Annals of Biomedical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the Functional Severity of Carotid Artery Stenosis Using an Image-Based Hemodynamic Modeling Method.","authors":"Yingjie Xia, Changpeng Wang, Xuanyu Li, Yan Wang, Fuyou Liang","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04165-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04165-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The distal-to-proximal pressure ratio (dpPR) has emerged as a superior indicator compared to the diameter stenosis rate (DSR) for assessing the functional severity of carotid artery stenosis (CAS). However, unlike DSR, dpPR cannot be directly determined by vascular imaging. In this study, we developed a hemodynamic modeling method to predict dpPR based on medical images available in clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multiscale modeling method was employed to integrate a three-dimensional (3D) hemodynamic model of CAS into a lumped-parameter model of systemic hemodynamics, while incorporating patient-specific geometric information of large cerebral arteries derived from computed tomography angiography (CTA) images. The 3D modeling method was validated through in vitro fluid dynamics experiments, while the accuracy of the resulting multiscale model in predicting dpPR was evaluated by comparing model predictions with invasive pressure wire measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model-predicted dpPR values for 27 carotid artery stenoses demonstrated strong agreement with invasive measurements, with a mean relative error of - 0.8% and a standard deviation of 2.5%. dpPR was only moderately correlated with DSR (r = - 0.55, p = 0.003). Further analysis revealed that the anatomical structure of the circle of Willis (CoW) is a major factor influencing the relationship between dpPR and DSR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Constructing a multiscale model based on CTA images provides a practical approach for assessing the hemodynamic impact of CAS. The significant influence of CoW's anatomical structure on the relationship between dpPR and DSR underscores the importance of considering systemic cerebral hemodynamics when evaluating the functional severity of CAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Strain-Flow Analysis for Early Assessment of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.","authors":"Mohammad Saber Hashemi, Ahmad Falahatpisheh, Yasaman Farsiani, Yuri Matusov, Siddharth Singh, Kambiz Ghafourian, Gianni Pedrizzetti, Arash Kheradvar","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04153-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04153-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Early detection of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is essential in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) but remains challenging using conventional echocardiography. This study investigates the feasibility of a noninvasive, physics-based framework using three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography that integrates myocardial strain and volumetric flow analysis to characterize RV mechanical performance across stages of PAH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective pilot study (N = 15) enrolled healthy controls, PAH patients with preserved RV size, and PAH patients with RV dysfunction. Deformation was evaluated by principal strain analysis and by conventional (longitudinal, circumferential) components. Hemodynamic metrics included hemodynamic forces and energetic properties that were derived using a physics-informed volumetric echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (V-Echo-PIV) method applied to contrast-enhanced acquisitions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Deformation analysis revealed that longitudinal strain was significantly reduced even in PAH patients with preserved RV dimensions, while second principal (secondary) strain showed a distinctive sign reversal, indicating a paradoxical systolic lengthening, early in the disease. The analysis of hemodynamic forces showed a marked reduction in systolic propulsion across all PAH stages. In contrast, energetic abnormalities were predominantly observed at later stage of the disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The integration of 3D myocardial strain with fluid dynamics provides a comprehensive physiological assessment of RV remodeling. While strain and systolic propulsion appear as sensitive markers for early dysfunction, diastolic energetics may support disease staging. This noninvasive framework shows promise for early detection and longitudinal monitoring of PAH patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Geometry Scanning and Structural Integrity Assessment to Advance Meniscus Allograft Transplantation.","authors":"Shuchun Sun, Ge Pan, Jichao Zhao, William Michael Pullen, Jian Chen, Haiyang Ma, William C Bridges, Dustin Mueller, Hai Yao, Shangping Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04162-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04162-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Meniscal allograft transplantation can restore joint biomechanics and alleviate symptoms, but its clinical use is limited by the scarcity of size-matched, structurally intact grafts. Current two-dimensional sizing and subjective inspection in tissue banks fail to capture complex three-dimensional geometry and subtle surface defects, highlighting the need for an accurate, reliable, and practical solution for routine donor tissue evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed an integrated system combining optical 3D scanning with curvature-based analysis for 3D geometry capture and surface defect detection in meniscus allografts. System performance was validated in terms of scanner accuracy and tissue bank workflow feasibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The system completes each scan within 2 versus ~ 60 min for micro-computed tomography (μCT). It demonstrated μCT-comparable accuracy (mean volume difference: 6.9%; surface deviation: 8.3%). Scanning through phosphate buffer saline (PBS)-immersed transparent bags yielded equivalent accuracy to scanning in air (mean volume