Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences最新文献

Music-based interventions for nonfluent aphasia: A systematic review of randomized control trials. 基于音乐的非流利性失语症干预：随机对照试验的系统回顾。

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15387

Yuko Koshimori,Preetie Shetty Akkunje,Evelyn Tjiandri,Julia B Kowaleski,Michael H Thaut

{"title":"Music-based interventions for nonfluent aphasia: A systematic review of randomized control trials.","authors":"Yuko Koshimori,Preetie Shetty Akkunje,Evelyn Tjiandri,Julia B Kowaleski,Michael H Thaut","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15387","url":null,"abstract":"Music-based interventions (MBIs) offer promising strategies for addressing speech-language impairments in individuals with nonfluent aphasia. This systematic review summarizes the current literature of MBIs for nonfluent aphasia recovery by types of MBIs to determine the efficacy of MBIs and assesses the risk of bias to identify common methodological limitations. A systematic search was conducted of MEDLINE, PubMed, and APA PsycInfo for the 20 years preceding July 2024. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the revised Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Ten RCTs met the inclusion criteria, featuring MBIs such as Melodic Intonation Therapy, Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy, and singing-based approaches. The results highlighted the potential of MBIs in various domains, particularly in enhancing repetition and naming abilities, even when compared to speech therapy. The reviewed studies exhibited a moderate to high risk of bias. Outcome measures varied widely, and functional communication, a critical rehabilitation goal, was examined in just two RCTs. Furthermore, heterogeneous control conditions and statistical methods hindered meaningful comparisons across studies. Future research should prioritize functional communication outcomes and refine intervention protocols to strengthen the evidence base. Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing the potential benefits of these clinical tools for nonfluent aphasia recovery.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simulation of multiple parameter effects on efficiency of uranium ore acid leaching 多参数对铀矿酸浸效率影响的模拟

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15384

Guijun Luo, Chuanfei Zhang, Xiangxue Zhang, Wenji Wang, Meifang Chen, Mingtao Jia

{"title":"Simulation of multiple parameter effects on efficiency of uranium ore acid leaching","authors":"Guijun Luo, Chuanfei Zhang, Xiangxue Zhang, Wenji Wang, Meifang Chen, Mingtao Jia","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15384","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates factors influencing the leaching process in uranium mining, using a uranium mine in Inner Mongolia, China, as a representative case. We used PHREEQC geochemical and COMSOL Multiphysics® software, as well as the coupling interface COMSOL PHREEQC (iCP), to simulate acid leaching of underground core mineral samples. The study systematically analyzes the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, permeability coefficient, and injection/leaching pressure differential on uranium leaching efficiency. It also reveals spatial and temporal variations of minerals throughout the leaching process. The findings include a positive correlation between sulfuric acid concentration and leaching rate. Increased permeability significantly enhanced the leaching effect, while the injection/leaching pressure differential had an optimal range. Additionally, mineral evolution characteristics suggested that acidophilic minerals dissolve rapidly in initial stages, whereas later stages may involve minerals such as kaolinite and quartz influencing pore structure. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing process parameters in uranium mining and offer a quantitative reference for micro-scale mineral changes, ultimately for efficient and sustainable uranium extraction.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mating system and copulatory behavior of the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) 大鼠耳蝠的交配制度和交配行为

