Applied Radiation and Isotopes最新文献

{"title":"Towards individualised CT protocols: Stratifying radiation dose by DLP, weight and sex in North Indian healthcare facilities","authors":"Maajid Mohi Ud Din Malik , Mansour M. Alqahtani , Ibrahim Hadadi , Alamin Musa , Abdulaziz A. Alshihri , Omer Loaz , Samih Kajoak , Moram A. Fagiry , Mayeen Uddin Khandaker , Mohammed Ali Alshehri , Mustafa Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objective</h3><div>Regardless of patient characteristics, current CT imaging techniques usually use standardised radiation settings, which could lead to needless radiation exposure, especially in smaller or lighter patients. Based on unique patient characteristics, this one-size-fits-all method falls short of optimizing the crucial balance between radiation dose and diagnostic image quality. The clinical problem addressed is the lack of evidence-based, patient-specific CT protocols that consider body habitus and sex-related anatomical differences to minimize radiation exposure while preserving diagnostic accuracy. This study aimed to quantify the relationships between radiation dose, as assessed by dose-length product (DLP), patient body weight, and sex across different CT scanner models, to develop individualised protocol recommendations for optimal radiation dose management.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was conducted on CT scan data of 900 adult patients who underwent head, chest, or abdomen-pelvis CT examinations across 10 different multi-detector CT scanners. The correlation between dose-length product (DLP) and body weight was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Mean dose-length product values were compared between males and females using an independent-samples <em>t</em>-test and across CT scanner models using a one-way ANOVA. Linear regression analysis was performed to establish predictive relationships between DLP and patient characteristics, with facility-specific correction factors developed for dose standardisation. Sex-specific regression models were created, and facility-specific correction factors were calculated to standardize dose comparisons across patient populations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found a strong positive correlation between DLP and patient body weight (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), and this correlation varied across CT scanner models (r = 0.53-0.71). Mean dose-length product was markedly higher in male patients than in females (p = 0.002). A range of DLP differences was noted for the same examination type across multiple CT scanners (up to 46% difference in mean DLP). In some scanners, dose-length product <strong>values exceeded the recommended diagnostic reference levels</strong>. Mean DLP values were 758 ± 292, 524 ± 232, and 893 ± 419 mGy cm for head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis CT, respectively. Corresponding mean effective doses were 1.68 ± 0.58, 7.54 ± 2.98, and 14.05 ± 6.01 mSv. Sex-specific regression equations were established: Male dose-length product = −1134.33 + 27.13 × Weight; Female dose-length product = −1166.33 + 27.24 × Weight (both p < 0.001). Weight-stratified analysis showed DLP variations of 15-20% across weight categories (45-60 kg, 60-75 kg, 75-90 kg). After weight normalization, sex-adjusted DLP values showed 8.2% higher doses in males (p = 0.002).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Major differences are fou","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Monte Carlo study of semiconductor detectors response to 2.45 MeV–3.95 MeV neutrons at NCSR “Demokritos”","authors":"K. Kaperoni ,&nbsp;M. Diakaki ,&nbsp;M. Kokkoris ,&nbsp;C. Weiss ,&nbsp;E. Griesmayer ,&nbsp;J. Melbinger ,&nbsp;V. Michalopoulou ,&nbsp;T. Fragner ,&nbsp;R. Vlastou ,&nbsp;M. Axiotis ,&nbsp;S. Chasapoglou","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neutron detectors play a vital role in radiation applications, particularly in nuclear, high-energy physics experiments and fusion facilities, where accurate neutron spectrum measurements and flux monitoring are essential. In fusion research, detecting 2.45 MeV neutrons, produced via D–D fusion, is especially important, offering key information on the progress of the reaction. However, accurate neutron measurements at energies below 6 MeV remain challenging due to high background levels, low detector efficiencies, and the fact that many reaction channels are closed. Among the various detection technologies, semiconductor detectors based on diamond and silicon carbide (SiC) are highly favored thanks to their excellent energy resolution and ability to operate in harsh environmental conditions. A common approach in semiconductor