Welding in the World最新文献

{"title":"Fatigue strength of peened-welded joints after single high compressive load peaks","authors":"Yuki Banno,&nbsp;Koji Kinoshita,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Ishikawa,&nbsp;Kengo Anami","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02343-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02343-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the fatigue strength of peened-welded joints after single high compressive load peaks. To understand the relaxation behavior of compressive residual stress, out-of-plane gusset welded joints were treated using different peening methods. Compressive residual stress near the peened edge was measured using an X-ray residual stress analyzer while applying plate bending compressive loads. The results showed that compressive residual stresses at 2 mm from the peened edge relaxed proportionally with increasing compressive load. Strain measurements at the same location supported the estimation of stress relaxation behavior. Plate bending fatigue tests were then conducted under a stress ratio of <i>R</i> = 0.5. Fatigue strength decreased with increasing compressive load, and under a 5.8 kN (approximately −286 N/mm²), the fatigue strength approached that of as-weld. Finally, the fatigue results were evaluated using a newly proposed fatigue strength design curve with a cut-off limit for peening treatment, based on recommendations from the JSSC. It was concluded that this curve remains applicable if the applied compressive load after peening does not exceed 3.8 kN. Furthermore, continuous residual stress monitoring at the 2 mm confirmed that fatigue strength improvement remains effective as long as residual compressive stress is preserved during subsequent loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 5","pages":"1917 - 1936"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147727260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of deep learning models for welding process analysis using sequential models","authors":"Omar El Assal,&nbsp;Carlos Mateo-Agullo,&nbsp;Axel Corolleur,&nbsp;Sébastien Ciron,&nbsp;David Fofi","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02376-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02376-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Automated inspection of the welding process is essential for ensuring consistent quality and high operational reliability. While the opportunities offered by the recent advances in artificial intelligence have allowed for good progress in automated process monitoring, most proposals rely on static image analysis and overlook the temporal dynamics inherent to welding operations. In this work, we introduce a sequential dataset that we designed to capture four distinct welding process states: no welding, welding stable, welding deviated, welding unstable. This dataset differs from the state-of-the-art datasets by its temporal structure and the active vision setup, which enables the study of the dynamic behavior of the process. The introduced temporal dimension is essential for capturing the complex patterns associated with welding defects, particularly in scenarios involving weaving motions. Additionally, we evaluate and compare different state-of-the-art sequential data analysis deep learning models. The study carried out aims to assess the capabilities of these models to detect process instabilities from video sequences in real time and to establish a baseline for future research in intelligent welding process monitoring. Upon this benchmark, we provide recommendations on the most suitable deep learning models for similar applications involving sequential image analysis of the welding process. The obtained results demonstrated that the proposed dataset provides informative clues about the spatial and temporal state of the process. Notably, the MC3 model was capable of achieving the best compromise between performance and computational efficiency, classifying the state of the process at an accuracy of 99.12% with a relatively small latency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5239 - 5257"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02376-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical property assessment of hot wire TIG and activated TIG hybrid weld joint of AISI 316L(N) stainless steel","authors":"Gopa Chakraborty,&nbsp;Shashank Dutt B.,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar Gupta,&nbsp;Nani Babu M.,&nbsp;Hemant Kumar,&nbsp;C. R. Das,&nbsp;A. Moitra,&nbsp;Vasudevan M.","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02386-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02386-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A 12-mm-thick AISI 316L(N) steel plate was welded using a hybrid technique that combines hot wire tungsten inert gas (HWTIG) and activated tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) processes. