Welding in the World最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic waveform-controlled ultra-high frequency pulse power system enabled by SiC MOSFETs: design and welding applications","authors":"Jianwen Wu,&nbsp;Wenyan Fan,&nbsp;Ruiqiang Lu,&nbsp;Bingfeng Li,&nbsp;Yihui Li,&nbsp;Xinshen Huang,&nbsp;Jia Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Wu,&nbsp;Zhenmin Wang,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02329-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02329-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conventional pulse power systems (PPS) suffer from inflexible parameter control and limited switching frequencies due to silicon-based devices and fixed modulation designs. This study presents an ultra-high frequency pulse power system (UF-PPS) based on silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and adaptive waveform modulation. The system achieves a switching frequency of 200 kHz through a full-bridge inverter architecture and ARM-based digital control, enabling dynamic adjustments of pulse waveforms, including trapezoidal, sinusoidal, and composite modes, with adjustable amplitude from 50 to 400 A and frequency from 10 to 30 kHz. Experimental results demonstrate enhanced dynamic performance, such as a rise time of 119 μs and fall time of 294 μs, surpassing conventional IGBT-based systems by over 50%. The UF-PPS is validated in advanced tungsten inert gas welding of Inconel 718 superalloy, where increasing the proportion of ultra-high frequency pulse groups reduces the average grain size by 45% from 107.84 to 59.03 μm. This innovation provides a versatile solution for high-precision energy control in advanced manufacturing, significantly improving process adaptability and microstructure refinement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3385 - 3402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress on high thermal conductivity Cu/diamond composites and interfacial bonding","authors":"Shannan Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Jianhui Zhu,&nbsp;Mingqi Tang,&nbsp;Jian Qin,&nbsp;Guanxing Zhang,&nbsp;Tianran Ding,&nbsp;Quanming Liu,&nbsp;Xian Dong,&nbsp;Jiangtao Hou","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02330-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02330-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cu/diamond composites, as a new generation of thermal management materials, integrate stable chemical properties with exceptional thermal conductivity and mechanical performance, making them a central focus of current research. However, interfacial issues between diamond and Cu, including poor wettability, significant acoustic mismatch, and the absence of direct chemical bonding, lead to insufficient interfacial bonding and the formation of void defects. This constitutes a critical technical challenge that constrains further enhancement of thermal conductivity. This paper summarizes the fundamental mechanisms of key manufacturing processes, including high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) sintering, vacuum hot-pressing sintering (VHPS), and spark plasma sintering (SPS). It further explicates the core principles of thermal-conductivity prediction models such as the Hasselman-Johnson (H-J) model and Differential Effective Medium (DEM) model, along with their quantitative descriptions of interfacial thermal resistance. Key factors affecting the thermal conductivity of these composites are systematically reviewed, encompassing diamond particle size, volume fraction, surface microstructure, and interfacial modification strategies. The paper also examines recent progress in interfacial modification techniques, particularly the engineered formation of dense and continuous carbide transition layers through matrix alloying or diamond surface metallization. Finally, recommendations for future research include precise control and multiscale structural design of interfacial transition layers, innovations in low-temperature and low-damage fabrication processes, and closer integration of computational simulations with experimental validation. Through a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical and experimental insights, this study provides essential guidance for interface optimization and improved thermal management performance in Cu/diamond composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 6","pages":"2419 - 2439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147985267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of HFMI effectiveness for high-strength steel butt welds at R = 0.55–0.70","authors":"M. Kepka,&nbsp;R. Minich,&nbsp;J. Štěpán,&nbsp;P. Ryjáček","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02334-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02334-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) is among the most effective post-weld treatments for improving fatigue performance. However, the current IIW Recommendation provides design guidance only up to a stress ratio of <i>R</i> = 0.52, leaving high-R applications without codified rules. This paper quantifies HFMI effectiveness at <i>R</i> = 0.55 and <i>R</i> = 0.70 under constant-amplitude four-point bending. A total