Archives of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Ultrastructural insights of infection and biological control of Alternaria alternata Kl3 mediated leaf spot disease in kohlrabi","authors":"Kunal Kumar Saha,&nbsp;Kalyan Nandi,&nbsp;Moumita Parveen,&nbsp;Sudipto Biswas,&nbsp;Arijit Das,&nbsp;Narayan Chandra Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05266-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05266-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rapid shifts in agro-climatic conditions have accelerated the emergence and severity of fungal plant diseases necessitating continuous pathogen monitoring and development of sustainable control strategies. Consequently, plant-beneficial bacteria-based biological control is one such prime and widely used strategy. Leaf spot diseases caused by <i>Alternaria</i> spp. pose a serious threat to <i>Brassica</i> cultivation, yet etiological and mechanistic insights into kohlrabi (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> var. <i>gongylodes</i>) leaf spot disease remian limited. In this comprehensive study a dominant fungal isolate Kl3, was recovered from diseased leaves of kohlrabi in Santiniketan, India. Based on combined micromorphological features and multilocus phylogeny (<i>ITS-5.8S</i>,<i> gapdh</i>,<i> tef1</i>,<i> alt a1</i>); Kl3 was identified as <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Kl3; which successfully produced disease symptoms in detached kohlrabi leaves ensuring its phytopathogenic potential. Considering the increasing risks of fungicide resistance, the biocontrol potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR); including <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. DRP1 and <i>Enterobacter</i> sp. DRP2 was evaluated. Both strains significantly inhibited conidial germination and induced severe mycelial damage to Kl3; which was observed using calcofluor white-based fluorescence microscopy and FE-SEM analysis. Chitinase and protease were the predominant antifungal compounds. Furthermore, FE-SEM analysis provided unique ultrastructural insights and established a timeline for Kl3 infection, starting from conidial germination, direct and indirect invasion by Kl3 mycelia, colonization in mesophyll tissue and conidiogenesis on kohlrabi leaves. Concurrently, PGPR inoculation resulted in significant disease reduction, elicitation of plant defense response and improved kohlrabi yield even in the presence of Kl3 <i>in vivo</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Novel strategies and advancement in reducing heavy metals from the contaminated environment","authors":"Quratulain Maqsood,&nbsp;Nazim Hussain,&nbsp;Mehvish Mumtaz,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal,&nbsp;Hafiz M. N. Iqbal","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05255-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05255-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149162916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of virulence genes with biofilm formation in clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Abdulhamit Çalı,&nbsp;Safiye Göçer","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05261-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05261-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This systematic review and meta-analysis examined association between virulence gene carriage and phenotypic biofilm formation in human clinical <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> isolates. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched on April 9, 2026, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261405485). Eligible studies used microplate-based biofilm assessment, detected virulence genes, and provided extractable 2 × 2 data. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR). Twenty-six studies comprising 1848 isolates were included. For strong versus non-strong biofilm formation, <i>esp</i> (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.32–4.13), <i>efaA</i> (OR 26.28, 95% CI 1.12–614.84), and <i>sprE</i> (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.18–7.92) showed significant associations, although <i>efaA</i> and <i>sprE</i> estimates were based on few studies and were imprecise. For any biofilm versus no biofilm formation, <i>asa1</i> (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.39–4.67), <i>esp</i> (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.82–4.04), <i>agg</i> (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.25–2.78), and <i>cylA</i> (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.20–3.91) were significant. Sensitivity analyses identified <i>esp</i> as the most consistent association, although heterogeneity remained for strong biofilm formation. Gene-biofilm associations were gene-specific and phenotype-dependent. <i>esp</i> positivity alone is insufficient to predict biofilm phenotype because biofilm formation is multifactorial and context dependent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149162995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) gene in Chlorella vulgaris via electroporation-mediated transformation","authors":"Dexter Miller Robben,&nbsp;Cahyo Budiman,&nbsp;Zarina Amin,&nbsp;Vijay Subbiah Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05249-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05249-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microalga <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> is a unicellular photosynthetic microorganism with the potential of serving as a host organism for foreign genes. Utilising <i>C. vulgaris</i> as a host organism to express the SARS-CoV-2 structural protein, such