Welding in the World最新文献

{"title":"Flux column effects on metal transfer mechanism in a rutile-type FCAW: insights from comparisons with MCAW and GMAW","authors":"Dang Khoi Le,&nbsp;Shinichi Tashiro,&nbsp;Kieu Anh Duong Nguyen,&nbsp;Quang Ngoc Trinh,&nbsp;Tetsuo Suga,&nbsp;Naoki Sawamura,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Fukuda,&nbsp;Shuji Sasakura,&nbsp;Patricio Fernando Mendez,&nbsp;Anthony B. Murphy,&nbsp;Van Hanh Bui,&nbsp;Manabu Tanaka","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02482-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02482-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the role of the flux column in the metal transfer process of Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). Three rutile-type wires with varying flux ratios were compared with metal-cored and solid wires under Ar-CO₂ shielding at 220—280 A. Transfer frequencies increased with current for all wires. At 280 A, FCAW and Metal‑Cored Arc Welding (MCAW) showed higher frequencies (142.9 and 240.5 Hz) than Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) (69.8 Hz). At 220 A, FCAW and MCAW showed similar frequencies (82.1 and 71.8 Hz) attributed to long flux or metal columns (un-melted metal core), which prevented neck formation by the Lorentz force. In the 250—280 A range, the MCAW frequency increased significantly, reaching 168% of FCAW, likely because melting shortened the metal column, allowing the Lorentz force to act more effectively on droplets. Increasing the flux ratio from 12 to 20% slightly reduced flux column length and increased frequency from 131.4 to 162.8 Hz at 280 A. The ratio of Wire Feed Speed (WFS) to transfer frequency was proportional to droplet diameter. WFS increased linearly with current for all wires. Droplet diameters decreased sharply for MCAW (1.60 to 1.20 mm) and GMAW (2.43 to 1.72 mm), but only slightly for FCAW (1.60 to 1.45 mm) in the 220—280 A range. Through comparisons of frequencies and WFSs, the former was a dominant factor for controlling droplet diameters. Consequently, the results suggest that the flux column length governs the droplet size in FCAW.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3861 - 3873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02482-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inconel 625 weld cladding over a 9Ni steel deposited by the GMAW process with rotating electrode","authors":"Camila M. B. Silva,&nbsp;Matheus C. Mendes,&nbsp;Humberto N. Farneze,&nbsp;Luís Felipe G. de Souza,&nbsp;Hiron A. Y. Magalhães,&nbsp;Jeferson F. M. Costa,&nbsp;Jorge C. F. Jorge","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02468-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02468-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work presents innovative findings on the weld overlay cladding of a 9%Ni steel using Inconel 625 alloy deposited by GMAW with a rotating electrode. Initially, beads on plate were deposited at rotation frequencies ranging from 0 to 2500 rpm to study the influence of this parameter on the geometric characteristics of weld beads. Afterward, a single layer cladding was performed at the selected frequency to determine the microstructure and corrosion properties of the deposited cladding. The microstructure was characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as electron backscattering diffraction. Corrosion tests were conducted to evaluate the pitting potential, critical pitting temperature, and weight loss, in accordance with current standards. The results revealed the absence of martensite with high hardness at the fusion line, an appropriate thickness, and Fe content lower than 10%. The austenitic microstructure, with a low fraction of Laves phase and NbC, exhibited suitable performance in the corrosion tests according to the applicable standards. These results indicate that the GMAW-RE process has the potential to deposit single layer cladding with quality and can be an advantageous and cost-effective option for the petroleum industry. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3519 - 3532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A physics-based and a data-driven approach to weld bead geometry modeling","authors":"Paul Qvale,&nbsp;Marius E. Holtermann Andersen,&nbsp;Abbas Tariverdi","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02461-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02461-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Welding processes involve complex physical phenomena, of which accurate modeling can be computationally expensive. Still, good predictions of weld bead geometries are necessary for optimal planning of robotic welding. In the current work, a two-dimensional model for welding in a groove assuming parabolic weld bead profiles was established. The scale and orientation of the parabolas were determined from the welding parameters and direction of gravity. Another model employed a purely empirical neural-network approach, in which the bead profiles had a more flexible geometric parametrization consisting of a set of radial distances from the welding torch. This enabled the representation of more complex bead profiles. Calibration and validation of the two models were based on three welding tests with welding directions varying from 0 to 45° compared to the horizontal direction. The