Applied Radiation and Isotopes最新文献

{"title":"Estimating patient-specific organ doses from head and abdominal CT scans via machine learning with optimized regulation strength and feature quantity","authors":"Wencheng Shao ,&nbsp;Liangyong Qu ,&nbsp;Xin Lin ,&nbsp;Weikang Yun ,&nbsp;Ying Huang ,&nbsp;Weihai Zhuo ,&nbsp;Haikuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aims to investigate estimation of patient-specific organ doses from CT scans via radiomics feature-based SVR models with training parameter optimization, and maximize SVR models’ predictive accuracy and robustness via fine-tuning regularization parameter and input feature quantities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>CT images from head and abdominal scans underwent processing using DeepViewer®, an auto-segmentation tool for defining regions of interest (ROIs) of their organs. Radiomics features were extracted from the CT data and ROIs. Benchmark organ doses were then calculated through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. SVR models, utilizing these extracted radiomics features as inputs for model training, were employed to predict patient-specific organ doses from CT scans. The trained SVR models underwent optimization by adjusting parameters for the input radiomics feature quantity and regulation parameter, resulting in appropriate configurations for accurate patient-specific organ dose predictions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The C values of 5 and 10 have made the SVR models arrive at a saturation state for the head and abdominal organs. The SVR models’ MAPE and R² strongly depend on organ types. The appropriate parameters respectively are C = 5 or 10 coupled with input feature quantities of 50 for the brain and 200 for the left eye, right eye, left lens, and right lens. the appropriate parameters would be C = 5 or 10 accompanying input feature quantities of 80 for the bowel, 50 for the left kidney, right kidney, and 100 for the liver.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Performance optimization of selecting appropriate combinations of input feature quantity and regulation parameters can maximize the predictive accuracy and robustness of radiomics feature-based SVR models in the realm of patient-specific organ dose predictions from CT scans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111788"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the electrical characteristics and modifications in the crystalline structure of graphite under UV radiation","authors":"Jessica Paola Córdova-Fraga ,&nbsp;Estefanía Alejandra Hernández-Rangel ,&nbsp;Gonzalo Páez-Padilla ,&nbsp;Svetlana Kashina ,&nbsp;José Marco Balleza-Ordaz ,&nbsp;Angélica Hernández-Rayas ,&nbsp;Francisco Miguel Vargas-Luna ,&nbsp;Modesto Antonio Sosa-Aquino","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Raman intensity ratio ID/IG was analyzed for 2B and 9B graphite-rich pencil rods of 2.6 mm thickness were irradiated by (a) Ultraviolet (UV) sources of 1.12 mW and 2.7 mW; (b) photons doses from 1 to 20 Gy delivered by an Elekta Linac. Additionally, an electrical characterization was carried out using the UV source to analyze the electrical properties of the materials. Graphite exhibits an oscillatory behavior due to the creation and annihilation of defects, thanks to sp2 and sp3 hybridizations in the hexagonal structure. This behavior is observed with both ionizing and non-ionizing sources. Proving that this phenomenon does not depends on the thickness of the material. For the 2B irradiated with UV of 1.12 mW, an underdamped response is observed, for which a mathematical model is presented. Nevertheless, 9B samples exhibit a “fading” response, maintaining the behavior for up to two weeks after the irradiation. In the electrical characterization, this phenomenon has been analyzed before, but the model was compared to a discharge of a capacitor is presented. The results confirmed the behavior of the material mentioned in other articles, but it also shows that the Raman intensity decreases with time, as well as the material's capacity to discharge as a capacitor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111783"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of 177Lu activity quantification using MCNP5-Modeled SPECT imaging","authors":"P. Morthy ,&nbsp;M. Musarudin ,&nbsp;N.S. Ab Shukor ,&nbsp;M.A. Said ,&nbsp;D. Xianling ,&nbsp;M.I. Saripan","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study was conducted to assess the accuracy of ¹⁷⁷Lu quantification using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5 MCNP5. The developed code was verified against calibration factor (CF) measured experimentally. The CF for converting SPECT data into units of activity concentration was determined by modeling two phantom