as the nucleocapsid (<i>N</i>) gene, is a sustainable approach with high scalability. Here, we genetically engineered <i>C. vulgaris</i> with the <i>N</i> gene of SARS-CoV-2. Initially, a recombinant plasmid, pCAMBIA1303 harbouring the SARS-CoV-2 <i>N</i> gene, was transformed into <i>C. vulgaris</i> via electroporation. Subsequently, the transgenic <i>C. vulgaris</i> was cultivated in BG11 medium containing hygromycin B as the selection marker. We then evaluated the success of the transformation through PCR, RT-PCR, and LC–MS/MS assays. The results showed that the <i>N</i> gene was successfully transformed and expressed in the transgenic <i>C. vulgaris</i> culture. Furthermore, six consecutive generations of the transgenic <i>C. vulgaris</i> demonstrate stable integration and transcriptional expression of the transgene. This study highlights the potential of <i>C. vulgaris</i> as a host organism for viral genes, i.e., SARS-CoV-2 <i>N</i> gene, and potentially lays the groundwork for future development of a microalgae-based edible vaccine using <i>C. vulgaris</i> against SARS-CoV-2.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00203-026-05249-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia as biocontrol agents: a comparative review of efficacy, ecology, and integrated application","authors":"R. Jabeen Taj,&nbsp;B. Anita,&nbsp;N. Seenivasan,&nbsp;K. Devrajan,&nbsp;S. Harish,&nbsp;V. A. Sathiyamurthy","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05213-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05213-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plant-parasitic nematodes cause annual global crop losses, driving the urgent demand for sustainable alternatives to synthetic nematicides to control them. Among biological control agents, <i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> and <i>Pochonia chlamydosporia</i> have emerged as the most promising egg-parasitic fungi. However, their comparative biology and deployment contexts remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on their taxonomy, ecology, molecular genomics, parasitism mechanisms, biocontrol efficacy and commercial formulations. Both fungi parasitize eggs of economically destructive genera, <i>Meloidogyne</i>, <i>Heterodera</i>, and <i>Globodera,</i> but differ fundamentally in their ecological niches, infection mechanisms, and molecular arsenals. <i>P. lilacinum</i> exhibits broader ecological versatility, infecting multiple nematode life stages and producing nematicidal leucinostatins, whereas <i>P. chlamydosporia</i> specializes in egg parasitism, establishes stable rhizosphere endophytism, and primes systemic plant defenses via pochonin metabolites. Comparative genomics revealed shared serine proteases and chitinolytic enzyme arsenals for eggshell penetration, alongside species-specific virulence determinants shaped by positive selection and gene duplication. Field and greenhouse studies have consistently demonstrated substantial suppression of nematode egg populations, although efficacy remains strongly dependent on the fungal isolate and environmental conditions. Integration with other biocontrol agents, organic amendments, and reduced-dose nematicides consistently outperformed single-agent applications. Emerging nanoemulsion and blastospore-based formulations show promise in overcoming the persistent challenges of UV sensitivity and shelf life instability. Rather than redundant alternatives, these fungi offer complementary biological solutions, providing a mechanistic rationale for combined deployment within crop-specific, integrated pest management frameworks.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div><div><p>Comparative study of two biocontrol agents on nematode management</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149162915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Image cytometry and kinetic modelling reveal amendment-associated differences in microbial cell state and apparent PAH degradation potential","authors":"Olanrewaju Roland Akinseye,&nbsp;Ronnie Mooney,&nbsp;Charles W. Knapp","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05237-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05237-2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Organic amendments are widely applied to enhance bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils; however, remediation performance varies with amendment dosage, and the mechanisms linking dose, microbial physiological state, and degradation kinetics remain unclear. This study integrated kinetic modelling with imaging-enabled cytometry and machine learning to evaluate how aged leaf-biomass amendment is associated with microbial cell-state profiles and apparent PAH degradation potential. PAH-contaminated soil containing phenanthrene and pyrene (249.15 mg kg⁻¹ combined) was amended with pine–poplar leaf litter at 10%, 30%, and 70% (w/w), alongside unamended (SS) and leaf-only (AL) treatments, followed by 30-day aerobic aging. After 30-day soil aging, treatment-derived inocula were enriched and evaluated in liquid minimal salt medium containing 40 mg L⁻¹ phenanthrene–pyrene to assess the functional biodegradation potential of microbial communities selected under each amendment condition. Degradation kinetics were modelled using first-order decay based on UV–visible apparent residual phenanthrene–pyrene estimates, with GC–FID used for compound-specific confirmation in selected representative treatments. Imaging flow cytometry coupled with supervised machine learning classified viable and debris-associated cells using morphology- and fluorescence-derived features. Multivariate analyses quantified associations between cellular