correspondence between the modeled and measured bead profiles was good for both models, with the neural network having the highest accuracy, especially in the transitions between bead and substrate. However, further validation and generalization to data sets with larger variation in welding parameters are needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3851 - 3860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02461-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation mechanism of arc-droplet behavior and weld formation in low-power pulsed laser-MIG hybrid backing welding of medium-thick TC4 titanium alloy plates","authors":"Xinyuan Gong,&nbsp;Zheyu Yang,&nbsp;Zhaodong Zhang,&nbsp;Qiang Lang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li,&nbsp;Xueru Jiao,&nbsp;Gang Song","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02449-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02449-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a novel approach, the low-power pulsed laser-MIG hybrid welding (PLMW) technique is introduced for backing welding of medium-thick TC4 titanium alloy plates, aiming to overcome MIG welding drawbacks of unstable arc behavior and irregular weld formation. High-speed photography reveals that within the groove, the pulsed laser generates a high-temperature zone ahead of the molten pool, surpassing the thermionic emission temperature. This stabilizes the cathode spot position, suppresses arc and droplet deflection, thus effectively inhibiting weld inclination. The weld inclination angle β is reduced from 30 to 2°, effectively solving the backing weld inclination problem and producing a concave weld conducive to subsequent welding. Furthermore, the pulsed laser modifies the droplet dynamics by altering the force state: the proportion of one pulse multiple droplets transfer increases from 10 to 29%, and the transfer frequency rises from 258.1 to 303.5 Hz, achieving uniform droplet transfer. Due to the enhanced molten pool fluidity of PLMW joints, pore defects are eliminated and grains are refined, thereby optimizing joint properties. Tensile tests confirm a joint strength of 965.5 MPa and an elongation of 12.92%, representing a 20.5% increase, with the fracture mode shifting from mixed ductile–brittle to fully ductile. These findings confirm that the PLMW process, when applied to the backing welding of medium-thick titanium alloys, can achieve significant improvements in weld formation and mechanical properties while maintaining the high deposition rate of MIG welding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3485 - 3503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental studies and numerical analysis of temperature field and weld bead geometry during laser beam welding of grade 5 titanium sheets","authors":"S. Sankarapandian,&nbsp;J. Anthuvan Stephen Edberk,&nbsp;Dhinakaran Veeman,&nbsp;A. Rajesh Kannan,&nbsp;N. Siva Shanmugam","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02438-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02438-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ti-6Al-4 V (grade 5 titanium alloy) is widely applied in critical structures owing to its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance; however, its strong reactivity at elevated temperatures complicates fusion welding. Laser beam welding (LBW) was employed in this study using a Nd:YAG laser to produce butt joints. Experimental weld-bead geometry was measured and compared with three-dimensional transient thermal simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics using a conical Gaussian heat source with temperature-dependent material properties. The predicted weld profiles closely matched experimental results, confirming the reliability of the finite element model. Microstructural evaluation revealed acicular α′ martensite in the fusion zone (FZ), resulting in the highest hardness of 383 HV, compared with 332 HV in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and 297 HV in the base metal (BM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detected only 0.02% nitrogen and 0.23% oxygen in the weld metal, with no measurable hydrogen, indicating effective shielding. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the characteristic α and β phases of the BM were largely retained, with β phase nucleation observed at 70.52° in the FZ, while its absence in the HAZ was attributed to a peak temperature of 1242 K. The welded joints achieved an ultimate tensile strength of 947 MPa, compared to 945 MPa for the BM (~ 100% joint efficiency), and maintained 26.7% elongation, versus 28.1% (~ 95%), demonstrating high strength with only a slight reduction in ductility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5861 - 5879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing and evaluation of Fe64Ni36 components via in situ alloying with elemental powders using DED-Arc","authors":"Robert Rimpl,&nbsp;Kevin Hoefer,&nbsp;Jonas Hensel","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02442-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02442-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work investigates the in situ production of the Fe64Ni36 alloy (Invar 36) using a powder-based Directed Energy Deposition process with a plasma arc as energy source (DED-Arc). The alloy composition is achieved during fabrication by melting elemental iron and nickel powders directly in the plasma arc. The study focuses on the resulting microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical and thermophysical properties, with comparisons to conventional material. Results confirm a homogeneous alloy composition throughout the additively manufactured structure, with an average of 63.5 wt.