Applied Sciences最新文献

Development of a Novel Transonic Fan Casing Making Use of Rapid Prototyping and Additive Manufacturing 利用快速成型和增材制造技术开发新型跨音速风扇外壳

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188400

Andrew Cusator, Nicole L. Key

{"title":"Development of a Novel Transonic Fan Casing Making Use of Rapid Prototyping and Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Andrew Cusator, Nicole L. Key","doi":"10.3390/app14188400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188400","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) presents significant cost savings and lead time reductions because of features inherent to the manufacturing process. The technology lends itself to rapid prototyping due to the streamlined workflow of quickly implementing design changes. Compared to traditional machining, AM techniques are simpler in execution for design engineers because they do not require detailed engineering drawings and they typically make use of the nominal geometry in computer models. A novel transonic fan casing assembly has been developed that makes use of AM inserts surrounding the rotor to provide an opportunity to cost-effectively change the corresponding flowpath. The rapid prototyping design philosophy developed from this work will allow for numerous experimental studies into the effects that different design parameters of casing geometries have on fan aerodynamic performance. A fan stage representative of a small turbofan engine was successfully tested with smooth-walled, additively manufactured inserts as a baseline case for future configurations. Before installing the 3D printed casing assembly, computational thermal stress analysis was performed to reduce the risk in implementation due to the demanding environment associated with the rotor. AM components and materials typically have nonlinear mechanical properties, adding to the complexity of the structural analysis. As part of the research, steady aerodynamic performance was measured over the entire relevant operating range of the fan.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Foam Content and Concentration on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Foam Concrete 泡沫含量和浓度对泡沫混凝土物理和机械性能的影响

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188385

Sukanta Kumer Shill, Estela Oliari Garcez, Safat Al-Deen, Mahbube Subhani

{"title":"Influence of Foam Content and Concentration on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Foam Concrete","authors":"Sukanta Kumer Shill, Estela Oliari Garcez, Safat Al-Deen, Mahbube Subhani","doi":"10.3390/app14188385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188385","url":null,"abstract":"Foam concrete has been used in various real-life applications for decades. Simple manufacturing methods, lightweight, high flowability, easy transportability, and low cost make it a useful construction material. This study aims to develop foam concrete mixtures for various civil and geotechnical engineering applications, such as in-fill, wall backfill and soil replacement work. A blended binder mix containing cement, fly ash and silica fume was produced for this study. Its compressive strength performance was compared against conventional general purpose (GP) cement-based foam concrete. Polypropylene (PP) fibre was used for both mixtures and the effect of various percentages of foam content on the compressive strength was thoroughly investigated. Additionally, two types of foaming agents were used to examine their impact on density, strength and setting time. One foaming agent was conventional, whereas the second foaming agent type can be used to manufacture permeable foam concrete. Results indicate that an increase in foam content significantly decreases the strength; however, this reduction is higher in GP mixes than in blended mixes. Nevertheless, the GP mixes attained two times higher compressive strength than the blended mix’s compressive strengths at any foam content. It was also found that the foaming agent associated with creating permeable foam concrete lost its strength (reduced by more than half), even though the density is comparable. The compressive stress–deformation behaviour showed that densification occurs in foam concrete due to its low density, and fibres contributed significantly to crack bridging. These two effects resulted in a long plateau in the compressive stress–strain behaviour of the fibre-reinforced foam concrete.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expanding Ground Vehicle Autonomy into Unstructured, Off-Road Environments: Dataset Challenges 将地面车辆自主性扩展到非结构化、非公路环境：数据集挑战

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188410

Stanton R. Price, Haley B. Land, Samantha S. Carley, Steven R. Price, Stephanie J. Price, Joshua R. Fairley

{"title":"Expanding Ground Vehicle Autonomy into Unstructured, Off-Road Environments: Dataset Challenges","authors":"Stanton R. Price, Haley B. Land, Samantha S. Carley, Steven R. Price, Stephanie J. Price, Joshua R. Fairley","doi":"10.3390/app14188410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188410","url":null,"abstract":"As with the broad field of deep learning, autonomy is a research topic that has experienced a heavy explosion in attention from both the scientific and commercial industries due to its potential for the advancement of humanity in many cross-cutting disciplines. Recent advancements in computer vision-based autonomy has highlighted the potential for the realization of increasingly sophisticated autonomous ground vehicles for both commercial and non-traditional applications, such as grocery delivery. Part of the success of these technologies has been a boon in the abundance of training data that is available for training the autonomous behaviors associated with their autonomy software. These data abundance advantage is quickly diminished when an application moves from structured environments, i.e., well-defined city road networks, highways, street signage, etc., into unstructured environments, i.e., cross-country, off-road, non-traditional terrains. Herein, we aim to present insights, from a dataset perspective, into how the scientific community can begin to expand autonomy into unstructured environments, while highlighting some of the key challenges that are presented with such a dynamic and ever-changing environment. Finally, a foundation is laid for the creation of a robust off-road dataset being developed by the Engineer Research and Development Center and Mississippi State University’s Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrability of a Comprehensive Telerehabilitation Approach for Post-Stroke Patients and Therapists: A Feasibility Study 针对脑卒中后患者和治疗师的综合远程康复方法的整合性：可行性研究