phenotypes and degradation rate constants. Liquid enrichment cultures derived from aged leaf-litter–amended treatments achieved approximately 60–80% PAH removal within 10 days, whereas unamended soil retained approximately 70% residual PAHs. The 10% amendment exhibited the highest degradation rate (k ≈ 0.153 day⁻¹; t½ ≈ 4.5 days), compared with slower kinetics in unamended soil (k ≈ 0.052 day⁻¹). Imaging cytometry revealed higher viable-cell fractions in amendment-derived treatments and increased membrane-compromised/debris-associated populations under PAH-only conditions. Machine learning classifiers showed strong discrimination of manually annotated cytometric cell-state classes (ROC–AUC ≈ 1.00), indicating clear separability of viable/intact, membrane-compromised, and debris-associated objects within the extracted image-feature space. Morphology-derived cellular metrics showed the strongest association with apparent degradation rates (ρ ≈ 0.89), exceeding viability-based associations (ρ ≈ 0.83). Moderate aged-leaf biomass amendment was associated with higher apparent PAH degradation potential and more stable microbial cytometric profiles, including higher viable-cell fractions and more regular morphology. Imaging-derived cellular phenotypes were associated with treatment-level apparent degradation performance, suggesting that amendment dose influences biodegradation outcomes through effects on microbial cell-state stability. Integrating amendment optimization with cytometry-based physiological monitoring offers a useful framew","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149162918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A native Bacillus velezensis RB6 from the passion fruit rhizosphere suppresses Phytophthora-induced root rot and promotes plant growth under nursery conditions","authors":"Nguyen Thi Thuy,&nbsp;Do Quang Trung,&nbsp;Hoang Quoc Nam,&nbsp;Tran Thi Tuyet,&nbsp;Bui Xuan Dong","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05242-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05242-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Root rot caused by <i>Phytophthora</i> spp. is a major constraint to passion fruit production. This study evaluated indigenous rhizobacteria isolated from healthy passion fruit plants for antagonistic activity, plant growth-promoting traits, and suppression of <i>Phytophthora</i> root rot under nursery conditions. Ten bacterial isolates were obtained, of which RB6 showed the strongest in vitro inhibition of <i>Phytophthora</i> mycelial growth, together with high phosphate-solubilizing, siderophore-producing, and extracellular hydrolytic activities. The colorimetric assay for indole compounds produced an IAA-equivalent signal; because the assay was based on Salkowski reagent in tryptophan-supplemented medium, this result was interpreted as detection of Salkowski-reactive indole compounds rather than definitive confirmation of IAA biosynthesis. Multilocus analysis of <i>gyrA</i> and <i>gyrB</i> resolved RB6 as <i>Bacillus velezensis</i>. Across the 2,145-bp concatenated alignment, RB6 showed 100% nucleotide identity to the <i>B. velezensis</i> reference strains CR-502/LMG 22478ᵀ and FZB42, and the RB6–<i>B. velezensis</i> grouping received 100% bootstrap support. In nursery experiments, RB6 promoted seedling growth and markedly reduced disease development, root disease severity, root rot severity, and mortality compared with the pathogen control. RB6 treatment was also associated with increased peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) activities and total phenolic content following pathogen challenge. Persistence of the inoculated bacterium on passion fruit roots was independently assessed by re-isolation followed by <i>gyrA/gyrB</i> sequencing. Of 30 presumptive colonies recovered from RB6-treated roots, 29 (96.7%) showed the expected RB6 <i>gyrA/gyrB</i> sequence profile, whereas no RB6-positive colonies were detected among 30 colonies examined from uninoculated controls. Overall, these findings support <i>B. velezensis</i> RB6 as a multifunctional native rhizobacterium with biocontrol and plant growth-promoting potential against <i>Phytophthora</i> root rot under nursery conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-phenotypic characterization of Candida palmioleophila from poultry litter and marine environments: implications for One Health","authors":"Dario Corrêa-Junior,&nbsp;Igor Avellar-Moura,&nbsp;Marcos de Abreu Almeida,&nbsp;Elisa Gonçalves Medeiros,&nbsp;Alessandro F. Valdez,&nbsp;Rodrigo Almeida-Paes,&nbsp;Leonardo Nimrichter,&nbsp;Cláudio Ernesto Taveira Parente,&nbsp;Allan Jefferson Guimarães,&nbsp;Susana Frases","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05260-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05260-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Candida palmioleophila</i> is an emerging opportunistic yeast frequently misidentified within the <i>Meyerozyma guilliermondii</i> complex, potentially obscuring its clinical and ecological relevance. Although its clinical significance is increasingly recognized, the phenotypic characteristics of environmental isolates remain poorly explored. This study evaluated the eco-phenotypic profiles of 14 <i>C. palmioleophila</i> isolates recovered from two anthropogenically influenced environmental sources: poultry litter (<i>n</i> = 6) and urbanized coastal environments (<i>n</i> = 8). Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed high fluconazole MICs among all evaluated isolates (32 to &gt; 128 µg/mL), while amphotericin B, caspofungin, and anidulafungin MICs ranged from 1 to 2 µg/mL, 0.25 to 1 µg/mL, and 0.06 to 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. No detectable association was observed between variation in antifungal MICs and biofilm biomass under the tested conditions. The isolates exhibited broad physiological tolerance, including growth at temperatures up to 40 °C, tolerance to high NaCl concentrations and cell-wall stress, as well as variation in cell-wall chitin content and intracellular lipid-body accumulation. Virulence-associated phenotypes included biofilm formation, high cell-surface hydrophobicity in most isolates, widespread esterase activity, variable phospholipase activity, and limited protease activity. Together, these findings expand current knowledge of the environmental phenotypic repertoire of <i>C. palmioleophila</i> and support broader environmental, clinical, and genomic surveillance to clarify its ecology, population structure, and potential transmission pathways.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00203-026-05260-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149162994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated in vitro activity of ibrexafungerp against azole-resistant Candida isolates from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC): a multicentric study from India","authors":"Preeti Lather,&nbsp;Ragini Tilak,&nbsp;Anju Mahor,&nbsp;Ranjana Khuraijam,&nbsp;Rashmi Bagga,&nbsp;Pradip Kumar Saha,&nbsp;Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy,&nbsp;Snigdha Reddy,&nbsp;Shristi Verma,&nbsp;Shabnam Kumari,&nbsp;Priya Maheshwari,&nbsp;Manish Purohit,&nbsp;Priyolakshmi Ningthoujam,&nbsp;Sushan Subba,&nbsp;Anup Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05234-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05234-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is complicated by an increase in non-albicans <i>Candida</i> (NAC) species, biofilm formation and rising fluconazole resistance, limiting the effectiveness of conventional therapies. Ibrexafungerp, a newer antifungal, offers a novel therapeutic option owing to its distinct mechanism of action against azole-resistant isolates. A total of 400 isolates from four centres (PGIMER, Chandigarh; RIMS, Imphal; BHU, Varanasi and MGMMC, Indore) were included in this study. Species identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS, and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27 guidelines. <i>Candida albicans</i> was the most prevalent species across the four centres (72%, 74%, 34% and 47% from Chandigarh, Imphal, Varanasi and Indore respectively). Among NAC species, <i>Nakaseomyces glabratus</i> was predominant in Chandigarh (19%) and Imphal (14%), and <i>Candida tropicalis</i> in Varanasi (31%) and Indore (33%). AFST showed higher resistance in <i>C. albicans</i> to fluconazole − 11% in Chandigarh, 3% in Varanasi, and 2% in Imphal and Indore. <i>C. tropicalis</i> exhibited resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole amongst isolates from Varanasi only. Mutations in <i>ERG11</i> gene attributing to azole-resistance included A114V, F145L amongst the fluconazole-resistant isolates. Biofilm formation of <i>C. albicans</i> was statistically significant in PGIMER compared to other centres. Ibrexafungerp MICs among <i>C. albicans</i> isolates ranged from 0.06 to 2 µg/ml, among <i>C. tropicalis</i> isolates from 0.12 to 1 µg/ml, among <i>N. glabratus</i> isolates from 0.25 to 1 µg/ml. With this, we derive that <i>Candida albicans</i> remains the predominant causative agent of VVC, however, NACs are increasing. Fluconazole is still the drug of choice to treat VVC, but with increasing resistance, the use of ibrexafungerp could be a promising alternative strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149162966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial-assisted optimization of hydrolytic enzyme production from grape (vitis vinifera) pomace by solid-state fermentation","authors":"Md. Zakir Hassan,&nbsp;Muhammad Younus,&nbsp;Elena G. Kovaleva","doi":"10.1007/s00203-026-05240-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00203-026-05240-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The valorization of agro-industrial waste through solid-state fermentation (SSF) provides a sustainable strategy for waste conversion and enzyme production. This study aimed to optimize the concomitant production of a hydrolytic enzyme cocktail (pectinase, xylanase and amylase) by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 5140 (VKPM: B-1326) using red grape pomace as the sole substrate under SSF conditions. A, D-optimal response surface methodology (RSM) with a quadratic model was used to evaluate and optimize four process parameters: temperature (36–40 °C), pH (6–8), moisture content (60–70%), and incubation time (48–120 h), with the three enzyme activities considered jointly as responses. The statistical analysis showed that the quadratic model was significant for pectinase (R² = 0.9651) and xylanase (R² = 0.9784), whereas a two-factor interaction (2FI) model provided the best fit for amylase production (R² = 0.9659). The RSM optimization identified approximately 39 °C, pH 6.35, 65% moisture, and 57 h as the conditions for concomitant efficient enzyme production. Under these conditions, the model predicted activities of 402.82 U/g dry substrate (DS) for pectinase, 301.53 U/g DS for xylanase, and 112.43 U/g DS for amylase. The results indicate that D-optimal RSM could be used to identify similar fermentation conditions for simultaneous production of the three hydrolytic enzymes from grape pomace by SSF.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8279,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Microbiology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}