Applied Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Geospatial Landslide Risk Mapping Using AHP and GIS: A Case Study of the Utcubamba River Basin, Peru","authors":"Cleyver A. Rivera, Sivmny V. Valqui-Reina, Lenny F. García-Naranjo, Candy Ocaña, Erick Aldo Auquiñivin Silva, Sandy Chapa-Gonza, Dennis Cieza-Tarrillo, Cristhiam G. Vergara, Alex J. Vergara","doi":"10.3390/app15179423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179423","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the use of a spatial multi-criteria approach based on GIS and AHP techniques to model landslide risk in the Utcubamba river basin, Peru. The methodology consisted of selecting twelve triggering variables: slope angle, geology, precipitation, distance to faults, drainage density, TWI, relative relief, profile curve, land use, elevation, distance to roads, and distance to population centers. These variables were then analyzed using the AHP method and then integrated into a GIS environment, where the weighted linear combination (WLC) method was used to map landslide risk. The risk was categorized into five classes, ranging from very low (1) to very high (5). The main results indicate that 32.81% of the area analyzed in the Utcubamba river basin presents a high and very high risk of landslides. The high-risk areas are mainly located in the southern part of the basin and coincide with areas with steep slopes, high rainfall, and proximity to population centers or communication routes. The model generated was highly accurate (AUC of 0.82), confirming that the integration of the AHP method with GIS allows for the precise identification of critical areas, which is useful for territorial planning, the prioritization of interventions, and emergency management, making it a reliable and replicable methodology in other parts of Peru.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 17","pages":"9423-9423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/17/9423/pdf?version=1756364378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147886821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous Biomass Carbon Composites Derived from Canadian Goldenrod and Their Excellent Microwave Absorption","authors":"Zhidai Zhou, Yan Yan, Jiaming Liu, Zhen He, Yuxin Wang","doi":"10.3390/app15179474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179474","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic wave pollution has become a growing concern in recent decades. Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted significant attention as wave-absorbing materials due to their easy availability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In this study, the invasive plant Solidago canadensis (Canada goldenrod) in China was used as the carbon source, and a two-step pyrolysis and hydrothermal process was applied to create a porous composite material with magnetic CoFe2O4 particles. This improved the impedance matching of the biomass carbon and introduced multiple loss mechanisms. The combination of magnetic loss, interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, and multiple reflections in the biomass carbon produced a material with excellent microwave absorption properties. At 16.76 GHz with a thickness of 2.5 mm, the material achieved a minimum reflection loss of −35.21 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.76 GHz. This study presents a promising method for developing biomass-based absorbers and offers an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution for managing invasive species.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 17","pages":"9474-9474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/17/9474/pdf?version=1756451685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147897689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-Based Grid Patterns Fabricated via Direct Ink Writing for Flexible Transparent Electrodes","authors":"Yongcheng Zheng, Hai Zi, Shuqi Wang, Shengming Yin, Xu Shen","doi":"10.3390/app15158553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158553","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene is considered one of the most promising flexible transparent electrode materials as it has high charge carrier mobility, high electrical conductivity, low optical absorption, excellent mechanical strength, and good bendability. However, graphene-based flexible transparent electrodes face a critical challenge in balancing electrical conductivity and optical transmittance. Here, we present a green and scalable direct ink writing (DIW) strategy to fabricate graphene grid patterns by optimizing ink formulation with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ethanol. SDS eliminates the coffee ring effect via Marangoni flow, while ethanol enhances graphene flake alignment during hot-pressing, achieving a high conductivity of 5.22 × 105 S m−1. The grid-patterned graphene-based flexible transparent electrodes exhibit a low sheet resistance of 21.3 Ω/sq with 68.5% transmittance as well as a high stability in high-temperature and corrosive environments, surpassing most metal/graphene composites. This method avoids toxic solvents and high-temperature treatments, demonstrating excellent stability in harsh environments.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 15","pages":"8553-8553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8553/pdf?version=1754034858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147886416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hierarchically Structured Ni-NOF@ZIF-L Heterojunction Using Van Der Waals Interactions for Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to HCOOH","authors":"Liqun Wu, Xiaojun He, Jian Zhou","doi":"10.3390/app15148095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148095","url":null,"abstract":"The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers an energy-saving and environmentally friendly approach to producing hydrocarbon fuels. The use of a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) flow cell has generally improved the rate of CO2RR, while the gas diffusion layer (GDL) remains a significant challenge. In this study, we successfully engineered a novel metal–organic framework (MOF) heterojunction through the controlled coating of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) on ultrathin nickel—metal–organic framework (Ni-MOF) nanosheets. This innovative architecture simultaneously integrates GDL functionality and exposes abundant solid–liquid–gas triple-phase boundaries. The resulting Ni-MOF@ZIF-L heterostructure demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving a formate Faradaic efficiency of 92.4% while suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to 6.7%. Through computational modeling of the optimized heterojunction configuration, we further elucidated its competitive adsorption behavior and electronic modulation effects. The experimental and theoretical results demonstrate an improvement in electrochemical CO2 reduction activity with suppressed hydrogen evolution for the heterojunction because of its hydrophobic interface, good electron transfer capability, and high CO2 adsorption at the catalyst interface. This work provides a new insight into the rational design of porous crystalline materials in electrocatalytic CO2RR.