and challenges within the field, outlining future directions that encourage further investigation and innovation in TMNP development. By doing so, it proactively contributes to advancing the field. Finally, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, biologists, and environmental scientists, emphasizing the importance of diverse expertise in enhancing the research and application of TMNPs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioremediation potential of the consortium of indigenous microbial isolates in degrading multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) present in contaminated water","authors":"Lavi Dhiman, Shalini Anand, Santosh Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04250-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04250-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MWCNT is being explored in various sectors like medical healthcare, electronics, aerospace, defence research, and many more leading to the continuous generation of waste discharged into water sources. Once introduced into the environment it may adversely affect flora and fauna. It is high time MWCNT should be recovered, treated, and degraded from wastewater. Bio-degradation is one of the popular sustainable techniques for the remediation of hazardous contaminants. This work evaluated indigenous microbes <i>Bacillus nitratireducens</i> SW_NMI_TSB1, <i>Comamonas denitrificans</i> SW_NMI_TSB2, and <i>Lysinibacillus fusiformis</i> SW_NMI_TSB3 isolated from the nanomaterial manufacturing industry from India for their competence in degrading MWCNT. The microbes in this study showed survivability in the nutrient medium devoid of carbon but containing MWCNT (100 and 400 mg/L). The bacterial strain exhibited proliferation for up to 50 days. Degradation of MWCNT can be observed through TEM images which displayed the distorted morphology, XRD, and RAMAN spectroscopy revealed that treated MWCNT exhibit a loss of structural integrity. SEM images and colony forming unit (CFU) counts show a good survival rate of the three isolates independently and in the consortium. LCMS detected intermediates generated during MWCNT degradation. The microbes isolated in this study can survive in the presence of MWCNT and exhibit degradation of MWCNT. The three isolates could biodegrade the MWCNT however their consortium showed the highest potential. The prospects of this study lie in utilizing the consortium of these strains for large-scale MWCNT degradation, improving water treatment systems, and advancing sustainable nanomaterial management practices.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143073760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification, biological characterization of Cladobotryum mycophilum and its control during the fruiting process of Lyophyllum decastes","authors":"Taorui Wu, Youlong Chen, Wenxin Zhang, Zijian Pu, Jianhua Li, Yawen Xu, Jianhua Cheng, Lijun Cai, Kaihui Hu, Wensong Jin","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04245-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04245-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Lyophyllum decastes</i> is a type of edible and medicinal mushroom with high nutritional value. However, it can be infected by fungi during the fruiting process, which impairs the development of the industry. In this study, one pathogenic fungus was isolated from the diseased fruiting bodies of <i>L. decastes</i>. Morphological and molecular identification clarified that the causal agent of the disease was <i>Cladobotryum mycophilum</i>. Koch’s postulates showed that <i>C. mycophilum</i> could infect <i>L. decastes</i>, and seriously affect mushroom yields. The biological properties of <i>C. mycophilum</i> were investigated. The data showed that the most suitable temperature for the growth of <i>C. mycophilum</i> was 25 °C with a mean growth rate of 21.45 mm d<sup>− 1</sup> on PDA. <i>C. mycophilum</i> was better suited to growing in neutral or slightly acidic environments. The suitable carbon source and nitrogen source for <i>C. mycophilum</i> growth were lactose and peptone or yeast extract respectively. The IC<sub>50</sub>s (Half maximal inhibitory concentration) values of carbendazim and prochloraz for inhibiting <i>C. mycophilum</i> are respectively 1.244 µg.mL<sup>− 1</sup> and 3.323 µg.mL<sup>− 1</sup>. 10 µg.mL<sup>− 1</sup> carbendazim can effectively control <i>C. mycophilum</i> during the <i>L. decastes</i> fruiting process. The results of this study can provide knowledge for the control of cobweb disease during the <i>L. decastes</i> fruiting process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Yun Tham, Li Chuin Chong, Melvina Krishnan, Asif Mohammad Khan, Sy Bing Choi, Takashi Tamura, Khatijah Yusoff, Geok Hun Tan, Adelene Ai-Lian Song
{"title":"Characterization of the host specificity of the SH3 cell wall binding domain of the staphylococcal phage 88 endolysin","authors":"Hong Yun Tham, Li Chuin Chong, Melvina Krishnan, Asif Mohammad Khan, Sy Bing Choi, Takashi Tamura, Khatijah Yusoff, Geok Hun Tan, Adelene Ai-Lian Song","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04242-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04242-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacteriophages produce endolysins at the end of the lytic cycle, which are crucial for lysing the host cells and releasing virion progeny. This lytic feature allows endolysins to act as effective antimicrobial alternatives when applied exogenously. Staphylococcal endolysins typically possess a modular structure with one or two enzymatically active N-terminal domains (EADs) and a C-terminal cell wall binding domain (CBD). The EADs degrade the peptidoglycan layer, leading to bacterial lysis, while the CBD binds to the specific host cell wall, and therefore, influences specificity of the endolysin. This study aimed to alter and characterize the host specificity of the CBD by exploring the impact of amino acid modifications within the CBD of a staphylococcal endolysin, Endo88. Endo88 was able to lyse <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. However, despite attempts to mutate amino acids hypothesized for binding with cell wall components, the host-range was not affected but the lytic activity was severely reduced instead, although no alterations were performed on the EADs (Cysteine, histidine-dependent