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15390

Lisa Printz, Anika Lustig, Martina Nagy, Mirjam Knörnschild

{"title":"Mating system and copulatory behavior of the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis)","authors":"Lisa Printz, Anika Lustig, Martina Nagy, Mirjam Knörnschild","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15390","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian mating systems, which form the cornerstone of social systems, are shaped by diverse ecological and sociobiological factors, and they influence behavior and reproductive success. Among mammals, bats exhibit a remarkable diversity of mating systems, making them ideal for studying their complexity; yet, interspecific variations of bat mating systems remain largely unknown. To address this, we surveyed six roosts of the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) over 2 years, uncovering novel aspects of their mating system. Our findings suggest a lek mating system, where males aggregate and are visited by receptive females. Mating involves multiple copulations and distinct body postures, with the female remaining with the male for several hours. Male roost occupancy peaked in August, reflecting a phenological cycle. Males demonstrated pronounced territoriality and site fidelity, defending display spots with vocalizations and physical confrontations, underscoring their important role in securing mating success. Complex vocalizations appeared crucial for deterring rivals and attracting females, suggesting vocal signals govern mate choice by females. Additionally, a yellow facial secretion observed in males may function as an olfactory signal during mate selection. This study provides valuable insights into the mating system of M. myotis, with implications for understanding the species’ behavioral ecology and contributing to conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the photon–classical electromagnetic field relationship 论光子-经典电磁场关系

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15378

Daniela Dragoman

引用次数: 0

Impact of type 1 diabetes on binocular vision: Evidence from a comparative analysis 1型糖尿病对双眼视力的影响：来自比较分析的证据

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-15 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15381

María‐Carmen Silva‐Viguera, María Carmen Sánchez‐González, Víctor Ponce‐García, Concepción De‐Hita‐Cantalejo, José‐María Sánchez‐González, María‐José Bautista‐Llamas

{"title":"Impact of type 1 diabetes on binocular vision: Evidence from a comparative analysis","authors":"María‐Carmen Silva‐Viguera, María Carmen Sánchez‐González, Víctor Ponce‐García, Concepción De‐Hita‐Cantalejo, José‐María Sánchez‐González, María‐José Bautista‐Llamas","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15381","url":null,"abstract":"Binocular vision function was assessed in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) without retinopathy and compared to a control group to identify potential nonstrabismic binocular vision disorders. This cross‐sectional study included 80 participants (40 T1D, 40 controls) without systemic or ocular diseases, visual impairments, medications, or prior ocular surgery. Highly repeatable tests evaluated heterophoria, the accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, near point of convergence (NPC), fusional vergences, vergence facility, and stereoacuity. Diagnosed dysfunctions included convergence insufficiency, divergence insufficiency, basic exophoria, basic esophoria, fusional vergence dysfunction, convergence excess, and divergence excess. Individuals with T1D showed significantly farther NPC (break: 5.50 vs. 3.80 cm, p = 0.005; recovery: 8.32 vs. 5.69 cm, p < 0.001), lower near positive fusional vergence (break: 20.70 Δ vs. 24.25 Δ; recovery: 11.50 Δ vs. 14.75 Δ, p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively), reduced vergence facility (5.10 vs. 7.15 cpm, p = 0.003), and a lower AC/A ratio (3.30 vs. 4.00, p = 0.01). More participants with T1D had binocular vision parameters outside the normal range, with a higher prevalence of binocular vision disorders (p = 0.048). These findings highlight the impact of T1D on binocular vision and emphasize the need for optometric evaluations for early detection and management.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brazil climate highlights 2023 巴西气候突出2023年

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-15 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15394

Luana Albertani Pampuch, Paola Gimenes Bueno, Michelle Simões Reboita, Ana Carolina Nóbile Tomaziello, Ana Maria Pereira Nunes, Andressa Andrade Cardoso, Caio A. S. Coelho, Camila Bertoletti Carpenedo, Francisco das Chagas Vasconcelos, Helber Barros Gomes, Henri Rossi Pinheiro, Hugo Alves Braga, Iuri Valério Graciano Borges, Maria de Souza Custodio, Maria Leidinice da Silva, Marta Llopart, Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha, Tércio Ambrizzi, Gyrlene Aparecida Mendes da Silva