% Fe and 36.5 wt.% Ni, validating the in situ alloying approach. Thermophysical and mechanical testing demonstrated that the characteristic low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) up to 200 °C and tensile strength is partly comparable to conventionally manufactured Invar 36. However, cross-sectional analysis revealed occasional unmolten iron particles positioned between layers, which reduced tensile strength in the build direction. To address this, an improved parameter set and an adapted powder-feeding strategy were developed. These modifications resulted in complete melting and mixing of the elemental powders, eliminating particle residues. The resulting mechanical behavior showed further improvement in the critical build up direction, despite this, interlayer bonding remained fully intact. Overall, the results confirm the feasibility of in situ alloying using elemental powders in the DED-Arc process and demonstrate that appropriate process tuning enables fully homogeneous alloy formation. This approach provides a flexible and cost-efficient pathway for on-demand alloy development and can be extended to more complex systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5881 - 5895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02442-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative residual stress analysis on a DED-Arc manufactured high-strength steel component using the contour method and XRD","authors":"G. A. Shabdali,&nbsp;K. Wandtke,&nbsp;D. Schroepfer,&nbsp;A. Kromm,&nbsp;R. Scharf-Wildenhain,&nbsp;A. Haelsig,&nbsp;T. Kannengiesser,&nbsp;J. Hensel","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02441-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02441-y","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lightweight construction is a vital approach for reducing CO₂ emissions, as it contributes to the development of more energy-efficient structures and supports the overall goal of achieving carbon neutrality in the transition to sustainable manufacturing. Though, a topology-optimized design often leads to complex geometries. Additive manufacturing (AM) processes such as direct energy deposition with arc (DED-Arc) offer great design freedom due to the buildup of components in layers. Furthermore, DED-Arc enables efficient production due to the high deposition rate, process reliability, and good automation capability. Further efficiency can be achieved through weight optimization, enabled by high-strength steels. However, a major challenge is the process-induced residual stresses (RS) in the component, which arise primarily due to restrained shrinkage. High tensile residual stresses are detrimental as they increase the risk for several types of cracking and failures. Knowledge of residual stress distribution is crucial for predicting the service life of the component and structural integrity assessment, especially for safety-critical applications. Therefore, this study focuses on the use of the contour method (CM) to analyze the full field longitudinal residual stresses in an open hollow cuboid component (dimensions, 120 × 50 × 30 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) manufactured by DED-Arc (low-alloyed high-strength steel with yield strength &gt; 730 MPa). In CM, the component is cut along a desired plane of interest, and the contour of the deformed cut surface is measured. A finite element model is used to reconstruct the residual stresses field in the 2-dimensional plane of cut. In this paper, a modified cutting strategy was employed. After cutting, the deformed cut surfaces were measured utilizing two surface measurement techniques, i.e., coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a 3D scanner. The accuracy of the CM was validated against surface stresses measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, a comparison of neutron diffraction experiments was conducted. The residual stresses were further correlated with hardness measurements. The results from surface measurement techniques showed good qualitative and quantitative agreement regarding the measured displacement contour. CM results revealed peak stresses in the DED-Arc walls; bending deformation in the substrate induces tensile stresses at the bottom of the substrate plate and compressive stresses in the middle top region. The residual stresses obtained from diffraction and CM showed a good agreement and correlated qualitatively with the hardness measurements. These results show that practical residual stress mapping and quantification using XRD accompanied by minimal application of CM for values in the bulk are suitable for identifying and minimizing detrimental welding-induced stresses in such high-strength AM lightweight components, even without the use of expensive methods such as neutron diffra","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5843 - 5859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02441-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of