aminohydrolases/peptidases domain and Amidase domain). Further investigations of the CBD alone (Src homology3 domain, SH3) without the EADs suggested that binding and lytic activity may not be correlated in some cases since Endo88 and its mutants could lyse <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> well but no binding activity was observed in the flow cytometry analysis. Molecular docking was used to gain insights on the observations for the binding and lytic activity which may help future strategies in designing enhanced engineered endolysins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental desiccation stress induces viable but non culturable state in Neisseria meningitidis","authors":"Poonam Kanojiya, Tiyasa Haldar, Sunil D. Saroj","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04249-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04249-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental factors play a crucial role in bacterial virulence. During transmission, in a non-host environment bacteria are exposed to various environmental stress which could alter bacterial physiology and virulence. <i>N. meningitidis</i> is transmitted from person to person through direct contact. However, the role of environmental desiccation in the virulence of bacterial pathogens is not clearly understood. Therefore, the effect of environmental desiccation on survival, transmission, and virulence needs further investigation<i>. </i>We demonstrate that <i>N. meningitidis</i> was sensitive to desiccation stress. The viable counts reduced significantly (p < 0.05) after desiccation. It was found that desiccation induces a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) in <i>N. meningitidis</i>. We considered cells to be in VBNC when no viable counts were obtained on growth media and live cells were detected after live-dead staining. After resuscitation, <i>N. meningitidis</i> retained virulence characteristics which indicate that it can transit between the host in VBNC state. Furthermore, the relative expression of capsule increased significantly after 12 and 24 h of desiccation. The observations indicate that the environmental desiccation might induce capsule biosynthesis in <i>N. meningitidis</i>, leading to enhanced virulence and survival in macrophages.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sai Manojna Polamraju, Janani Manochkumar, Madhubala Ganeshbabu, Siva Ramamoorthy
{"title":"Unveiling astaxanthin: biotechnological advances, delivery systems and versatile applications in nutraceuticals and cosmetics","authors":"Sai Manojna Polamraju, Janani Manochkumar, Madhubala Ganeshbabu, Siva Ramamoorthy","doi":"10.1007/s00203-025-04241-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-025-04241-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Astaxanthin (ASX), “king of carotenoids”, is a xanthophyll carotenoid that is characterized by a distinct reddish-orange hue, procured from diverse sources including plants, microalgae, fungi, yeast, and lichens. It exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-ageing properties and has been demonstrated to mitigate ultraviolet-induced cellular and DNA damage, enhance immune system function, and improve cardiovascular diseases. Despite its broad utilization across nutraceutical, cosmetic, aquaculture, and pharmaceutical sectors, the large-scale production and application of ASX are constrained by the limited availability of natural sources, low production yields and stringent production requirements. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ASX applications, emphasizing its dual roles in cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. It integrates insights into the qualitative differences of ASX from various natural sources and assesses biosynthetic pathways across organisms. Advanced biotechnological strategies for industrial-scale production are explored alongside innovative delivery systems, such as emulsions, films, microcapsules, nanoliposomes, and nanoparticles, designed to enhance ASX’s bioavailability and functional efficacy. By unifying perspectives on its nutraceutical and cosmetic applications, this review highlights the challenges and advancements in formulation and commercialization. Prospective research directions for optimizing ASX’s production and applications are also discussed, providing a roadmap for its future development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Nafeez Ahmed, S. Abdul Majeed, G. Taju, S. Suryakodi, S. Mithra, M. J. Abdul Wazith, K. Kanimozhi, V. Rajkumar, A. Badhusha, A. S. Sahul Hameed
{"title":"Production of biologically active recombinant salmon calcitonin in Escherichia coli and fish cell line","authors":"A. Nafeez Ahmed, S. Abdul Majeed, G. Taju, S. Suryakodi, S. Mithra, M. J. Abdul Wazith, K. Kanimozhi, V. Rajkumar, A. Badhusha, A. S. Sahul Hameed","doi":"10.1007/s00203-024-04216-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-024-04216-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Salmon calcitonin is a small peptide hormone synthesised and released by a specialised gland called ultimobranchial gland in fish. This hormone has been used to treat osteoporosis for over 50 years. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of five repeats of salmon calcitonin (5sCT) produced in two different hosts (bacteria and fish cell line). The 5sCT gene was synthesised and cloned in prokaryotic (pET32b(+)) and eukaryotic (pcDNA 3.1 + and pGenlenti) vectors. The pET32 b cloned plasmid was transformed into bacterial host BL 21 (DE3) and expression of recombinant 5sCT was induced by IPTG. The 5sCT cloned pcDNA 3.1 and pGenlenti plasmids were transfected using Lipofectamine 3000 in snubnose pompano fin (SPF) cell line. The expression of recombinant 5sCT protein in both hosts was confirmed by Western blot and ELISA using a polyclonal antibody raised against r-5sCT in mice. The results of Western blot and ELISA confirmed the expression of 5sCT protein in <i>E. coli</i> and SPF cells. The purified r-5cST expressed from both hosts was evaluated in mice via intramuscular injection at various dosages, and it was found that it significantly decreased serum calcium levels in mice when compared to normal mice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"207 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143036235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}