Welding in the World最新文献

{"title":"Laser beam characteristics of handheld laser beam welding systems","authors":"Simon Jahn,&nbsp;Matthias Pieper,&nbsp;Martin Schmitz,&nbsp;Robert Prowaznik,&nbsp;Johannes Lange,&nbsp;Michael Wolters,&nbsp;Mario Rockser,&nbsp;Kerem Kiziltas","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02377-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02377-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the use of hand laser beam welding (HLBW) is rapidly increasing even in regulated areas, it is important to use a defined and robust configuration, including parameters, to ensure a reliable process. To this end, it is important to understand the influencing factors and their effects on the resulting properties. For this purpose, several commercially available systems were tested and characterized. The laser beam properties of the systems examined vary, e.g., in terms of beam waist diameter, power distribution, beam quality factor M2, beam divergence, focal shift, and beam oscillation options. The main difference in these systems includes the type of laser source (single-mode and multi-mode) and maximum power. After characterizing the systems, welding tests were also carried out with different materials, including different steel types. Porosity and appearance of the weld seam were selected as the main criteria for evaluation. Based on the results, it can be concluded that it is not possible to simply transfer optimized process parameters or a welding procedure specification (WPS) between different systems. Imperfect designs of the optical setup may result in focal shifts exceeding the Rayleigh range which, in turn, can be the cause of weld anomalies, e.g., reduced penetration depth. This publication focuses primarily on the differences in laser beam properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5083 - 5095"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02377-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligently predicting the keyhole feature variables by a temporal regression model in K-PAW with real-time deployment","authors":"Fangzheng Zhou,&nbsp;Kejin Zhang,&nbsp;Chuanbao Jia,&nbsp;Xinfeng Liu,&nbsp;Chuansong Wu","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02342-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02342-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Keyhole plasma arc welding (K-PAW) is a high-efficiency welding method that relies on the formation and maintenance of a fully penetrated keyhole to ensure process stability and weld quality. However, direct observation of backside keyhole geometry is often infeasible in industrial environments due to harsh imaging conditions and spatial limitations. To address this challenge, this study proposes a vision-based deep learning framework for temporal regression prediction of backside keyhole feature variables from topside weld pool image sequences. The keyhole area (KA) and keyhole deviation distance (KDD) are defined as quantitative geometric indicators of penetration status, which are calibrated from backside images using a trained adaptive semantic segmentation model. To extract and integrate spatial–temporal relationships, a CNN-LSTM architecture is designed with a MobileNetV3 backbone and two-layer LSTM units. Independent regression heads are constructed for KA and KDD to improve learning stability. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed CNN-LSTM model reduces the MAE and improves <i>R</i>² compared to CNN-only baselines, highlighting the benefit of temporal modeling for stable KDD variable. To bridge the gap between algorithm development and real-world application, an online deployment system is designed and implemented using a lightweight inference engine. This system achieves real-time prediction of keyhole status and geometric variables with high accuracy and low latency. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach enables stable and accurate online prediction based solely on topside weld pool images, offering a practical solution for data-driven monitoring and control in K-PAW applications without the need for backside visual access.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3403 - 3417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of arc-bubble thermo-fluid dynamics in UFPC-assisted underwater wet flux-cored arc welding","authors":"Xuefei Cui,&nbsp;Shengli Li,&nbsp;Ji Chen,&nbsp;Dongsheng Wu,&nbsp;Hao Su,&nbsp;Chuansong Wu","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02373-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02373-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The beneficial effects of ultrasonic frequency pulse current (UFPC)–assisted underwater wet flux-cored arc welding (UWFCAW) on the welded joint performance have been experimentally confirmed. However, the mechanism by which UFPC parameters influence the temperature and flow fields of the arc-bubble system remains unclear, limiting further application prospects of this technology. To overcome these limitations, this study developed a multiphysics-coupled model to investigate heat and mass transfer processes in the arc-bubble system under varying UFPC parameters. By analyzing the UFPC waveform via Fourier series expansion and applying electromagnetic field theory, a novel approach was developed to elucidate the ultrasonic wave generation mechanism induced by the arc. This mechanism was subsequently modeled by incorporating the resulting ultrasonic radiation