Applied Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Combined with a Multipass Circular Cell to Detect Low Concentrations of Ammonia","authors":"Oscar E. Bonilla-Manrique, Alejandro Pérez Gonzalez-Banfi, Jorge Viñuela Pérez, Gabriele Dessena","doi":"10.3390/app15126727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126727","url":null,"abstract":"Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has become a valuable technique for trace gas detection due to its high sensitivity and potential for miniaturization. This study presents the development and evaluation of a near-infrared PAS system using a 1532 nm semiconductor laser and a multipass cell (MPC) designed to enhance the optical path and thereby improve the detection of ammonia (NH3). The minimum detection limit was determined to be 770 ppb, with a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 1.07 × 10−8 W cm−1 Hz−1/2. While competitive with similar PAS systems, these results indicate that mid-infrared technologies still offer superior detection thresholds. The findings suggest that while this near-infrared setup may not yet match the sensitivity of systems using quantum cascade lasers or QEPAS, it offers notable advantages in terms of simplicity, cost, and potential for field deployment. The system’s configuration makes it a viable and efficient tool for industrial gas monitoring and real-time environmental applications, with future improvements likely to come from transitioning to the mid-infrared region and advancing laser stabilization and miniaturization techniques.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 12","pages":"6727-6727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6727/pdf?version=1750065588","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147906838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Superhydrophilic/Underwater Superoleophobic Plasma-Modified PVDF Microfiltration Membrane with Copolymer Hydrogels for Oily Water Separation","authors":"Hasan Ali Hayder, Peng Shi, Sama M. Al‐Jubouri","doi":"10.3390/app15126654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126654","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer membranes often face challenges of oil fouling and rapid water flux decline during the separation of oil-in-water emulsions, making them a focal point of ongoing research and development efforts. Coating PVDF membranes with a hydrogel layer equips the developed membranes with robust potential to mitigate oil fouling. However, developing a controllable thickness of a stable hydrogel layer to prevent the blocking of membrane pores remains a critical issue. In this work, atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma was used to prepare the surface of a PVDF membrane to improve its wettability and adhesion properties for coating with a thin hydrophilic film of an AM-NaA copolymer hydrogel. The AM-NaA/PVDF membrane exhibited superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties, along with exceptional anti-crude oil-fouling characteristics and a self-cleaning function. The AM-NaA/PVDF membrane achieved high separation efficiency, exceeding 99% for various oil-in-water emulsions, with residual oil content in the permeate of less than 10 mg/L after a single-step separation. Additionally, it showed a high-water flux of 5874 L/m2·h for crude oil-in-water emulsions. The AM-NaA/PVDF membrane showed good stability and easy cleaning by water washing over multiple crude oil-in-water emulsion separation and regeneration cycles. Adding CaCl2 destabilized emulsions by promoting oil droplet coalescence, further boosting flux. This strategy provides a practical pathway for the development of highly reusable and oil-fouling-resistant membranes for the efficient separation of emulsified oily water.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 12","pages":"6654-6654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6654/pdf?version=1749810213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147917625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Cloth Simulation in Extended Reality: Comparative Study Between Unity Cloth Model and Position-Based Dynamics Model with GPU","authors":"Taeheon Kim, Jun Ma, Min Hong","doi":"10.3390/app15126611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126611","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a GPU-accelerated Position-Based Dynamics (PBD) system for realistic and interactive cloth simulation in Extended Reality (XR) environments, and comprehensively evaluates its performance and functional capabilities on standalone XR devices, such as the Meta Quest 3. To overcome the limitations of traditional CPU-based physics simulations, we designed and optimized highly parallelized algorithms utilizing Unity’s Compute Shader framework. The proposed system achieves real-time performance by implementing efficient collision detection and response handling with complex environmental meshes (RoomMesh) and dynamic hand meshes (HandMesh), as well as capsule colliders based on hand skeleton tracking (OVRSkeleton). Performance evaluations were conducted for both single-sided and double-sided cloth configurations across multiple resolutions. At a 32 × 32 resolution, both configurations maintained stable frame rates of approximately 72 FPS. At a 64 × 64 resolution, the single-sided cloth achieved around 65 FPS, while the double-sided configuration recorded approximately 40 FPS, demonstrating scalable