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 14","pages":"8095-8095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/8095/pdf?version=1753094955","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Silane-Modified Coal Gangue Ceramsite on Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete","authors":"Yuanjie Qin, Sudong Hua, Dongrui Zhang, Hongfei Yue","doi":"10.3390/app15147968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147968","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a kind of sustainable ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) was designed by using coal gangue ceramsite (CGC) and a modified Andreasen–Andersen model. However, when CGC lightweight aggregate with high water absorption is used in UHPC with a low water–cement ratio, CGC has an adverse effect on the working performance of UHPC and may lead to the decrease of mechanical properties. This study found that a 5% silane coupling agent KH560 can make CGC hydrophobic, and cause its contact angle to increase from 0° to 111.32°. Adding 100% hydrophobic modified CGC into UHPC will significantly improve its working performance, with the highest increase of 38.51%. At the same time, the addition of 20% modified CGC can further improve the compressive strength of UHPC (28 days reached 150.1 MPa), reduce the internal porosity by 21.4%, and make the interface bond more compact. In addition, the hydration degree of UHPC has also been improved, a result caused by the cement obtaining more free water for a more complete hydration reaction. This study can provide a new scheme for solving the problem of the solid waste of coal gangue.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 14","pages":"7968-7968"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7968/pdf?version=1752754945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147878869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aluminum-Loaded Bifunctional Resins for Efficient Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solutions","authors":"Mengfei Ma, Yingpeng Gu, Ruijie Wang, Yue Sun","doi":"10.3390/app15147829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147829","url":null,"abstract":"The deep defluorination of water remains a significant environmental challenge. In this work, aluminum was loaded onto the bifunctional resin S957 containing a phosphoric-sulfonic acid difunctional group for efficient fluoride removal. Al-S957 demonstrated excellent fluoride removal performance across a broad pH range. When anions and organics coexisted, Al-S957 exhibited significantly better fluoride adsorption performance compared to aluminum-loaded monofunctional resins. The adsorption followed an endothermic chemisorption process on a monolayer surface. FTIR and XPS analyses further revealed that fluoride removal relied on a ligand exchange mechanism. Column adsorption conducted over five cycles highlighted the strong practical potential of Al-S957. The results suggested that Al-S957 exhibits significant potential for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 14","pages":"7829-7829"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7829/pdf?version=1752482097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentation Kinetics and Gene Expression Patterns in Adenosine Biosynthesis by Bacillus subtilis","authors":"Gengxuan Yan, Haiqiang Wu, Shumei Zhang, Chunyan Liu, Yuan Tian, Chong Yu","doi":"10.3390/app15137592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137592","url":null,"abstract":"Adenosine holds significant application value in the fields of food additives and pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis. Engineering strains to enhance their efficiency in utilizing fermentation substrates is considered an effective strategy for improving production yield. However, modifications to adenosine-producing strains remain challenging due to the complex physiological and metabolic regulation governing adenosine biosynthesis. In this study, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of adenosine biosynthesis in a high-yielding Bacillus subtilis strain were analyzed through transcriptome sequencing. Under conditions in which an additional 10 g/L glutamine and 6 g/L hypoxanthine were supplemented at 48 h of cultivation to promote adenosine synthesis, a total of 105 significantly differentially expressed genes (69 downregulated and 36 upregulated) were identified, with key genes related to adenosine biosynthesis primarily concentrated in the downstream purine metabolic pathway. Notably, core biosynthetic genes including purD, guaC, purH, and purN showed significant downregulation in the high-yielding strain, suggesting that adenosine accumulation might inhibit related gene expression through negative feedback mechanisms. Fermentation kinetic analysis revealed that biomass reached its peak at 48 h (OD600 = 0.82), with a glucose consumption rate of 73.28% at this stage. Gene expression pattern analysis demonstrated that purD, guaC, purH, and purN maintained relatively stable expression levels during fermentation. However, the exogenous supplementation of inosine (6 g/L) and glutamine (10 g/L) induced significant inhibition of their expression—a trend paralleling that observed with exogenous adenosine addition. This research elucidates key regulatory nodes in the adenosine biosynthesis of Bacillus subtilis and provides theoretical support and candidate targets for the targeted modification of industrial strains through metabolic engineering strategies.