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the hybrid joint were systematically compared with those of multi-pass HWTIG and single-pass A-TIG welds. The hybrid weld metal contained 7% delta ferrite, sufficient to suppress hot cracking susceptibility. The average hardness values of the weld metal were 170 VHN for HWTIG, 175 VHN for A-TIG, and 180 VHN for the hybrid joint. The cross-weld tensile strength of the hybrid weld joint (580 MPa) closely matches that of the HWTIG (605 MPa) and A-TIG (575 MPa) joints, indicating that all three welding techniques achieve similar strength levels under tensile loading. Charpy impact toughness values were also similar across the three processes (HWTIG: 155 J, A-TIG: 140 J, Hybrid: 150 J). Fracture toughness of the hybrid joint was appreciable at both room temperature (410 kJ·m⁻²) and 550 °C (155 kJ·m⁻²), aligning closely with HWTIG (400, 170 kJ·m⁻²) and A-TIG (395, 165 kJ·m⁻²). Overall, the HWTIG + A-TIG hybrid welding technique produced joints with acceptable microstructure and mechanical performance, demonstrating its potential for application in welding thick sections of nuclear reactor components.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 11","pages":"5227 - 5238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of nickel interlayer thickness on intermetallic compound formation and interfacial integrity in pulsed laser welding of aluminum and copper","authors":"Rajdev Singh,&nbsp;Navneet Arora,&nbsp;Amit Choudhary","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02375-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02375-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser welding of aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) is widely used in battery manufacturing due to its low heat input and precise control. However, the significant thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical differences between Al and Cu often promote the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs), leading to microcracks, voids, and reduced joint integrity. To address this, nickel (Ni) was introduced as an interlayer by electroplating on Al sheets. This study investigates the effect of varying Ni plating thicknesses (0.8–3.5 µm) and configurations (top-side, bottom-side, and both sides) on IMC formation and overall joint quality in Al-Cu joints produced using a nanosecond pulsed laser. Key parameters, including weld morphology, thermal behavior, shear strength, electrical resistance, and IMC characteristics, were examined. Microstructural analysis revealed that Ni effectively suppresses excessive IMC growth and minimizes defects. Both-side plating with a 1.5 µm Ni layer yielded the thinnest IMC layer (0.24 µm versus 1.86 µm in non-plated joints), correlating with an 11.1% increase in shear strength, 23.7% improvement in elongation, and 14.6% reduction in electrical resistance. These findings highlight the critical role of Ni interlayers in controlling IMC evolution and improving the microstructural integrity of Al-Cu laser welds.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5171 - 5192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of substrate inclination angle on weld geometry and melt pool dynamics","authors":"Pan Gao,&nbsp;Jiahao Liang,&nbsp;Shilong Qu,&nbsp;Xin Zhao,&nbsp;Yazhou Jia,&nbsp;Jingtao Peng,&nbsp;Yunjing Chen,&nbsp;Qiang Ling","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02381-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02381-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address issues such as melt pool instability and weld formation defects caused by substrate inclination in spatially inclined arc additive manufacturing, this study systematically investigates the effects of welding torch angle and substrate inclination on weld formation and melt pool dynamics using aluminum alloys as the research subject and the wire-arc directed energy deposition (Wire-Arc DED) welding method. A combined approach of “theoretical analysis and experimental verification” was employed. Utilizing high-speed camera recording and electrical signal oscillograph acquisition, the study examined the transition behavior of molten droplets, the flow characteristics of the melt pool, and the patterns of microstructural and mechanical property changes. Results indicate that when the welding torch is perpendicular to the substrate, the arc morphology is symmetrical and stable, material transfer is uniform, and short-circuit frequency decreases. As the substrate inclination angle increases, the melt pool exhibits an accelerated downward flow trend due to the dominant influence of gravity. The deposition width remains within the range of 10–11 mm, with a fluctuation amplitude of 13.6%. The microstructure at the bottom of the specimen exhibited fine columnar grains, while the top showed coarse dendrites. The substrate inclination caused grain refinement on the flow side and coarsening on the accumulation side. Microhardness gradually decreased from the base metal to the weld top, with substrate inclination not altering this evolution pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5193 - 5208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of TIG-MIG hybrid arc and droplet transfer behavior","authors":"Jingzhuo Yao,&nbsp;Yujiao Zhang,&nbsp;Ran