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188407

Lukas Wohofsky, Laura Nadine Kroll, Anna Drechslerová, Peter Schubert, Imre Cikajlo, Nataša Bizovičar, Daniela Krainer

{"title":"Integrability of a Comprehensive Telerehabilitation Approach for Post-Stroke Patients and Therapists: A Feasibility Study","authors":"Lukas Wohofsky, Laura Nadine Kroll, Anna Drechslerová, Peter Schubert, Imre Cikajlo, Nataša Bizovičar, Daniela Krainer","doi":"10.3390/app14188407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188407","url":null,"abstract":"Telerehabilitation can be a valuable addition to conventional rehabilitation after a stroke. The aim of the presented study was to assess the feasibility and integrability of a newly developed platform and service model to offer telerehabilitation in different settings in an initial field trial. The field trial was conducted in two clinics and a freelance therapy setting in Austria and Slovenia. Data were gathered using questionnaires for patients, therapists, and, if applicable, relatives. The data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Three patients were treated by seven therapists (occupational, physio, speech). During the test, the patients completed more than 25 exercises per week on average. The usability of the system, in general, was high, with slightly better results for the patients. Overall, the patients stated that telerehabilitation is a good addition to conventional therapy, although the quality of online therapy is not as high as face-to-face therapy. The therapists reported that the system was easy to use but had some obstacles in exercise preparation. The integrability in daily life was good, according to the patients. For the therapists, integrability was average, as the test showed some obstacles in the provision of services beyond the clinical setting. Further studies are required to elaborate on the quality of teletherapeutic interventions in the proposed flexible service model.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improved Simplified Engineering Fault Displacement Hazard Evaluation Method for On-Fault Sites 经改进的简化工程断层位移危险评估方法

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188399

Tamás János Katona

{"title":"Improved Simplified Engineering Fault Displacement Hazard Evaluation Method for On-Fault Sites","authors":"Tamás János Katona","doi":"10.3390/app14188399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188399","url":null,"abstract":"The safety of high-potential risk facilities concerned with fault displacement hazards is a complex technical issue, especially if the fault is revealed beneath the facility during the operation. Applying simple conservative engineering hazard evaluation methods is rational if an urgent decision should be made to continue operation or implement protective measures. Engineering methods are being published for strike-slip on-fault sites and structures. Their crucial point is to estimate the probability of the rupture at the site intersection and consider the displacement distribution over the rupture length relative to the site’s on-fault location. It is shown in the paper that strict geometrical relations between the site location, length and initial point of the rupture determine whether the principal fault displacement intersects the site. The paper considers these geometrical parameters as independent random variables and applies a screening of ruptures contributing to the hazard. Magnitude- and on-fault coordinate-dependent empirical relations have been analysed and selected to evaluate the site displacements. The procedure resulted in realistic but conservative hazard curves for different on-fault site locations using data from the Paks site in Hungary. The results were compared to those obtained by the conservative engineering method for the same site and some published analyses.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real-Time Optimization of Ancillary Service Allocation in Renewable Energy Microgrids Using Virtual Load 利用虚拟负荷实时优化可再生能源微电网中的辅助服务分配

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188370

Amir Abed, Goran Dobric

{"title":"Real-Time Optimization of Ancillary Service Allocation in Renewable Energy Microgrids Using Virtual Load","authors":"Amir Abed, Goran Dobric","doi":"10.3390/app14188370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188370","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of global economies relies heavily on power systems (PS) that have sufficient operating reserves. When these reserves are insufficient, power systems become vulnerable to issues such as load shedding or complete blackouts. Maintaining grid stability becomes even more challenging with a high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). However, RES, connected through power electronic devices, offer significant potential as ancillary service (AS) sources. Renewable energy-based microgrids (MG), which aggregate various RES resources and have substantial load control potential, further enhance the capability of AS provision from RES. The presence of diverse AS resources raises the question of how to dispatch ancillary service signals optimally to all resources. Most of the previous research work related to AS allocation relied on single-bus MG models. This paper proposes a detailed MG model for the optimal dispatching of ASs among the resources using Virtual Load, along with an optimization procedure to achieve the best results. The model incorporates voltage profiles and power losses for AS dispatching, and a comparative analysis is conducted to quantify the significance of grid modeling. The model and proposed procedure are tested using the CIGRE microgrid benchmark model. The results indicate that detailed modeling of MG can impact the results by 11%, compared to single-bus modeling, which qualifies detailed MG modeling for all future research work and shows the impact that modeling can have on technical and economic indicators of MG operation.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Space Efficiency of Tall Buildings in Singapore 新加坡高层建筑的空间效率