neutron detection involves conversion layers (e.g., LiF or hydrogen) to enable detection via secondary charged particles such as tritons, alpha particles, or proton recoils. In this work, we investigate and compare the response functions of a diamond and a SiC detector to fast neutrons at 2.45 MeV, 2.95 MeV, 3.45 MeV, and 3.95 MeV, using direct detection through elastic scattering without the use of conversion layers. For this purpose, a 50 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m single-crystalline diamond and a 50 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m SiC detectors were exposed to quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams at NCSR “Demokritos” in Athens. The resulting experimental spectra were compared with Geant4 simulations to validate the measurements and to extract the detection efficiencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112471"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146103412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization design of tritium target for compact DT neutron generator","authors":"Siqi Liu ,&nbsp;Shiwei Jing ,&nbsp;Fuquan Jia ,&nbsp;Sijia Zhou ,&nbsp;Zebin Li ,&nbsp;Yue Sun ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Gu ,&nbsp;Hailong Xu ,&nbsp;Jiayu Li ,&nbsp;Shangrui Jiang ,&nbsp;Tian Zhang ,&nbsp;Guofeng Qu ,&nbsp;Zhihua Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neutron generator is a small accelerator neutron source, and its yield is limited by the heating effect caused by the increase of ion beam intensity. The high beam power will cause the target to overheat, and hydrogen will be released after exceeding the limit. A water-cooled target system was designed in order to improve the neutron yield and control the target temperature below the hydrogen release temperature (considered to be 200 °C). The parts of the target film, substrate and cooling system were studied. A large number of solid-fluid coupling calculations and heat transfer analysis were used to determine the final optimized target system structure. A copper-molybdenum alloy substrate was selected and a cooling system was placed. The target film was coated with a magnesium target Ni protective layer, which effectively reduced the irradiation damage of the magnesium film while increasing the yield. The yield of the optimized DT neutron generator reaches 10¹¹n/s when the ion beam intensity is 500 μA and the incident energy is 200 keV, and the operating temperature is not more than 200 °C. This avoids the risk of tritium loss in the target due to hydrogen release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast CT imaging using limited projections: Performance analysis of FBP and SIRT-FBP reconstruction on a multi-material phantom","authors":"Rochan Rifai,&nbsp;Ni Luh Sri Maharani,&nbsp;Gede Bayu Suparta","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computed Tomography (CT) imaging requires significant time and a large data volume, particularly for 3D reconstruction using a 2D planar detector. To address this, we propose a fast-scanning technique with limited projections and compare two reconstruction methods: Filtered Back Projection (FBP) and a combination of FBP with Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT). The study was conducted on an industrial X-ray CT system at the Department of Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada. A cylindrical water phantom (4” diameter) containing four solid inserts, aluminium, PTFE, graphite, and acrylic, was scanned using six different projection counts: 360, 180, 144, 108, 72, and 36. Each reconstruction result was evaluated against the reference image (360 projections) using mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index (SSIM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). SIRT-FBP produced smoother images with less noise (SNR ≥20.33 dB, SSIM ≈ 0.9), while FBP generated sharper but noisier results (SNR ≤17.20 dB, SSIM ≈ 0.6). MSE values also indicated higher accuracy for SIRT-FBP. However, SIRT-FBP required longer computation time (100 s) compared to FBP (45 s). Both methods showed significant quality degradation at 72 and 36 projections, with blurry and low-contrast images. Acceptable image quality was achieved with a minimum of 108 projections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Neural Network–Based prediction of production cross sections of the medical radioisotopes 67Ga and 89Zr","authors":"Murat Okutan ,&nbsp;Yiğit Ali Üncü ,&nbsp;Gençay Sevim ,&nbsp;Mert Şekerci ,&nbsp;Tolga Kiliçarslan ,&nbsp;Bayram Demir ,&nbsp;Hasan Özdoğan","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the excitation functions of the ⁶⁷Zn(p,n)⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Zn(p,2n)⁶⁷Ga, and ⁸⁹Y(p,n)⁸⁹Zr reactions were investigated. Nuclear reaction simulations were performed using the TALYS 1.95 and EMPIRE 3.2 codes, by using Two Component Exciton Model, Geometry Dependent Hybrid Model, Exciton Model, and Hybrid Monte Carlo Simulation. In parallel, a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm was employed to predict the same reaction cross-sections using experimental data. Comparative analysis revealed a strong consistency between TALYS and EMPIRE calculations, ANN predictions, and experimental results, with the ANN providing enhanced predictive performance in energy regions where experimental data are sparse or uncertain. Furthermore, activation and yield calculations confirmed the feasibility of producing clinically relevant quantities of ⁶⁷Ga and ⁸⁹Zr under realistic irradiation conditions. In conclusion, the use of physics-based nuclear reaction codes with data-driven ANN models has been demonstrated to be useful in medical radionuclide production studies by providing a complementary framework for cross-section estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardization of 239Pu using isotopic ratios obtained through alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometry","authors":"A.J. Pearce,&nbsp;M.R. Bodine,&nbsp;R. Collé,&nbsp;R. Essex,&nbsp;J. La Rosa,&nbsp;L. Laureano-Pérez,&nbsp;L. Pibida,&nbsp;M.A. Tyra","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The standardization of a new ²³⁹Pu radioactivity solution with considerable impurity was performed. The massic activity of ²³⁹Pu was obtained through 4πα liquid scintillation (LS) counting with correction for significant amounts of other plutonium isotopic impurities made by a combination of isotope dilution alpha spectrometry and isotopic composition measurements by mass spectrometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112433"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing iridium foil targets for the production of radioplatinum isotopes","authors":"Evan J. Williams ,&nbsp;Daniel G. Racz ,&nbsp;Kala A. Perry ,&nbsp;Michael E. Fassbender ,&nbsp;Ivis F. Chaple","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dissolving noble metals remains challenging because of their high reduction potentials and tendency to passivate as oxides. This barrier is acute for iridium metal targets used to produce platinum radioisotopes, where post-irradiation processing is costly and hazardous with conventional routes. We report a rapid alkali-fusion method that converts Ir metal directly into chloride media compatible with downstream separations. In the process, an Ir foil is fused with Na₂O₂ and KCl at temperatures above the KCl melting point; the molten salt enhances heat transfer and facilitates O²⁻/Na⁺ transport to the Ir surface, overcoming Ir's oxidation resistance. The fused cake is then cooled and leached in 10 M HCl, yielding Ir in solution without specialized microwave digestion or HF. Pt separation from bulk Ir was evaluated using extraction-chromatography resins. A newly formulated ionic-liquid resin containing Cyphos IL 104 (E104) was compared with two commercial resins (TrisKem TK200 and TK201). All resins achieved &gt;90 % Ir recovery. Pt co-recovery depended on resin chemistry: TK200 recovered 85.9 % Pt, TK201 recovered 54.1 % Pt, and E104 recovered 72.9 % Pt. This study introduces a fast, scalable dissolution route for solid Ir targets and demonstrates resin choices that tune Ir/Pt separation, lowering the barrier to routine production and purification of Pt radioisotopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiopurity assay of archaeological lead and related compounds for astroparticle physics by mass spectrometry and gamma-ray spectrometry","authors":"Luigi Cappelli ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Clemenza ,&nbsp;Federico Filippini ,&nbsp;Matthias Laubenstein ,&nbsp;Stefano Nisi ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Pagnanini ,&nbsp;Luca Pattavina","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel and rapid method is introduced for determining thorium (Th) and uranium (U) concentrations in archaeological lead and related compounds to be used in astroparticle physic. This method involves chromatographic pre-concentration and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Combined data from mass spectrometry and gamma-ray spectrometry measurements are presented. Excellent results were achieved in terms of reliability and sensitivity (ngˑkg⁻¹), even without introducing Th and U isotopes as tracers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentration of 40K, 226Ra, 228Ra and 228Th in the main brands of pet food sold in Brazil","authors":"Caroline