{"title":"Brazil climate highlights 2023","authors":"Luana Albertani Pampuch, Paola Gimenes Bueno, Michelle Simões Reboita, Ana Carolina Nóbile Tomaziello, Ana Maria Pereira Nunes, Andressa Andrade Cardoso, Caio A. S. Coelho, Camila Bertoletti Carpenedo, Francisco das Chagas Vasconcelos, Helber Barros Gomes, Henri Rossi Pinheiro, Hugo Alves Braga, Iuri Valério Graciano Borges, Maria de Souza Custodio, Maria Leidinice da Silva, Marta Llopart, Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha, Tércio Ambrizzi, Gyrlene Aparecida Mendes da Silva","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15394","url":null,"abstract":"In the year 2023, the Earth experienced the highest near‐surface temperature anomalies ever recorded until then. In addition, several extreme weather and climate events occurred around the world, including in Brazil. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to analyze the anomalous temperature and precipitation patterns observed in Brazil during 2023, along with the most significant extreme events. Different datasets and methodologies were applied. The north coast of the state of São Paulo had the highest accumulation of rainfall recorded in Brazil in a single day. September, October, and November 2023 experienced the large precipitation deficits over the Amazon region, leading to a very intense and prolonged drought. The south of Brazil was affected by a large amount of precipitation in a short time, associated with cyclones, resulting in fatalities and economic losses. Southeast and Central‐West Brazil experienced two intense heatwaves in the austral spring, breaking daily temperature records in major cities like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Overall, this study describes the main physical processes responsible for these extremes, along with the socioenvironmental impacts caused by most of them.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accelerando and crescendo in African penguin ecstatic display songs 加速和渐强的非洲企鹅欣喜若狂的展示歌曲

IF 5.2 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15383

Taylor A. Hersh, Yannick Jadoul, Marco Gamba, Andrea Ravignani, Livio Favaro

{"title":"Accelerando and crescendo in African penguin ecstatic display songs","authors":"Taylor A. Hersh, Yannick Jadoul, Marco Gamba, Andrea Ravignani, Livio Favaro","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15383","url":null,"abstract":"Many species produce rhythmic sound sequences. Some purportedly speed up their vocalizations throughout a display, reminiscent of—but not necessarily equivalent to—accelerando in human music. This phenomenon has been frequently reported but rarely quantified, which limits our ability to understand its mechanism, function, and evolution. Here, we use a suite of rhythm analyses to quantify temporal and acoustic features in the ecstatic display songs of male African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). We show that songs get faster (i.e., accelerando) and louder (i.e., crescendo) as they progress. The accelerando occurs because the intersyllable silences, not the syllables themselves, predictably shorten over time. This rhythmicity is maintained even when individuals take audible breaths. Individuals also show plasticity: when they start with a slow tempo, they speed up more strongly than when they start with a fast tempo. We hypothesize that this well-timed accelerando may stem from arousal-based mechanisms, biomechanical constraints, or more complex rhythmic control. Future work should test the mechanisms behind this intra-individual rhythmic variation since nonpasserine birds are thought to have limited vocal plasticity. By integrating a rich empirical dataset with cutting-edge rhythm analyses, we establish the necessary foundation to determine how such features evolved and their role(s) across communication systems.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144278574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dual-transcriptome analyses of high- and low-virulence strains of Cryptococcus gattii cocultured with RAW264.7 macrophages. 与RAW264.7巨噬细胞共培养的高毒力和低毒力加蒂隐球菌菌株的双转录组分析。

IF 4.1 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15328

Chen Yang, Yangyu Zhou, Yu Zhong, Lifeng Wang, Xuelei Zang, Hui Chen, Dingxia Shen, Yan Cheng, Jiang Gu, Xinying Xue