Zong","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02364-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02364-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A three-dimensional transient model of the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)-MIG (Metal Inert Gas) hybrid arc and droplet was established. By adopting a unified set of “electrical-magnetic-thermal-force” control equations, it quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of current density, electromagnetic force, temperature, arc pressure, as well as their effects on droplet behavior. The results showed that the model exhibited a consistent trend between simulation and experiment within the welding current range of 180–280 A. Three current paths existed in the hybrid arc, namely wire-workpiece, workpiece-tungsten electrode, and wire-tungsten electrode. Among these, the wire-tungsten electrode path was unique to the hybrid arc, with its current proportion reaching as high as 63%–69%. With the increase in welding current, the droplet volume decreased while the transfer frequency increased. The arc temperature field became more stable, and the electromagnetic force increased significantly. Moreover, under high current conditions (&gt; 240 A), the hybrid arc pressure was more dispersed spatially, and droplet transfer became more stable, which was conducive to suppressing weld defects. This study realized the quantitative analysis of the coupling mechanisms between the two arcs and between the arc and droplet, providing theoretical support for the optimization of TIG-MIG hybrid welding process parameters. It is of great significance for improving weld quality and promoting the industrial application of TIG-MIG hybrid welding technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5143 - 5169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical simulation study on the HAZs of laser welding for CP980 steel","authors":"Mei Zhang,&nbsp;Zhi Yang,&nbsp;Qing Xu,&nbsp;Wenhao Li,&nbsp;Weikun Wang,&nbsp;Yibo Tian,&nbsp;Yangfei Chen,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Shan Wang,&nbsp;Qiongying Cen,&nbsp;Enjun Piao","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02361-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02361-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal cycles experienced during laser welding of advanced high strength steels (AHSSs) have a profound impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of its heat-affected zone (HAZ), posing challenges for automotive lightweighting. This study employs physical simulations carried out by a Gleeble-3500 system to systematically explore the effects of peak temperature (<i>T</i>_p) and cooling time (<i>t</i>_8/5) on different HAZ sub-zones of 980 MPa grade complex phase (CP980) steel. Microstructure analysis indicates that the formation of martensite leads to a 33% increase in hardness in the coarse-grained HAZ (CGHAZ) and fine-grained HAZ (FGHAZ), reaching 427 HV_0.2. The hardness of the intercritical HAZ (ICHAZ) increased by 14% to 358 HV_0.2. On the contrary, the hardness of subcritical HAZ (SCHAZ) shows a decrease of 20% to 257 HV_0.2, which is mainly resulting from the tempering of martensite. Notably, the higher peak temperature (<i>T</i>_p = 1310 °C) brings about coarser martensite laths, whereas the lower peak temperature (<i>T</i>_p = 1000 °C) promotes the refinement of bainite. The FGHAZ achieves the highest tensile strength of 1490 MPa, exceeding that of the base metal by 45%. Compared t<u>o</u> other sub-regions, SCHAZ exhibits the best impact toughness due to the presence of fine grain and numerous high-angle grain boundaries, reachin<u>g</u> 10.6 J at −40 °C. These findings clarify the correlation between thermal parameters, phase transformations, and mechanical property degradation, advancing the understanding of microstructural evolution under thermal cycling and providing a framework for balancing properties in welded joints, which is crucial for automotive lightweight applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 7","pages":"3007 - 3022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer dynamics in narrow gap joints with hybrid CMT-P-GMA welding: a 3D finite element study","authors":"Polamuri Sudheer Kumar,&nbsp;Chitral Srihari,&nbsp;Nasina Venkaiah,&nbsp;Degala Venkata Kiran,&nbsp;Virendra Pratap Singh","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02379-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02379-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A three-dimensional (3D) transient heat transfer model based on conduction was established to examine the temperature dispersal during hybrid narrow-gap welding at three distinct pulse frequencies: 180, 55, and 30 Hz. The welding order began with a cold-metal-transfer root pass, followed by pulsed gas-metal arc welding for the filling and capping passes. To capture the unique thermal behaviour of the cold-metal-transfer process, the model accounted for heat transfer during both the arcing and short-circuiting phases. Spiral arc oscillation was applied for the root pass, and triangular oscillation for subsequent passes. The simulated cooling rates showed strong agreement with experimental measurements, validating the model. Among the weld passes and zones, the root pass and heat-affected zone showed the highest cooling rates (&gt; 350 K/s). The 180 Hz condition resulted in the slowest cooling, whereas 30 Hz led to rapid cooling, especially in the later passes. At 30 Hz, a higher volume fraction of acicular ferrite (86.80%) was obtained, correlating with improved tensile performance. However, repeated thermal cycling led to ferrite coarsening and a reduction in hardness. The 30 Hz condition yielded superior mechanical properties (YS: 474.0 MPa, UTS: 596.0 MPa), highlighting the significance of pulse frequency on weld quality.