force as a time-varying source term in the momentum conservation equation. Simulation results indicated that increasing peak current and UFPC frequency significantly enhanced momentum output and pressure concentration in the arc core region, promoting stable bubble evolution. This synergistic effect improved arc thermal characteristics, reduced temperature and pressure fluctuations, and ensured continuous energy delivery to the weld pool. Moreover, higher peak currents expanded the high-temperature plasma region, while elevated UFPC frequencies enhanced arc stability and thermal symmetry. The combination of high peak current and UFPC frequency further improved momentum transport and flow stability by increasing plasma velocity and vortex strength. Experimental observations of bubble morphology, evolution period, and volume closely matched the simulation results, confirming the model’s accuracy. These findings provide valuable theoretical support for optimizing process parameters to improve weld quality and stability in UWFCAW.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3777 - 3806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy input measurements and application of a GMAW hot-wire process with indirect resistive heating of the auxiliary wire","authors":"Tim Ungethüm,&nbsp;Matthias Schäfer,&nbsp;Paul Sanderbrand,&nbsp;Malte Schop,&nbsp;Hans Christian Schmale","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02344-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02344-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In view of the current challenges in manufacturing, particularly with regard to the utilisation of resources, there is an urgent need to improve existing arc processes in order to maintain economic efficiency. In this study, a novel GMAW process using a preheated hot-wire (HW) is presented, which has been the subject of scientific investigation for the first time in order to enable its targeted application in industrial environments. Through the investigations carried out, it has been demonstrated that the weld geometry and material input can be adjusted while maintaining constant energy input. This is achieved by varying the hot-wire current and the feed rate. The flexibility of the process, enabled by preheating the wire without contact with the weld pool and advanced control algorithms, allows for a wide range of parameter adjustments. Furthermore, an analysis of cladding has demonstrated that the GMAW hot-wire process (GMAW-HW) with indirect resistive heating of the auxiliary wire has significant potential to enhance productivity in these applications, outperforming conventional GMAW and GMAW-HW processes. This research underscores the promising prospects for industrial implementation and provides a pathway to more efficient and adaptable joining technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3419 - 3433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02344-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in the evaluation of the weldability of old mild steels for future use","authors":"Nina Schroeder M. Sc.,&nbsp;Marvin Uhlig Dipl.-Ing.,&nbsp;Arne Kromm Dr.-Ing.,&nbsp;Dirk Schroepfer Dr.-Ing.,&nbsp;Kevin Hoefer Dr.-Ing.,&nbsp;Jonas Hensel Prof. Dr.,&nbsp;Thomas Kannengiesser Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil.","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02366-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02366-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For reasons of sustainability and cost efficiency, there is an increasing trend in the steel-processing industry to retrofit existing structures, avoiding costly shutdowns or dismantling. Although welding is a cost-effective joining method, it is rarely applied to old steels, whereas riveted or bolted connections are often uneconomical. Repair and refurbishment frequently require the replacement of damaged material or the creation of dissimilar old–new steel joints. Due to the varied manufacturing processes of historical steels, not all twentieth-century steels are inherently weldable, making an initial assessment of weldability essential. In this study, a historical non-deoxidized mild steel (produced by Siemens–Martin processing) originating from the construction of the Berlin Radio Tower (erected in 1926) was investigated using dilatometry to analyze its welding behavior. A database of welding CCT diagrams and HAZ simulations was established to support practice-oriented welding experiments, providing key insights into their weld-metallurgical behavior and weldability. Furthermore, initial welding trials were conducted, and the local residual stress states in dissimilar old–new steel joints were determined. These foundational investigations are critical for the development of innovative, load-adapted welding concepts for the repair and refurbishment of existing old-steel infrastructure in Germany.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5053 - 5066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02366-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical performance optimization in Nd:YAG laser-welded corten steel 588 A via response surface methodology","authors":"Zeinab Malekshahi Beiranvand,&nbsp;Hossein Mostaan,&nbsp;Shahram Karimi","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02368-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02368-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corten steel 588A is a low-carbon, high-strength, copper-enriched alloy known for its exceptional corrosion resistance, and is widely used in bridges, pressure vessels, and outdoor sculptures. In this study, the Nd:YAG welding process was used to join Corten steel. Initially, microstructural analysis, phase transformations, and changes in mechanical properties resulting from welding were investigated. The parameters of the laser welding process were subsequently optimized via statistical methods to enhance the mechanical properties. Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) with the central composite design (CCD) technique was employed to optimize the key process parameters, including the welding speed, pulse duration, and focal depth. The optimal parameters were identified on the basis of the fracture force via tensile testing for strength evaluation, optical microscopy for microstructural and phase analysis, and SEM fractography for fracture surface examination. The results indicate that decreasing the welding speed and increasing the pulse duration increase the joint strength, with the highest tensile strength of 617.7 MPa observed in the sample with the maximum penetration depth, where martensitic formation occurs due to rapid cooling and solidification. In addition, the study analyzed the effect of heat input on hardness, revealing that weld metals with high penetration depths exhibit greater hardness (264 HV) than do base metals (168 HV) and HAZ (183 HV) which is attributed to a refined microstructure and the formation of a hard phase, likely martensite, resulting from rapid cooling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5067 - 5081"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distortion analysis and optimization of grillage structure assembly process by finite element inherent strain method (FE-ISM)—part 2: post-weld flame straightening and experimental verification","authors":"Behrouz Asadzadeh Totonchi,&nbsp;Koosha Aghazadeh,&nbsp;Behzad Zakeri,&nbsp;Reza Attarnejad","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02349-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02349-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A major drawback of fusion welding is the residual distortion field, which adversely affects the serviceability of assembled structures such as ship hulls. In the shipbuilding industry, predicting welding-induced distortions is a critical step in the design cycle, offering valuable insights for welding engineers to prevent or mitigate them through both preventive and corrective measures. Despite all efforts, such distortions cannot be entirely avoided, and post-weld mitigation techniques are often necessary. In this paper (part 2), the flame straightening process of the grillage structure assembled in the accompanying paper (part 1) was simulated using the finite element inherent strain method (FE-ISM). In the first step, the inherent strain field generated by a triple-nozzle oxyacetylene torch was derived using finite element thermo-elasto-plastic analysis (FE-TEPA) and a DFLUX subroutine in the ABAQUS/CAE software. By applying the equivalent thermal strain method (ETSM) with a two-layer laminated composite shell element, artificial coefficients of linear thermal expansion were calculated for each layer. In the second step, using the restart analysis technique, the inherent strain components were incorporated into the FE-ISM model of the prior welding process. Employing the simultaneous double-line heating technique, eight different heating sequences were designed to evaluate the impact of prioritizing the straightening order of either the peripheral or central weld lines on the skin plate. Simulation results indicated that the straightening process should begin with the central weld lines, followed by the peripheral ones, to achieve maximum effectiveness in reducing the out-of-plane distortions of the skin plate. Finally, the optimal assembly process was validated through experimental measurements.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 8","pages":"3733 - 3756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interlayer enabled FSW of substantially different AA6061T6 and Ti6Al4V alloys- process optimization, microstructural control, and reliability assessment","authors":"Saed Enam Mustafa,&nbsp;Rajiv Nandan Rai","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02322-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02322-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates friction stir welding (FSW) of substantially different AA6061-T6 and Ti6Al4V alloys using a nickel (Ni) interlayer to enhance weld quality and mechanical performance. A full factorial (2 × 2 × 5) design of experiments was employed to vary tool rotational speed (TRS), welding speed (WS) and tool pin diameter (TPD), and the resulting joints were evaluated by microstructural analysis, microhardness measurements, tensile testing and fracture examination. Among the twenty welding conditions, the parameter combination TRS 500 rpm, WS 14 mm/min and TPD 4.7 mm with Ni interlayer (Sample S9) produced a defect-free weld with homogeneous Al–Ti–Ni mixing, suppressed Al₃Ti formation and a maximum tensile strength of 241 MPa, corresponding to 78% of the AA6061-T6 base-metal UTS. In contrast, a higher-parameter condition (Sample S20: TRS 710 rpm, WS 20 mm/min, TPD 5.5 mm) led to defective joints, with Al₃Ti intermetallic presence and a significantly lower tensile strength of 133 MPa. Microhardness results showed reduced hardness (≈120 