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 13","pages":"7592-7592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7592/pdf?version=1751881371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermostable D-Allulose 3-Epimerase for Long-Term Food-Compatible Continuous Production Systems","authors":"Jiawei Cui, Yan Li, Ming Yan","doi":"10.3390/app15137318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137318","url":null,"abstract":"D-allulose is a rare sugar with promising applications in food and health industries, owing to its low caloric value and multiple health benefits. In this study, we systematically investigated a thermostable D-allulose 3-epimerase (TcDAEase) from Thermogemmatispora carboxidivorans for food-compatible continuous production. The enzyme exhibited remarkable thermostability, with over 70% activity retained at 80 °C, and showed broad pH tolerance across the range of 8.0 to 13.0. Notably, TcDAEase exhibited high catalytic activity toward D-allulose and D-fructose even without the addition of metal ions. Moreover, food-grade Mg2+ was identified as enhancing enzyme activity by 14.3%, thus ensuring compliance with Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) standards for food applications. To improve industrial applicability, the enzyme was immobilized using a chitosan-diatomaceous earth (DE) matrix via three-step adsorption–crosslinking–embedding strategy. The immobilized TcDAEase achieved 48.7% ± 2.4% activity recovery and retained 90.3% ± 1.5% activity over seven reaction cycles. Furthermore, continuous production of D-allulose was realized in a packed-bed reactor, operating stably at 60 °C, pH 8.0 and 5 mM Mg2+ for 150 days, producing 756 kg of D-allulose with a conversion yield exceeding 89.7% of the theoretical maximum. Overall, this study provides a feasible strategy for the continuous and efficient production of high-value-added D-allulose in the food industry.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 13","pages":"7318-7318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7318/pdf?version=1751188467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Impact of Copper Ions on Mineral Surfaces During Chalcopyrite–Molybdenite Flotation Separation Using Sodium Thioglycolate","authors":"Feng Jiang, Shuai He, Jiapeng Qi, Yuanjia Luo, Honghu Tang","doi":"10.3390/app15137293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137293","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient separation of chalcopyrite from molybdenite is crucial for the utilization of copper–molybdenum ores and is inevitably influenced by the presence of metal ions in the pulp. However, the underlying impact mechanisms remain unclear. This study systematically investigated the influence of Cu2+ on the flotation separation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite, with sodium thioglycolate (STG) as a depressant. Flotation experiments revealed that Cu2+ in the STG system significantly reduced molybdenite recovery and hindered selective separation. Characterization using contact angle, zeta potential, and UV–Vis analysis demonstrated that the presence of Cu2+ triggered STG adsorption on the molybdenite surface, thereby increasing its hydrophilicity. XPS analysis showed that Cu2+ adsorbed onto the molybdenite surface as Cu(I), creating reactive sites for the –SH or –COO− groups in STG. This interaction forms a stable molybdenite–Cu(I)–STG complex through chemisorption, significantly suppressing molybdenite flotation. DFT calculations further demonstrated that Cu2+ enhanced the reactivity between STG and molybdenite. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the influences of Cu2+ on the flotation separation between chalcopyrite from molybdenite, providing valuable insights into further optimizing copper–molybdenum flotation separation processes.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 13","pages":"7293-7293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7293/pdf?version=1751099285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147905794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation of Trichloroethylene Oxidized by Potassium Permanganate Under Different Environmental Conditions","authors":"Y. Q. Dong, Yufeng Wang, Lantian Xing, Ghufran Uddin, Ying Guan, E Zhengyang, Jianjun Liang, Ping Li, Changjie Liu, Qiaohui Fan","doi":"10.3390/app15137142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137142","url":null,"abstract":"Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for inferring and quantifying transformation processes, but its effectiveness relies on understanding the magnitude and variability of isotopic fractionation associated with specific reactions. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is widely used as an efficient oxidant for the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE); however, the influence of environmental factors on the isotope fractionation during this process remains unclear. In this study, compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) was conducted to investigate the variability in carbon isotope effects during the KMnO4-mediated degradation of TCE under varying conditions, including initial concentrations of KMnO4 and TCE, the presence of humic acid (HA), pH levels, and inorganic ions. The results showed that the overall carbon isotope enrichment factors (ε) of TCE ranged from −26.5 ± 0.5‰ to −22.8 ± 0.9‰, indicating relatively small variations across conditions. At low KMnO4/TCE molar ratio (n(KMnO4)/n(TCE)), incomplete oxidation and/or MnO2-mediated oxidation of TCE likely resulted in smaller ε. For dense, non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) TCE, which represents extremely high concentrations, the ε value was −13.0 ± 1.7‰ during KMnO4 oxidation. This may be attributed to the slow dissolution of isotopically light TCE from the DNAPL phase, altering the δ13C signature of the reacted TCE and resulting in a significantly larger ε value than observed for dissolved-phase TCE oxidation. The ε values increased with rising pH, probably due to the decrease in oxidation potential (E0) of KMnO4 from pH ~2 to ~12, as well as the emergence of different degradation pathways and intermediates under varying pH conditions. Both SO42− and NO3− slightly influenced the ε values, potentially due to the formation of H2SO4 and HNO3 at lower pH, which may act as auxiliary oxidants and contribute to TCE degradation. A high concentration (50 mM) of HA led to a decrease in ε values, likely due to competitive interactions between HA and TCE for KMnO4, which reduced the effective oxidation of TCE. Overall, the carbon isotope enrichment factors for KMnO4-mediated TCE degradation are relatively stable, although certain environmental conditions can exert minor influences. These findings highlight the need for caution when applying quantitative assessment based on CSIA for KMnO4 oxidation of TCE.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":"15 13","pages":"7142-7142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7142/pdf?version=1750849933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}