R.A. Carvalho ,&nbsp;Leandro B. Silva ,&nbsp;Lucas F. Silva ,&nbsp;Jonathan O. dos Santos ,&nbsp;Carlos O.P. Orejuela ,&nbsp;Alexander C.F. Silva ,&nbsp;Caroline Mattos Barbosa ,&nbsp;Jardel L. Thalhofer ,&nbsp;Ademir X. da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pets are constantly exposed to natural radionuclides through their diet, yet studies on the radiological evaluation of animal food remain scarce, especially in Brazil, one of the leading markets in the pet industry. This research estimated the specific activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁸Th and ⁴⁰K in representative samples of dog, cat, bird and rabbit food from the most sold brands in Brazil. Measurements were performed by gamma spectrometry using an HPGe detector. The average specific activity concentration of ⁴⁰K in dog, cat, bird and rabbit food resulted in 235 <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></math></span> 14, 252 <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></math></span> 15, 349 <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></math></span> 22 and 567 <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></math></span> 31 Bq kg⁻¹ dw, respectively. For ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra and ²²⁸Th the reported ranges (Bq kg⁻¹ dw) were approximately 0.7–12.4. The effective dose coefficients due to ⁴⁰K ingestion for dogs, cats, birds and rabbits were 8.5 x <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, 9.0 x 10⁻¹³, 4.9 x 10⁻¹² and 1.0 x 10⁻¹² Sv Bq⁻¹, respectively. The external risk index due to gamma radiation for humans handling the food was below the limit of 0.3 mSv year⁻¹ used for restriction in biota, indicating no significant radiological risk to animals or humans. Therefore, the consumption of this commercial food is considered radiologically safe for pets, while the established reference values are important for monitoring and identifying possible radionuclide contamination in food for these animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a HER-2 targeted silica-gold nanoshells for breast cancer radio-photothermal therapy","authors":"Omid Talaee ,&nbsp;Mahboobeh Mehrabifard ,&nbsp;Bahman Alipour ,&nbsp;Solmaz Derakhshan ,&nbsp;Vahid Asghariazar ,&nbsp;Navid kheradmand ,&nbsp;Hamed Zamani ,&nbsp;Emad khoshdel ,&nbsp;Reza Malekzadeh ,&nbsp;Tohid Mortezazadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2026.112454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The combination of nanoparticles (NPs) with X-ray radiation, laser and chemotherapy offers a promising strategy to enhance breast cancer (BC) treatment efficacy. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Trastuzumab-loaded Au@SiO₂ nanoshells (TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs) for SKBr-3 (HER-2⁺) and MCF-7 (HER-2^-) BC cells.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Au and SiO₂ NPs were prepared via the citrate reduction and sol-gel method, respectively. TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs were formed by conjugating TZ to Au@SiO₂ NSs. Nano-complex characterization was performed using FT-IR, DLS, TEM, SEM, UV–Vis, XRD, and drug loading efficiency analysis. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay after treatment with Au@SiO₂ NSs, TZ, TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs, NIR laser (808 nm), and X-ray radiation (6 MV, 2 Gy). Moreover, gene expression was analyzed using RT-qPCR to measure apoptosis-related genes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The synthesized TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs (around 70 nm) presented significant ability of temperature increase. The combination of TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs with laser and X-ray radiation resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability. In SKBR-3 cells, TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs alone reduced viability from 100 % to 71.5 % at 200 μg/mL. After laser treatment, viability decreased to 46 % at the highest dose (350 J/cm²), while X-ray radiation reduced the viability to 63 %. The combined treatment with laser + X-ray resulted in 50 % viability in SKBR-3 and 57 % in MCF-7 cells. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of TP53, indicating the induction of apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>TZ-Au@SiO₂ NSs significantly enhance the cytotoxic effects of X-ray radiation and photothermal-chemotherapy, especially in SKBR-3 BC cells, suggesting their potential as effective radio-sensitizers and photo-sensitizers for improved BC treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 112454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}