{"title":"Dual-transcriptome analyses of high- and low-virulence strains of Cryptococcus gattii cocultured with RAW264.7 macrophages.","authors":"Chen Yang, Yangyu Zhou, Yu Zhong, Lifeng Wang, Xuelei Zang, Hui Chen, Dingxia Shen, Yan Cheng, Jiang Gu, Xinying Xue","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15328","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii) is an aggressive fungus that can infect both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. As a first line of immunity in humans, macrophages can phagocytose and kill C. gattii; yet macrophages can also provide a favorable ecological niche for its proliferation and immune escape. Using dual-transcriptome analysis, which allows for the exploration of transcriptional expression levels in pathogen-host interactions, we aimed to quantitatively measure host (RAW264.7 macrophage) immune responses to strains of C. gattii with different virulence, including transcriptional changes in both host and fungus. We evaluated 31 strains of C. gattii and divided them into high virulence (HV) and low virulence (LV) based on phenotype. Compared to the LV strains, the HV strains inhibited development of M1 macrophages, killing of the HV strains by macrophages was weaker, and transcription levels of virulence and growth genes were increased. We also found that macrophages after contact with HV C. gattii strains had high expression of genes related to cell adhesion but lower expression of those related to antigen presentation, immune response, and oxidative stress. Inhibition of macrophage immune response to HV C. gattii was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Our data add to what is known about the mechanisms of immune escape by C. gattii.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fracture structure and dynamic characteristics of coal after various soaking times with supercritical CO₂. 超临界CO2不同浸泡时间煤的断裂结构及动态特性

IF 4.1 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15377

Kang Jin, Lei Wang, Zhenyu Yang, Lipeng Chen, Zhipeng Liao, Yuxuan Wu, Weili Li

{"title":"Fracture structure and dynamic characteristics of coal after various soaking times with supercritical CO2.","authors":"Kang Jin, Lei Wang, Zhenyu Yang, Lipeng Chen, Zhipeng Liao, Yuxuan Wu, Weili Li","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15377","url":null,"abstract":"Current research on the mechanical properties and damage of coal after supercritical CO2 (sCO2) soaking has focused on static investigations. To understand the dynamic characteristics, researchers often analyze the parameters characterizing the fracture and three-dimensional strain fields of coal before and after sCO2 soaking. We explored the relationship between the time-dependent damage to coal and the deterioration of dynamic parameters. The damage variable was defined by the increase in fracture volume, while a dynamic damage constitutive model of coal was established for various sCO2 soaking durations. Soaking initiated and expanded coal pore fractures and altered strain variables in the coal matrix. The fracture volume and fractal dimension of the coal increased with soaking time, whereas the strain area expanded. After sCO2 soaking, the dynamic peak strength and elastic modulus of coal displayed time-dependent decreases. The damage variable was positively correlated with soaking time.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hibernation as a model for skeletal muscle preservation. 冬眠作为骨骼肌保存的模型。

IF 4.1 3区综合性期刊

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15389

Alexandra E Porczak, Ni Y Feng

{"title":"Hibernation as a model for skeletal muscle preservation.","authors":"Alexandra E Porczak, Ni Y Feng","doi":"10.1111/nyas.15389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15389","url":null,"abstract":"Hibernation is an extreme adaptation that enables a diverse array of mammalian species to survive long-term nutrient deprivation. In many seasonal hibernators, winter hibernation is characterized by prolonged periods of immobility and starvation, conditions that induce muscular atrophy in nonhibernating animals. In humans, factors that contribute to muscle atrophy include muscle disuse under conditions of bedrest, casting, paralysis, microgravity, as well as aging. In laboratory mice and rats, muscle disuse can be induced by hindlimb unloading or casting-experimental paradigms that have revealed the molecular basis of muscle atrophy. Remarkably, hibernating mammals experience reduced atrophy and maintain muscle ultrastructure and function despite months of immobility and starvation, serving as excellent models for investigating protective mechanisms for muscular atrophy resistance. In this review, we explore skeletal muscle homeostasis at multiple levels of biological organization, from function, neural innervation, gross anatomy, cellular differentiation, ultrastructure, to biochemical pathways regulating regeneration, growth, and degeneration. At each level, we compare known mechanisms in hibernators, laboratory rodents, and humans. Finally, we highlight gaps in knowledge and propose future areas of investigation for elucidating mechanisms of muscle atrophy resistance in hibernation.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0