quality adaptation depending on application requirements. Functionally, the GPU-PBD system significantly surpasses Unity’s built-in Cloth component by supporting double-sided cloth rendering, fine-grained constraint control, complex mesh-based collision handling, and real-time interaction with both hand meshes and capsule colliders. These capabilities enable immersive and physically plausible XR experiences, including natural cloth draping, grasping, and deformation behaviors during user interactions. The technical advantages of the proposed system suggest strong applicability in various XR fields, such as virtual clothing fitting, medical training simulations, educational content, and interactive art installations. Future work will focus on extending the framework to general deformable body simulation, incorporating advanced material modeling, self-collision response, and dynamic cutting simulation, thereby enhancing both realism and scalability in XR environments.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 12","pages":"6611-6611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6611/pdf?version=1749719772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147919504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Heating Rate on the Properties and Mechanism of Nanocomposite Ceramic Coatings Prepared by Slurry Method","authors":"Yuntian Zhang, Yinhui Li, Jiaqi Cao, Songyuchen Ma, Guangsong Chen, Kunquan Duan, Jie Liu","doi":"10.3390/app15126561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126561","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-titanium dioxide ceramic coatings exhibit excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and self-cleaning properties, showing great potential as multifunctional protective materials. This study proposes a synergistic reinforcement strategy by encapsulating micron-sized Al2O3 particles with nano-TiO2. A core-shell structured nanocomposite coating composed of 65 wt% nano-TiO2 encapsulating 30 wt% micron-Al2O3 was precisely designed and fabricated via a slurry dip-coating method on Q235 steel substrates. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Comprehensive performance evaluations including densification, adhesion strength, wear resistance, and thermal shock resistance were conducted. Optimal coating properties were achieved under the conditions of a binder-to-solvent ratio of 1:15 (g/mL), a heating rate of 2 °C/min, and a sintering temperature of 400 °C. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of multiple crystalline phases during the 400 °C curing process, including titanium pyrophosphate (TiP2O7), aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), copper aluminate (Cu(AlO2)2), and a unique titanium phosphate phase (Ti3(PO4)4) exclusive to the 2 °C/min heating rate. Adhesion strength tests revealed that the coating sintered at 2 °C/min exhibited superior interfacial bonding strength and outstanding performance in wear resistance, hardness, and thermal shock resistance. The incorporation of nano-TiO2 into the 30 wt% Al2O3 matrix significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite coating. Mechanistic studies indicated that the bonding between the nanocomposite coating and the metal substrate is primarily achieved through mechanical interlocking, forming a robust physical interface. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the fabrication process of metal-based ceramic coatings and expanding their engineering applications in various industries.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 12","pages":"6561-6561"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6561/pdf?version=1749632092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147895401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise Annoyance in Physical Sciences: Perspective 2015–2024","authors":"Jacek Łukasz Wilk-Jakubowski, Radosław Harabin, Łukasz Pawlik, Grzegorz Wilk-Jakubowski","doi":"10.3390/app15126559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126559","url":null,"abstract":"The current level of civilization development results in the widespread presence of devices that generate sound waves. Even in the so-called quiet zones, infrasound can be recorded, which, despite the lack of audibility, causes undesirable physiological reactions or affects the environment. Research on noise pollution and its effects on human health and the environment is increasingly prevalent. Thus, the problem of noise should be considered an important and increasingly real problem. In the presented article, an advanced review of the literature on the noise was carried out in order to systematize the issues, diagnose trends, and identify research gaps. The literature review included 1952 articles present in the Scopus database. After selecting the material, 112 documents were qualified for full analysis. Publications were grouped based on selected categories, cross-analyzed for statistical correlations, and described on the basis of content. The findings indicate the dominant areas of research interest in noise and its sources and reveal the most widespread methodological trends such as increased interest in the area of engineering (66.67% increase) and air transport (19.04% increase); an increased frequency of use of the experimental method (28.12% increase); and the rising interest of noise annoyance in China (150% increase). On the other hand, the largest drops of interest occur in Earth and planetary sciences (decrease of 50%), in road transportation (21.87%), in conceptual papers (decrease of 16.21%), and a reduced number of affiliations of authors from Germany (decrease of 45.45%). Outcomes indicate a proposal for future research to fill the identified gaps in the literature.