configurations: (1) a uniform ¹⁷⁷Lu concentration of 5.3600 ± 0.0005 MBq/mL in 20 mL Petri dish, resulting in a CF₁ of 12.5 ± 1.5 cps/MBq, and (2) a 65.4 mL radioactive sphere (5.0 cm diameter) within a non-radioactive background in a cylindrical Jaszczak phantom, yielding a CF₂ of 16.0 ± 2.0 cps/MBq. The significant difference between CF₁ and CF₂ (21.26 %) highlights the impact of phantom size and geometry on the calibration process. The quantification error was evaluated using recovery coefficient (RC) of the spherical inserts in a NEMA phantom. The established CFs and RCs provide a reliable framework for accurate activity quantification in ¹⁷⁷Lu SPECT imaging using the established MCNP5 code. Our findings suggest that MCNP5 simulations can effectively model the SPECT imaging process, accounting for factors such as photon attenuation and scatter, offering the potential for improved dosimetry calculations in radionuclide therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111786"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEGM: Hierarchical Ensemble Generation Model for nuclear reaction cross sections generation","authors":"Changsong Jin,&nbsp;Jianmin Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Yang,&nbsp;Hanqing Li,&nbsp;Tiejun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and reliable nuclear reaction cross section data are crucial for nuclear reactor design, nuclear energy development, and nuclear safety assessments. Traditional methods for generating nuclear data face significant challenges, including high costs, long time frames, and incomplete coverage. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) offer new opportunities for nuclear data generation, but existing methods struggle with the scarcity of experimental data, limiting their ability to generate high-precision and broadly applicable cross section data. This paper introduces the <strong>H</strong>ierarchical <strong>E</strong>nsemble <strong>G</strong>eneration <strong>M</strong>odel (HEGM), a novel AI-driven approach to nuclear reaction cross section generation. HEGM combines transfer learning, meta-learning, prototype networks, and generative adversarial networks to address the challenges of sparse data and improve predictive accuracy. We evaluate HEGM’s performance on isotopes ¹⁶O and ²³⁸U and compare it with conventional machine learning models, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Networks. The experimental results demonstrate that HEGM significantly outperforms traditional models, achieving a 25% reduction in Mean Squared Error (MSE), a 20% reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and a 15% improvement in the coefficient of determination (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) compared to the baseline ENDF/B-VIII.0 database and EXFOR experimental data. Specifically, HEGM achieved a 28% reduction in MAE for ¹⁶O, and a 15% reduction for ²³⁸U. These results highlight the model’s superior accuracy and robustness, particularly in resonance regions where experimental data is sparse. HEGM’s hierarchical ensemble structure allows for enhanced predictive performance, making it an effective tool for nuclear data generation in data-limited regions. The promising results suggest that AI-driven approaches like HEGM can provide a powerful alternative to traditional nuclear data evaluation methods. Future work will explore further model enhancements, including expanding to additional isotopes and nuclear reactions, as well as integrating HEGM with reactor simulation models to improve reactor design and nuclear energy research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111773"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of radioisotope production by neutron spectral selection: Mathematical and computational approaches","authors":"M. C Alberto ,&nbsp;P.R.C Tarcisio","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main goal is to investigate the theoretical feasibility of producing neutron-rich radioisotopes in a Selective Spectral Resonant Selector (RSS), targeting radiative neutron capture reactions in precursor nuclides. The reaction rates of the precursor nuclides and contaminants were evaluated and converted into normalized activity per unit mass, assuming an arbitrary input intensity. Two distinct RSS MB and MR configurations were considered in the problem-solving approach. RSS MB with a neutron source of 10⁸ n.s⁻¹, 3d exposure time, provides the specific activities (MB.g⁻¹) of close to 896 to ¹⁵³Sm; 306, ¹⁷⁷Lu; 804, ¹⁸⁸Re; 1190 ¹⁶⁶Ho; while RSS MR provides 36 to ¹⁷⁷Lu; 10, ¹⁶⁹Yb; 135, ¹⁹²Ir, as example. As a benchmark, the comparative performance of RSS and traditional radioisotope production was assessed based on an activation potential parameter η, providing values 3.2M, 1.1k, 620 for ¹⁵³Sm,¹⁷⁷Lu,¹⁸⁸Re, respectively, with RSS MR achieving significantly higher potential compared to nuclear reactors. The reaction ¹⁸⁷Re(n,γ)¹⁸⁸Re in a natural abundant target cannot be used in a nuclear reactor due to large contamination; however, RSS MR demonstrates the capability to produce ¹⁸⁸Re with 60 times the activity of the contaminant ¹⁸⁶Re. The specific activities and benchmark parameters from different radionuclides demonstrates the effectiveness of the RSS for radioisotope production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111782"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron dose optimisation based on tumour thickness and shape for photon multi-leaf collimated megavoltage electrons","authors":"D. van Eeden,&nbsp;F.C.P. du Plessis","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed an optimisation method that considers tumour thickness for modulated electron radiation treatment (MERT) at a treatment distance of 60 cm. It comprises forming a tumour bed matrix from which a transformed tumour bed matrix is derived. From the discrete tumour bed depth data, electron beam segments were extracted, which were further decomposed into sub-beams. The EGSnrc-based Monte Carlo codes BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc were used to model a linear accelerator and to score 3-D dose data for various field sizes (sub-beams) in a water phantom model.</div><div>The use of different energy and intensity-modulated electron sub-beams to irradiate a parotid lesion was investigated by applying the developed optimisation method. After each sub-beam energy was determined, a least square cost function minimisation was invoked to deliver a minimum dose to the tumour volume and produce a set of weight factors synonymous with beam intensity modulation.</div><div>This study describes a technique to derive apertures and suitable sub-beam energy to provide a method for planning a robust MERT technique that yields dose-covering results and dose spread within the tumour that aligns with literature studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111785"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma spectroscopy measurements of fresh charcoal samples from the Hartlepool advanced gas-cooled reactor","authors":"M.A. Goodwin ,&nbsp;A. Petts ,&nbsp;J.L. McLarty ,&nbsp;D.L. Chester ,&nbsp;T.C. Stokes ,&nbsp;B. Milbrath","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radionuclides are emitted from nuclear power reactors to the atmosphere and are often measured on the International Monitoring System (IMS) – the primary tool of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) for monitoring for signs of nuclear explosions around the world. During refuel of an advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) the coolant gas is processed and filtered before being exhausted to the atmosphere. Charcoal and filter paper samples from the processing plant have been measured using high purity germanium γ-ray detectors to identify which radionuclides are present and the activities calculated. Isotopes of radioxenon generated primarily by fission (¹³³Xe, ¹³⁵Xe, ^131mXe, ^133mXe) and by activation (¹²⁵Xe, ¹²⁷Xe, ^129mXe) were identified, as well as ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co and ⁷⁵Se. In addition, radionuclide identification confirmation and activity quantification was made using γ-γ coincidence measurement, which provides a more sensitive measurement for low-activity radionuclides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of γ-ray irradiation on insect pests, physicochemical properties, and microbial community of strong-flavor Daqu during maturation","authors":"Yu Zeng ,&nbsp;Yue Qiu ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Liquan Du ,&nbsp;Fei Xie ,&nbsp;Jin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Daqu is the fermentation starter of Chinese Baijiu, which is one of the six major types of liquor in the world. However, the incubation and maturation processes of Daqu are prone to infestation by pests, resulting in compromised quality and decreased grade. Irradiation technology, as an effective insecticide, has been applied to the insecticide treatment of grain. In this study, γ-ray irradiation was used to control pests during the maturation of Daqu. By analyzing the changes in the microbial communities and physicochemical properties of Baijiu Daqu bricks during maturation with time and irradiation dose, an optimal irradiation dose was obtained. The results showed that after γ-ray irradiation treatment at 0.27–0.36 kGy, all stages of insect pests in Daqu died within one month. Irradiation at a dose of 0.27 kGy could improve saccharifying power and liquefying power, and reduce acidity. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between saccharifying power and <em>Lactobacillaceae</em>, <em>Marinilabiliaceae</em>, and <em>Saccharomycopsidaceae</em>, as well as between liquefying power and <em>Lactobacillaceae</em>, <em>Aspergillaceae</em>, and <em>Phaffomycetaceae</em>. Additionally, the number of pests positively correlated with <em>Bacillaceae</em>, <em>Thermoactinomycetaceae</em>, <em>Thermoascaceae</em>, and <em>Trichocomaceae</em>, suggesting that the activity of pests in Daqu might lead to an increase in the proportion of these microorganisms. This work provides a reference for the control of insect pests and microorganisms in Daqu and offers new insights for the application of irradiation technology in the Baijiu Daqu industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111780"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring differential radiosensitivity in soybean genotypes exposed to gamma rays and determining optimal doses for induced mutagenesis","authors":"Vikrant Khare ,&nbsp;S.K. Gupta ,&nbsp;J.G. Manjaya","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionizing radiation serves as a powerful tool in mutation breeding, enabling plant breeders to induce genetic variability and develop novel crop varieties with desirable traits. This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation, a potent form of ionizing radiation, on four soybean cultivars. The cultivars were exposed to gamma ray doses ranging from 0 Gy (control) to 600 Gy. The objective was to assess the impact of varying radiation doses on soybean genotypes and determine the optimal dose for induced mutagenesis based on lethal dose (LD50) and growth reduction (GR50) studies. Results revealed a negative correlation between increasing gamma doses and seedling growth across all genotypes. This was evident from reductions in shoot length, survival percentage, plant height, germination percentage, and dry weight. Interestingly, root length exhibited radiation hormesis, showing stimulation at low doses. Among seedling traits, shoot length and survival percentage were identified as the most sensitive to gamma radiation. The study found genotype-specific differences in radiosensitivity, with LD50 values ranging from 313 to 345 Gy and GR50 values from 295 to 335 Gy across the tested genotypes. Notably, JS 20–98 emerged as the most sensitive genotype, while MACS 13 was the most tolerant. These findings underscore the necessity of standardizing optimal radiation doses for each genotype prior to large-scale mutagenesis programs to ensure the efficient generation of desired mutants. This research highlights the intricate relationship between radiation dose and genotype-specific responses, offering critical insights for developing effective mutation breeding strategies. The study provides a robust foundation for utilizing gamma irradiation in soybean improvement programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111778"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monte Carlo simulation of 133La/135La cyclotron production","authors":"Fuqiu Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Liu ,&nbsp;Dacan Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Xu ,&nbsp;Wanting Cheng ,&nbsp;Xuze Tang ,&nbsp;Guixiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pair ¹³³La/¹³⁵La presents considerable potential for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine. Consequently, the implementation of a simulated production process for ¹³³La/¹³⁵La is crucial to identify a cost-efficient approach. This study utilized the Monte Carlo method to simulate and assess the bombardment parameters and production conditions for generating ¹³³La/¹³⁵La via a proton cyclotron. Three barium target materials, ^natBaCO₃, ^natBa metal, and ¹³⁵BaCO₃, were examined for ¹³³La/¹³⁵La yields. The impact of proton energy, cooling time, and target thickness on the ¹³³La/¹³⁵La yields were assessed utilizing TALYS, FLUKA, and SRIM software. The results indicate that the proton energy range necessary for attaining elevated yields of ¹³³La and ¹³⁵La in ^natBaCO₃ and ^natBa metal targets is 23–24 MeV, with the optimal energy being 23.9 MeV. For the ¹³⁵BaCO₃ target, the proton energies required for ¹³³La and ¹³⁵La are approximately 30.2 MeV and 12.8 MeV, respectively. A cooling time of 2–3 h is advised for the natural barium target, whereas 1–2 h is appropriate for the ¹³⁵BaCO₃ target. The highest yield is attained when the target thickness approaches the proton range. The practical and accurate application of this simulation for designing and optimizing radionuclide production is corroborated by the alignment of experimental and simulation results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8096,"journal":{"name":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 111774"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}