of 92 transverse V- and X-butt welds in S355J2+N, S460NL, S690QL, and S960QL were tested at 5 Hz to failure or runout. The fatigue life improvement factor λ reached mean values of <span>({lambda }_{mean}approx)</span> 5.6 for S960 and <span>({lambda }_{mean}approx)</span> 2.2 for S690 at <span>(R=0.55)</span>. These values represent conservative lower-bound estimates, as runouts were treated as failures at the test termination limit. The benefit persists to <span>(R=0.70)</span> provided that the nominal maximum stress remains below the yield strength; cases exceeding the yield strength show reduced gains. Crucially, all HFMI data points—including those loaded beyond the yield strength—lie above the draft IIW design lines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 5","pages":"1865 - 1873"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02334-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RSW parameter optimization and quality prediction of aluminum alloy and low-alloy carbon steel dissimilar joints","authors":"Yong Xu,&nbsp;Yaowu Hu,&nbsp;Qianwei Chen,&nbsp;Bingxu Wang,&nbsp;Feng Qiu,&nbsp;Xiaofu Chen,&nbsp;Qiaofeng Shen,&nbsp;Anwei Ying,&nbsp;Hongjun Li","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02318-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02318-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study conducts an orthogonal experiment to determine the optimal welding parameters for resistance spot welding (RSW) between aluminum alloy and low-alloy carbon steel sheets. The microstructure and quality indicators (nugget diameter, tensile-shear strength, and indentation rate) of the RSW joints are comprehensively analyzed. Additionally, the quality of the RSW joints, including tensile-shear strength, nugget diameter, and indentation rate, is predicted using the crested porcupine optimizer-support vector regression (CPO-SVR) algorithm. Results from the orthogonal experiment demonstrate that the parameter combination of 16 kA welding current, 250 ms welding time, and 3.5 kN electrode force produces the RSW joints with superior performance, including a tensile-shear strength of 2.285 kN, a nugget diameter of 8.1 mm, and an indentation rate of 42%. Compared with the optimal RSW joint in the control variable experiment, the tensile-shear strength increases by 40 N, the nugget diameter decreases by 0.1 mm, and the indentation rate decreases by 10.6%. The range and variance analysis reveal that welding current has the most significant effect on the tensile-shear strength of the RSW joints, followed by electrode force, whereas welding time has the least effect. For the microstructural analysis, it is found that an elliptical nugget forms at the center of the low-alloy carbon steel side, while a bowl-shaped nugget fully penetrates the aluminum sheet on the aluminum alloy side. A continuous and thin bilayer intermetallic compound (IMC) layer is identified at the interface between aluminum alloy and low-alloy carbon steel, with a thickness of 1 µm. The IMC layer exhibits a needle-like morphology on the aluminum alloy side and a tongue-like morphology on the low-alloy steel side. The CPO-SVR algorithm can accurately predict the quality of RSW joints. For shear strength, the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) values for the test set are measured at 0.089, 0.07, and 0.921, respectively. For nugget diameter, the RMSE, MAE, and <i>R</i>² values for the test set are 0.289, 0.235, and 0.912, respectively. For indentation rate, the RMSE, MAE, and <i>R</i>² values for the test set are 2.339, 1.798, and 0.936, respectively. These findings provide valuable references for the development of high-performance dissimilar RSW joints.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 7","pages":"2927 - 2940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of FSW and TIG welding of AA3003 aluminium flange joints under varying tool geometries and rotational speeds","authors":"Ibrahim Sabry,&nbsp;Noah E. El-Zathry,&nbsp;Rasheedat M. Mahamood,&nbsp;Stephen Akinlabi,&nbsp;Wai Lok Woo","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02352-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02352-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flange joints are widely used in pipelines, heat exchangers, and pressure-retaining aluminium structures, yet their behaviour under friction stir welding (FSW) remains insufficiently explored in the literature. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the combined effects of tool geometry and rotational speed on the microstructural and mechanical performance of FSW AA3003 flange joints, with Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding used as a benchmark. The conical-pin tool produced superior weld quality, generating refined stir-zone grains (7.26 µm), higher hardness (46 HV₀.₂), and the highest tensile strength (185 MPa) owing to enhanced material flow and dynamic recrystallisation. The cylindrical pin yielded slightly lower properties (44 HV₀.