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5097 - 5121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of interlayer cooling strategies and contact tip to work distance on layer geometry, microstructure, hardness, and corrosion properties of WAAM ER70S-6 steel","authors":"Giulio Mattera,&nbsp;Luigi Nele,&nbsp;Giulia Stornelli,&nbsp;Andrea Di Schino,&nbsp;Tullio Monetta,&nbsp;Annalisa Acquesta","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02385-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02385-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of complex geometries with reduced material waste and increasing relevance for sustainable production. Among AM technologies, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has attracted growing industrial interest due to its high deposition rate, scalability, and comparatively low cost for large metallic components. Despite the widespread industrial maturity of arc welding processes, their application to layer-by-layer component fabrication introduces distinct thermal and metallurgical challenges. Consequently, a clear understanding of how process parameters influence part quality remains essential for optimising deposition strategies. This work investigates the influence of interlayer cooling strategies and contact tip to workpiece distance (CTWD) on ER70S-6 steel wall structures manufactured using a 1-mm diameter wire feedstock. Two dwell time strategies and one fixed interlayer temperature condition are examined, while CTWD variation is employed to indirectly modify the thermal conditions during deposition. The effects on microstructure, mechanical behaviour, corrosion performance, and layer geometry are analysed. The results demonstrate that longer interpass dwell times (lower interpass temperature) enhanced wall height and geometric stability by promoting more effective heat dissipation and stable thermal conditions (at the cost of productivity), whereas increasing CTWD reduced layer height and penetration due to lower effective heat input, with negligible effects on bead width. Moreover, microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion responses were primarily governed by layer-dependent thermal cycling, with longer dwell times producing finer grains, higher hardness, and more active and poor corrosion behaviour, while CTWD variations within industrially realistic ranges had a secondary influence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 10","pages":"5123 - 5141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02385-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing zinc diffusion during liquid metal embrittlement of resistance spot welded TWIP steel","authors":"Gautham Mahadevan,&nbsp;Virginia Bertolo,&nbsp;Soheil Sabooni,&nbsp;Vera Popovich,&nbsp;Leo A. I. Kestens,&nbsp;Marcel Hermans","doi":"10.1007/s40194-026-02384-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-026-02384-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) during resistance spot welding (RSW) of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is primarily driven by stress-assisted grain boundary (GB) diffusion of zinc (Zn). Although GB diffusion is widely recognized as the dominant LME mechanism, experimental quantification is challenging due to resolution limitations. This study characterizes Zn diffusion in TWIP steel during RSW by conducting energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line scans ahead of LME cracks in both the rolling direction (RD) and normal direction (ND) over weld times from 700 to 1700 ms. Results reveal that Zn diffusion distance increases with weld time, with consistently higher diffusion in the ND. To compare experimental measurements with diffusion theory, an FEA simulation based on Fick’s law was employed to approximate bulk Zn diffusion under varying temperatures. The model predicts Zn diffusion trends consistent with experimental observations. Although the diffusion distance predicted in the simulation exceeds measured values, directional trends are accurately captured. A theoretical framework to compare GB and bulk diffusion was proposed. GB diffusion distance of Zn is estimated to be approximately 30 times greater than bulk diffusion, establishing a quantitative link between weld time and Zn diffusion during RSW of TWIP steel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"70 7","pages":"3043 - 3056"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-026-02384-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}