audible sound generation from keyhole dynamics in oscillation laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy","authors":"Donglin Tao,&nbsp;Yanfeng Gao,&nbsp;Yunqian Li,&nbsp;Kejian Deng,&nbsp;Pengxu Wang,&nbsp;Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02443-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02443-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Audible sounds are the valuable signals for real-time monitoring the quality of laser welding. However, the mechanism of audible sound generation during the keyhole laser welding is unknown. This study investigated the acoustic signal distributions and variations during Ti-6Al-4 V laser oscillation welding process through numerical simulation. Firstly, a multi-physics thermal-fluid dynamics model was established to study the keyhole formation and dynamic evolution process. Then a keyhole acoustic field model was developed to analyze the sound signal distributions inside of keyhole and the variations of them under different keyhole dynamic shapes. The study found that under laser oscillation conditions, the attenuation of the sound pressure level inside the keyhole is more pronounced. It was also found that the sound pressure level is inversely proportional to the keyhole depth, although the irregular shape of the keyhole weakens this inverse relationship. Furthermore, as the laser oscillation frequency increases, this weakening effect becomes progressively more evident.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3831 - 3849"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-temperature hydrogen embrittlement of high manganese austenitic steel weld metal","authors":"Zhengyang Li,&nbsp;Xiangliang Wan,&nbsp;Xiangtao Deng,&nbsp;Guangqiang Li","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02439-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02439-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study represents the first systematic investigation of hydrogen embrittlement behavior in low-temperature environments for high-manganese austenitic steel weld metal. The weld metal was fabricated using Fe-24Mn-0.4C-4Cr base metal coupled with compositionally matched welding wire through submerged arc welding. The microstructural characteristics of the weld metal were characterized through multi-scale analyses. Slow strain rate tensile tests coupled with electrochemical hydrogen charging were conducted at both ambient (25 °C) and low (−80 °C) temperatures to quantify hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity. The results indicate that as temperature decreases from 25 to −80 °C, the strength of the weld metal increases markedly, whereas the elongation drops significantly. The hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity increased from 36% at 25 °C to 40% at −80 °C, indicating aggravated embrittlement at low temperatures. Microstructural interrogation identified three synergistic contributors to the exacerbated hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity: grain size, inclusions, and deformation-induced martensite, with deformation-induced martensite being the dominant factor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5829 - 5841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic in situ thermal management and deposition control for enhanced weldability of metastable high manganese austenitic steels in flux-cored arc welding","authors":"Narin Jantaping,&nbsp;Kumron Kaewpad,&nbsp;Chaiwat Kittidecha,&nbsp;Man Tuiprae","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02437-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02437-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-manganese austenitic steels (e.g., Mn13) are critical for railway applications due to their exceptional work-hardening capacity, but their welding remains challenging due to carbide embrittlement and grain coarsening in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). This study proposes an integrated welding strategy combining in situ substrate cooling and multi-layer deposition during flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) to control thermal cycles, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The effects of four substrate cooling conditions—air (25 °C), water (20 °C), ice (0 °C), and ice + salt (−20 °C)—and one to three weld layers were systematically investigated. Results show that ice + salt cooling at −20 °C combined with three-layer deposition reduced the HAZ width by 56% (from 8.0 to 3.5 mm) and minimized the hardness gradient between weld metal and HAZ from Δ40.07 to Δ15.09 HV. Rapid cooling at 0.46 °C/s suppressed carbide precipitation, refined austenite grain structure, and shortened exposure in the critical embrittlement temperature range (400–900 °C). Microstructural analysis confirmed transition from coarse dendritic grains under air cooling to fine equiaxed grains with limited carbide networks under active cooling. The proposed approach effectively balances fusion integrity with microstructural homogeneity, offering a practical and scalable method to enhance the durability and performance of welded high-Mn steel components in demanding service environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5797 - 5808"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}