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188397

Özlem Nur Aslantamer, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın

引用次数: 0

Post-Quantum Delegated Proof of Luck for Blockchain Consensus Algorithm 区块链共识算法的后量子委托运气证明

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188394

Hyunjun Kim, Wonwoong Kim, Yeajun Kang, Hyunji Kim, Hwajeong Seo

{"title":"Post-Quantum Delegated Proof of Luck for Blockchain Consensus Algorithm","authors":"Hyunjun Kim, Wonwoong Kim, Yeajun Kang, Hyunji Kim, Hwajeong Seo","doi":"10.3390/app14188394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188394","url":null,"abstract":"The advancements in quantum computing and the potential for polynomial-time solutions to traditional public key cryptography (i.e., Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC)) using Shor’s algorithm pose a serious threat to the security of pre-quantum blockchain technologies. This paper proposes an efficient quantum-safe blockchain that incorporates new quantum-safe consensus algorithms. We integrate post-quantum signature schemes into the blockchain’s transaction signing and verification processes to enhance resistance against quantum attacks. Specifically, we employ the Falcon signature scheme, which was selected during the NIST post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization process. Although the integration of the post-quantum signature scheme results in a reduction in the blockchain’s transactions per second (TPSs), we introduce efficient approaches to mitigate this performance degradation. Our proposed post-quantum delegated proof of luck (PQ-DPoL) combines a proof of luck (PoL) mechanism with a delegated approach, ensuring quantum resistance, energy efficiency, and fairness in block generation. Experimental results demonstrate that while post-quantum cryptographic algorithms like Falcon introduce larger signature sizes and slower processing times, the PQ-DPoL algorithm effectively balances security and performance, providing a viable solution for secure blockchain operations in a post-quantum era.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reliability and Validity of the Orthotic Deformation Test 矫形器变形测试的可靠性和有效性

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188378

Alejandra Sierra-Rodríguez, Raúl J. Molines-Barroso, M. A. Martínez, Juana Abenojar-Buendía, José Luis Lázaro-Martínez, Angel M. Orejana-García

{"title":"Reliability and Validity of the Orthotic Deformation Test","authors":"Alejandra Sierra-Rodríguez, Raúl J. Molines-Barroso, M. A. Martínez, Juana Abenojar-Buendía, José Luis Lázaro-Martínez, Angel M. Orejana-García","doi":"10.3390/app14188378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188378","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of an orthotic deformation test on insole arches and the impact of researcher expertise on the test’s reproducibility. Three researchers with different levels of experience evaluated orthotic deformation by applying a vertical force with their thumb on the dorsal surface of 48 polypropylene orthoses. An electromechanical test machine was used to evaluate the stiffness of the orthoses, and the results were compared with those of the orthotic deformation tests. Fleiss’ kappa and weighted kappa and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to evaluate the interobserver reliability and the validity, respectively. There was no consensus among the three researchers (Kappa = 0.080; p-value = 0.334), although the two researchers with higher levels of experience exhibited moderate consensus (Kappa = 0.52; p-value < 0.001). Orthoses characterised by a positive test suffered from more pronounced deformation when a constant vertical force was applied by the electromechanical test machine (5.62 [4.64–7.38] vs. 4.56 [3.59–5.28] mm; p-value = 0.003). The orthotic deformation test is valid for interpreting the degree of deformation of polypropylene custom orthoses when it is compared with an axial force from a compression-device test. However, considering the high dispersion of the results, it suggests that clinical experience is required to properly interpret the tests.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive State Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks on Gamma-Band EEG Signals 利用卷积神经网络对伽马波段脑电信号进行认知状态分类

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/app14188380

Nuphar Avital, Elad Nahum, Gal Carmel Levi, Dror Malka

{"title":"Cognitive State Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks on Gamma-Band EEG Signals","authors":"Nuphar Avital, Elad Nahum, Gal Carmel Levi, Dror Malka","doi":"10.3390/app14188380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188380","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel methodology for classifying cognitive states using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on electroencephalography (EEG) data of 41 students, aimed at streamlining the traditionally labor-intensive analysis procedures utilized in EEGLAB. Concentrating on the 30–40 Hz frequency range within the gamma band, we developed a CNN model to analyze EEG signals recorded from the inferior parietal lobule during various cognitive tasks. The model demonstrated substantial efficacy, achieving an accuracy of 91.42%, precision of 71.41%, and recall of 72.51%, effectively distinguishing between high and low gamma activity states. This performance surpasses traditional machine learning methods for EEG analysis, such as support vector machines and random forests, which typically achieve accuracies between 70–85% for similar tasks. Our approach offers significant time savings over manual EEGLAB methods. The integration of event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analysis with a novel CNN architecture enables capture of both fine-grained and broad spectral EEG features, advancing the field of computational neuroscience. This research has implications for brain-computer interfaces, clinical diagnostics, and cognitive monitoring, offering a more efficient and accurate alternative to current EEG analysis methods.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0