HV) at the interface for S9 due to Ni-assisted solid-solution formation and limited Ti fragmentation, whereas S20 and the joint without interlayer (Sample S0) exhibited higher interfacial hardness associated with brittle intermetallics. Reliability analysis based on a two-parameter Weibull distribution applied to twelve replicate welds at the optimal parameters yielded a mean UTS of 240.48 MPa and a 90% survival probability at 237.9 MPa. These findings demonstrate that a Ni interlayer, combined with appropriate FSW parameter optimization, can produce reliable dissimilar Al–Ti joints suitable for demanding structural applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 3","pages":"865 - 883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147337385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method to systematically investigate the effect of tramp elements in resistance spot welding","authors":"Laurenz Arbinger,&nbsp;Robert Sierlinger,&nbsp;Norbert Enzinger","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02341-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02341-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increasing utilisation of scrap in metallurgical processes due to recycling to reduce CO₂ footprint, the content of tramp elements in the base material is increasing. In order to quickly investigate the influence of tramp elements on the weld nugget microstructure and mechanical properties during resistance spot welding (RSW), a method has been developed to introduce tramp elements into the weld nugget. By making an indentation in one of the two sheets to be welded and inserting the desired quantity of tramp element before welding, the weld nugget can specifically be alloyed. This allows to quickly analyse the influence of individual tramp elements on the microstructure and its influence on the resulting mechanical properties. The applicability of the method was investigated using Cu as tramp element material. As part of the investigations, a targeted Cu content of 0.4 wt% was set, which was confirmed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The spot welds alloyed according to the method were compared with spot welds without the Cu addition and spot welds of an already Cu-alloyed material. The weld nugget microstructure of all steels analysed by light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was martensitic with similar grain size and morphology, regardless of the Cu content. In tensile shear (TS) and cross tension (CT), testing plug failure occurred in all samples. The results from the TS tests with peak forces of 11.4–12.2 kN and absorption energies between 14.3 and 18.5 J were very close to each other. The CT results with peak forces of 6.7–8.5 kN and energies between 46 and 69 J showed a similar picture. The average weld nugget hardness of all three weld configurations was in between 383 and 398 HV1. The microstructural and mechanical results showed no significant differences. The presented method for a targeted weld nugget alloying during resistance spot welding allows a repeatable, easy and quick investigation of the influence of alloy modification by tramp elements such as Cu on the weld nugget properties and offers a practical approach to assess material changes due to an increased tramp element content.</p>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 7","pages":"2973 - 2984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02341-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal monitoring and predictive modeling for stability and overlap control in arc-based directed energy deposition","authors":"Jairo José Muñoz Chávez,&nbsp;Margareth Nascimento de Souza Lira,&nbsp;João da Cruz Payão Filho,&nbsp;Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro","doi":"10.1007/s40194-025-02309-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-025-02309-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study proposes a comprehensive methodology for validating process parameters in pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) applied to arc-based directed energy deposition, aiming at the production of weld beads with controlled geometry and process stability. Shadowgraphy was employed for metal transfer visualization, combined with stability analysis algorithms and metal transfer criteria. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied to current and voltage signals to identify the most efficient pulse characteristics, droplet detachment behavior, and transfer frequency. An analytical formulation correlating wire feed rate, travel speed, and bead cross-sectional area was used to guide the selection of deposition parameters. In addition, a theoretical analysis of bead overlap was developed and its predictions were directly compared with experimental results, demonstrating good agreement and validating the proposed model. These strategies defined a stable working window with voltage between 22 and 28 V and current between 190 and 220 A. The optimal condition was obtained at a frequency of 240 Hz. The proposed methodology enables parameter adaptation for different materials, ensuring energy efficiency, cost reduction, and geometric consistency. Moreover, GMAW-P allows the production of high-quality deposits at lower current levels compared to conventional GMAW.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5027 - 5052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-025-02309-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}