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 12","pages":"6559-6559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6559/pdf?version=1749626801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147881633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Nitrogen-Rich Tar by Co-Pyrolysis and Analysis of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Pyrolysis Products","authors":"Peiqi Chen, Gang Li, Jie Shao, Baoping Bai, Jie Hu, Xiang Han, Anning Zhou, Q.X. Li, Fuxin Chen","doi":"10.3390/app15116284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116284","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we use coal as a carbon source from Zhangjiamao and doped with different nitrogen sources for co-pyrolysis. Nitrogen-rich tar was successfully prepared, and the content and variety were also increased. From the elemental analysis, the nitrogen content of all the tars was significantly enhanced, among which the nitrogen content of the tars after co-pyrolysis with melamine was enhanced by 5.21%, and the nitrogen content of coke was enhanced by 10.87%. According to the GC/MS results, it was found that the nitrogen compounds in the tar after full pyrolysis were richer and more abundant than those in Py-GC/MS. For the free radical reaction, the reaction process is extremely rapid, and the 15N substitution product after isotope labeling was successfully captured by adding 15NH4Cl for isotope labeling, which can be more intuitively and accurately illustrated from the m/z change. Among them, 26 nitrogen-containing compounds were screened out, which accounted for 66.28% of the content, and they were categorized. It was found that the five-membered nitrogen heterocycles were the most abundant, accounting for 34.88%. In addition, five other nitrogen-containing compounds containing different functional groups and the tar from the co-pyrolysis of tar-rich coal were also analyzed by GC/MS, among which the tar from melamine had the highest content of nitrogen-containing compounds, with 70.48%. Finally, the functional groups of nitrogen-containing compounds were further analyzed by XPS and FTIR, and the results were consistent with those of GC/MS analysis. In this paper, nitrogen-rich tar was prepared by co-pyrolysis of tar-rich coal and nitrogen compounds. This achievement provides a valuable reference for the high-value utilization of coal tar.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 11","pages":"6284-6284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/6284/pdf?version=1749024978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147919928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of COD from Secondary Effluent Using Fenton Iron Sludge-Based Biochar/Fe(VI)/H2O2 Process","authors":"Lia Wang, Xu He, Lan Liang, Yanshan Wang, Beibei Yan, Guanyi Chen, Ning Li, Li’an Hou","doi":"10.3390/app15115945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115945","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional Fenton process generates large amounts of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment. Achieving effective utilization of Fenton sludge and reducing its production remain pivotal challenges. In this study, Fenton sludge biochar catalysts (Cat) were prepared using Fenton sludge via pyrolysis. In addition, chemical oxygen demand (COD) from secondary effluent was removed by Fenton sludge biochar catalysts activated with H2O2/Fe(VI). Specifically, the removal efficiency of COD could reach 46.2% in the Cat−2/H2O2/Fe(VI) system under weakly alkaline conditions. The mechanistic analysis confirmed that high-valent iron, •OH, O2•−, and 1O2 all participate in the degradation process. Furthermore, a continuous-flow reactor was applied to treat secondary effluent, with COD decreasing from 65 mg/L to 36 mg/L. This study provides new insights into the resource utilization of Fenton sludge and the treatment of complex wastewater.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 11","pages":"5945-5945"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/5945/pdf?version=1748176212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Pot Synthesis of Magnetic Core-Shell Fe3O4@C Nanospheres with Pt Nanoparticle Immobilization for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes","authors":"Jun Qiao, Yang Gao, Kai Zheng, Chao Shen, Ai‐Quan Jia, Qian‐Feng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/app15105773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105773","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic materials with intriguing structural and functional modifications demonstrate broad application potential in various fields, including drug delivery, absorption, extraction, separation, and catalysis. In particular, the catalytic hydrogenation of functionalized organic nitro compounds represents a significant research focus in contemporary catalysis studies. A facile synthesis of Fe3O4@C–Pt core-shell nanocatalysts was developed in this work through a sequential process involving (1) one-pot hydrothermal synthesis followed by N2-annealing to obtain the Fe3O4@C core and (2) subsequent solvothermal deposition of platinum nanoparticles. Comprehensive characterization was performed using FT-IR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, XPS, BET surface area analysis, TGA, and VSM techniques. The resulting magnetic nanocatalysts exhibited uniformly dispersed Pt nanoparticles and demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance in nitroarene hydrogenation reactions. Remarkably, the system showed excellent functional group tolerance across all 20 substituted nitroarenes, consistently yielding corresponding aromatic amine products with >93% conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the magnetic responsiveness of Fe3O4@C–Pt enabled convenient catalyst recovery through simple magnetic separation, with maintained catalytic activity over 10 consecutive reuse cycles without significant performance degradation.