₂, 165 MPa), while TIG welds exhibited coarse dendritic structures and reduced strength. Hydrostatic testing further demonstrated the sealing advantage of FSW, with conical-pin welds remaining leak-tight up to 32 bar, compared with failure at 23–25 bar in TIG joints. These results establish optimised FSW, particularly with conical-pin geometry, as a high-integrity, energy-efficient, and sustainable joining method for aluminium flange assemblies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 3","pages":"763 - 780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02352-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalization of convolutional neural networks for defect detection in friction stir welding towards the qualification of a spindle-integrated high granularity process-force measurement system","authors":"P. Rabe,&nbsp;A. Schiebahn,&nbsp;U. Reisgen,&nbsp;A. Strachkov,&nbsp;M. Fey,&nbsp;C. Brecher","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02307-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02307-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process, which has strongly impacted welding technology, particularly for aluminum alloy applications. Reliable in-line process monitoring is not yet available for most common defects and downstream non-destructive and intermittent destructive testing are generally employed to validate weld seam quality. To reduce cost and production time significant efforts have been undertaken in the recent past to develop process-monitoring systems for FSW based on the evaluation of transient process-data. Neural Networks have been used widely to analyse FSW-process data and evaluate the process characteristics or weld seam quality. The data analysed includes welding parameters, thermal-/acoustic-measurement, image or video data and, most notably, the distinct and descriptive process feedback forces and torque. In this study, conducted within the scope of RWTH Aachen’s Cluster of Excellence (Internet of Production), a high granularity direct force measurement setup, which was adapted to the production environment, by integrating reliable, cost-efficient sensors into the machining spindle, was used. Weld data was recorded over a wide range of FSW applications with varying weld-parameters and Al-alloys. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) that were previously developed based on measurements of external force and torque sensors were adapted to evaluate the higher granularity data of the new sensor-system and detect volumetric defects within the welds. Good generalization was shown across the weld parameter sets, alloys and welding tool. An average classification accuracy of 98.04% was achieved over three network trainings. Due to the segmentation of data for the evaluation 100% of internal defects were successfully detected by each network iteration. The developed solution aims at offering a highly reliable, spindle integrated and cost-efficient quality monitoring solution for FSW to replace the required expensive and time-consuming testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 4","pages":"1395 - 1410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-025-02307-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture behaviour of a spiral weld in the welded API5L structural column under seismic load - an application of existing codes and recommendations","authors":"A. F. Hobbacher,&nbsp;M. Karpenko,&nbsp;A. Fussell","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02297-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02297-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The loss of structural integrity of steel structures may occur to different effects, e.g. brittle fracture, fatigue, corrosion and others. The most dangerous is brittle fracture because it may occur without prior warning. To ensure the structural integrity of components, experience has been evaluated and analytical methods were developed. Empirical methods are very much confined to the type of structure and loading in consideration, whereas the analytical ones can be applied to newly arising issues. The analytical SINTAP method was developed and the Eurocode method is a direct application of it. There is an IIW Recommendation for Assessment of Risk of Fracture under seismic load. Both methods have been joined in order to assess the structural integrity of structural components consisting of spiral (helical) welded API 5L pipes. Application examples of structural details show that API steels X52 PSL2 N and M can be used at specified lowest service temperatures and structural details.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"4831 - 4845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy prepared by PBF-LB","authors":"Tian Chen,&nbsp;Wenjie Wu,&nbsp;Daoyuan Li,&nbsp;Haichao Li,&nbsp;Ke Han,&nbsp;Wanting Sun","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02324-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02324-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the effect of heat treatment schemes on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy fabricated by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) has been investigated. The microstructure of the as-built sample exhibits characteristic columnar grains and chain-like Laves phases, which degrade the mechanical properties of IN718 alloy. During heat treatment, these Laves phases dissolve gradually, and