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 10","pages":"5773-5773"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5773/pdf?version=1747834349","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on a Reductive Deep Chlorine Removal Process for Breaking Through the Solid Film Barrier","authors":"Rui Li, Ailin Wen, Jing Li","doi":"10.3390/app15105673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105673","url":null,"abstract":"Chloride ions in zinc refining accelerate equipment corrosion and anode and cathode losses, increase lead content, and reduce zinc quality. Therefore, the removal of chloride ions has become a research priority. The existing copper slag dechlorination process has problems such as the solid film barrier leading to impeded mass transfer, product wrapping triggering active site coverage, and incomplete reactions due to insufficient reaction-driving force, leading to low utilization of copper slag, poor dechlorination efficiency, and long reaction times. To address these issues, a new method of deep dechlorination based on the reduction of Cu2+ by liquid-phase mass transfer is proposed in this paper. The process utilizes ascorbic acid as a reducing agent, establishes a homogeneous aqueous phase reaction system, breaks through the solid membrane barrier, and avoids the encapsulation of the product layer, achieving efficient dechlorination. The enol structure of ascorbic acid promotes rapid dechlorination through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Thermodynamic calculations show that compared to the current copper slag dechlorination process, this method increases the reaction-driving force by 18.6%, reduces the Gibbs free energy (ΔGθ) by 59.3%, and increases the equilibrium constant by 6.7 × 109 times, making the reaction more complete and achieving a higher degree of purification. The experimental results show that under optimized conditions, the chloride ion concentration in the solution decreases from 1 g/L to 0.0917 g/L within 20 min, with a removal rate of 90.8%. The main precipitate is CuCl. This process provides a more efficient solution to the chloride ion contamination problem in the hydrometallurgical zinc refining process.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 10","pages":"5673-5673"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5673/pdf?version=1747664196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147911740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharide Hydrogels Based on Cellulose and Chitosan for Drug Sustained-Release Applications","authors":"Xueyan Jin, Hong Xu, Zhiping Mao, Xueling Feng, Yi Zhong","doi":"10.3390/app15105601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105601","url":null,"abstract":"This study developed a novel water-soluble Cellulose Acetoacetate (CAA)-chitosan (CS) composite hydrogel drug delivery system. In this system, CAA and CS molecules are cross-linked via dynamic enamine bonds, forming a three-dimensional network structure suitable for drug encapsulation and controlled release. The primary objective was to address the challenges associated with the short half-life and significant fluctuations in therapeutic concentration of cytokine drugs, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). A hydrogel system with a three-dimensional spatial network structure was successfully constructed via dynamic enamine bonds cross-linking between the acetoacetate groups in CAA molecules and the amino groups in CS. This system exhibits the following characteristics: (1) Dynamic covalent bonds impart adjustable mechanical properties to the hydrogel, enabling precise control over gelation time and mechanical performance; (2) A hierarchical pore structure (average pore size of 100–200 μm) provides a three-dimensional confined space for efficient drug encapsulation, achieving an IL-2 encapsulation efficiency of 83.3 ± 3.1%; (3) In vitro release studies demonstrated that the cumulative release of IL-2 within 72 h ranged from 18.4% to 34.7%, indicating sustained-release behavior. Cell viability assays confirmed that the hydrogel maintained the survival rate of L929 cells above 85% (as determined by the CCK-8 method), and live/dead staining revealed no apparent cytotoxicity. Overall, this three-dimensional network hydrogel based on dynamic covalent bonds represents a promising strategy for low-dose, long-lasting cytokine delivery.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 10","pages":"5601-5601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5601/pdf?version=1747407023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147880589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}