the released Nb atoms promote the precipitation of δ, γ′, and γ″ phases. The fractions of residual Laves and δ phases decrease significantly with increasing heat treatment temperature. Concurrently, recrystallization in the heat-treated samples occurs, becoming complete above 1080 °C. The complete recrystallization leads to grain coarsening and the formation of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). The sample homogenization-treated at 1150 °C (HA1150) develops a strain-free microstructure. Both microhardness and tensile strength of IN718 samples demonstrate a parabolic trend, initially increasing and then decreasing with higher heat treatment temperatures. The balance between strength and ductility can thus be tailored by controlling the volume fraction of strengthening phases and the grain size. Consequently, the SA1080 sample exhibits the optimum combination of properties, achieving a tensile strength of 1436 MPa and an elongation of 12.9%, which are superior to those of wrought IN718 alloy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"4847 - 4860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, manufacturing, and fatigue performance of directed energy deposited beam-to-column connection for marine applications","authors":"Kalle Lipiäinen,&nbsp;Hannu Lund,&nbsp;Sakari Penttilä,&nbsp;Tomi Suikkari,&nbsp;Juha Peippo,&nbsp;Juuso Raitila,&nbsp;Antti Ahola,&nbsp;Tuomas Skriko","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02333-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02333-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ship structures feature complex fatigue critical details. Directed energy deposition (DED) could be used to manufacture the details. When DED components are connected to the surrounding structure, the cost could be significantly reduced in comparison to dedicated additive manufacturing. This study presents the case using DED component as part of a load-bearing structure, designing and performing DED manufacturing and joining the component to the structure for I-beam, pillar, and deck connection. Design work for the structural load-bearing capacity was conducted, and based on the obtained geometry, DED manufacturing was designed. Finally, a fatigue test for the structure was performed and followed by quality and performance analysis including SEM fractography comparison to camera-based deposition monitoring. A local imperfection between the deposition layers was found as an initiation point for the fatigue cracking. After considering wall thickness reduction due to imperfection, the fatigue strength of DED component in the full-scale test was found to exceed design curve FAT 100 MPa <i>m</i> = 5, extracted using the previously defined small-scale coupon test data. From the fatigue strength perspective, DED hybrid components could be recommended for fatigue-critical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"4861 - 4877"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02333-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obtaining a medium entropy alloy based on the Ti–Zr–Hf–Nb–Ta system using filler cored wire and WAAM technology","authors":"Serhiy Schwab,&nbsp;Anatoliy Zavdoveev,&nbsp;Mykhailo Voron,&nbsp;Laurent Weiss,&nbsp;Laurent Peltier","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02326-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02326-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) represent a revolutionary class of materials characterized by their multielement composition, which imparts exceptional properties such as high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and stability at elevated temperatures. Among these, the Ti–Zr–Hf–Nb–Ta alloy system stands out due to its promising potential for advanced applications. This research project aims to develop such alloys using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), a cutting-edge technique known for its ability to produce large, complex metallic structures with minimal material waste. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing a cored wire based on alloy Ti55–Zr17.5–Nb17.5–Hf5–Ta5. The fabricated wire was used as filler material for layer-by-layer deposition via the WAAM process using the TIG method. As a result, a six-layer sample of the medium-entropy alloy was obtained and subsequently analyzed using SEM, XRD, and EBSD techniques. Structural investigations and overall chemical analysis showed a single-phase structure and even distribution of all components respectively. The micromechanical properties showed tendential growth of microhardness from 354 to 417 HV from bottom to the top of the sample that directly correlates with the sample cooling rate gradient. Depending on this, Young’s modulus was also growing the same way from 88 to 92 GPa. The findings indicate that a higher content of Ta and Hf is required to achieve a high-entropy state. Additionally, the study concludes that the high quality of metal powders and incorporating a flux component in the form of halides into the wire core is necessary to prevent pore formation in the deposited layers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"4819 - 4830"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}