difference: 7.2%; surface deviation: 12.5%). The workflow demonstrated high intra- and inter-operator reproducibility. Viability testing revealed PBS-preserved tissues maintained > 94% viability for 20 min, whereas air-exposed tissues dropped below 70% within 10 min. For defect assessment, curvature metrics reliably identified surface wear, longitudinal, and radial defects, with size measurements for wear and longitudinal tears showing equivalence (± 10% margin) to stereomicroscopy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This portable system enables accurate and rapid 3D scanning under tissue banking conditions and quantitative surface defect detection. It supports improved graft shape matching and surface defect screening, offering a practical and scalable solution for tissue banks and clinical settings, potentially extendable to other fibrocartilaginous and osteochondral tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing 3D aortic root models for in vitro assessment of calcific aortic valve stenosis.","authors":"Nicoletta Curcio, Luigi Bernardi, Antonio Rosato, Fabio Pappalardo, Martina Schembri, Michele Conti, Riccardo Vismara, Riccardo Gorla, Pietro Spagnolo, Lorenzo Menicanti, Alessandro Parolari, Giacomo Bortolussi, Francesco Sturla","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04163-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04163-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) is marked by leaflet stiffening and narrowing of the aortic valve (AV) orifice. Severe AS is clinically defined by mean transvalvular pressure drop (ΔP) ≥ 40 mmHg and aortic valve area (AVA) ≤ 1.0 cm². Aortic root (AR) phantoms were developed to mimic the hemodynamic features of calcific AS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A parametric AR geometry was reconstructed from computed tomography angiography of patients with AV stenosis. Phantoms were fabricated via silicone casting over 3D-printed molds, varying two parameters: calcium phosphate content (50 vs. 100 mg) and AV free-margin incision (50 vs. 100%). Phantoms were tested in a pulsatile mock loop to measure ΔP, regurgitation, and AVA. Unconfined compression tests were performed on cylindrical silicone-calcium specimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All phantoms maintained structural integrity and consistently reproduced moderate-to-severe AS hemodynamic conditions: ΔP ranged between 22 and 49 mmHg, while maximum AVA decreased from 1.14 to 0.49 cm². All configurations achieved complete diastolic coaptation. In a generalized linear mixed-effects model, both calcium burden and, more prominently, free-margin incision significantly influenced AS severity. Inter-phantom variability was negligible, and repeated measurements within the same phantom reported low residual variability. Compressive stiffness of the silicone-calcium composite (0.3-2 MPa) well aligned with ex vivo calcified leaflet tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed modeling strategy and AR phantoms reliably replicate calcific AS hemodynamics. With further refinement and validation, this experimental framework could support fair and reproducible hemodynamic comparisons under controlled experimental conditions across the wide spectrum of AS phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-Specific Constitutive Models Based on Biaxial and Microstructural Characterisation of Fresh Human Gastric Tissue.","authors":"François Fournier, Thierry Bège, Jean-Philippe Dales, Mohamed Yahya Cheikh-Sidi-Ely, Adrien Ugon, Akram Redjdal, Wei Wei, Catherine Masson","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04160-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04160-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>As obesity has reached pandemic proportions worldwide, improving technical solutions for its treatment requires robust planning and numerical modelling. Yet existing material models obtained from biaxial tensile test are scarce and based only on frozen human or porcine samples, without histological quantitative consideration. Our objective was to generate fresh-human biaxial data including microstructure orientation/dispersion and provide patient-specific material models suitable for biofidelic FE modelling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fundus and corpus samples of human stomach (10 sleeve-gastrectomy patients) underwent planar biaxial testing at two rates (0.1 and 1 mm·s⁻¹) and three displacement ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). Full-field strain was measured by digital image correlation. Collagen orientation/dispersion were extracted from histology using machine learning techniques. An incompressible anisotropic hyperelastic law (neo-Hookean matrix + two fibre families) was fitted per specimen across all ratios/directions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A consistent hierarchy emerged despite inter-patient variability with corpus stiffer than fundus, and longitudinal orientation stiffer than circumferential. Higher speed resulted in higher stress. In terms of safe characterisation limit (measured at 0.1 mm·s⁻¹), median true-strain at safe characterisation limit was 0.33 (corpus) vs 0.38 (fundus). Isotropic matrix-only model failed to fit ratios/directions simultaneously while anisotropic model reproduced multi-ratio responses with R² > 0.7 both in circumferential and longitudinal in respectively 85 and 81% of specimen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fresh-human, full-field biaxial data coupled to quantified collagen architecture yield specimen-level parameters and region-specific safe-stretch thresholds, enabling biofidelic, patient-specific FE simulations of gastric procedures and device-tissue interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venous Offenders in Hemifacial Spasm: A Missing Piece in the Hemodynamic Puzzle.","authors":"Chenglong Cao","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04164-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04164-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This letter to the editor comments on a recent computational fluid dynamics study by You et al. on hemodynamic features of offending arteries in hemifacial spasm (HFS). While the original study provides valuable insights into arterial compression, it omits venous offenders and multi-vessel compression scenarios. Drawing on clinical cases and surgical evidence, this letter highlights the independent role of veins (e.g., the vein of the middle cerebellar peduncle) and the complexity of vertebral artery involvement. It argues that future CFD studies should include venous etiologies and multi-vessel configurations to improve diagnostic accuracy and surgical planning. The hemodynamic differences between arterial and venous compression are discussed, and the potential utility of parameters such as TAWSSR for venous offenders is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning for Cardiac Wall Motion Analysis: A Review of Methods, Challenges, and Clinical Applications.","authors":"Mohammadali Monfared, Bahram Kakavand, Amirtahà Taebi","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04147-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04147-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormalities in cardiac wall motion are strong predictors of cardiovascular risk, making their accurate detection essential for early diagnosis and effective clinical management. Traditional imaging modalities such as echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) provide valuable insights but face limitations related to accessibility, cost, and the complexity of spatiotemporal analysis. Recent advances in machine learning (ML), particularly deep learning (DL), have enabled automated extraction of spatial and temporal features from medical imaging. They improved accuracy in segmentation, motion estimation, and detection of regional wall motion abnormalities. This paper reviews state-of-the-art methods for predicting cardiac wall motion, with emphasis on DL applications across echocardiography, 4D CT, and cine MRI datasets. Representative studies demonstrate the potential of convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and transformers to achieve performance comparable to expert clinicians, while also highlighting challenges such as data scarcity, model interpretability, and limited external validation. Addressing these issues will be critical for translating ML-based approaches into routine practice, and integration of advanced imaging with robust ML frameworks helps in developing a reliable cardiac wall motion simulators for personalized treatment planning and improved cardiovascular care.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemodynamic Evaluation for Mitral Valve Replacement.","authors":"Xinyi He, Shuyi Feng, Xingchao Zhang, Fan Wu, Hongping Wang, Shizhao Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04157-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04157-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Mitral valve replacement (MVR) alters the physiological hemodynamic environment in the left ventricle, potentially leading to complications. This in vitro study aims to investigate the impact of different mitral valves (native, bioprosthetic, and mechanical valves) on the flow and blood transport in the left ventricle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A custom-made left heart simulator was used, considering three different mitral valves: native, bioprosthetic, and mechanical valves. Time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV) was employed to obtain three-dimensional ventricular flow. The particle residence time and the apical-transit ratio were quantified by tracking virtual tracers within the measured flow fields.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prosthetic valves fundamentally change diastolic vortex structures. The native valve forms a saddle-shaped vortex ring, the bioprosthetic valve produces a nearly circular vortex ring, and the mechanical valve generates a crescent-shaped starting vortex below the leaflets. Quantitatively, the native valve results in the shortest blood residence time and the highest apical-transit ratio, indicating optimal blood transport efficiency compared to both bioprosthetic and mechanical valves.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Efficient left ventricular pumping requires not only timely ejection but also physiological vortex-driven apical washout. This insight represents a key consideration for future prosthetic valve design.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature Effects on the Impact Attenuation Performance of American Football Helmets and Padding Materials.","authors":"Alireza Abbasi Ghiri, Sophia Jane Cavanaugh, Andres Adrian Nuñez, Morteza Seidi","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04161-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04161-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While American football games are played across a wide range of temperatures, current helmet rating protocols assess performance primarily at room temperature. This study evaluates how temperature influences impact attenuation performance of American football helmets and their padding systems. Six top-ranked NFL helmet models and their padding units were tested at four controlled temperatures (- 10, 5, 23, and 38 °C). Padding units were evaluated using drop tests (4.9 kg, 2.4 m/s) to measure peak acceleration, transmitted force, strain, and impact duration. Helmets were tested using a linear impactor (15.6 kg, 5.5 m/s) with a Hybrid III headform instrumented for measuring head peak linear accelerations (PLA) and angular velocities (PAV). Head injury criterion (HIC) and DAMAGE metrics were also calculated. Colder conditions (- 10, 5 °C), compared to room temperature (23 °C), stiffened padding responses, significantly increasing peak acceleration and transmitted force by up to 307% and 331%, respectively, while reducing strain and impact duration in drop testing. Similarly, helmet tests showed significant increases up to 56%, 44%, 86%, and 23% in PLA, PAV, HIC, and DAMAGE, respectively, compared to 23 °C. Warm conditions (38 °C) softened padding materials, producing significantly higher strain and impact durations by up to 38% and 56%, respectively, while helmet-level responses showed no significant change across head kinematic or injury metrics, compared to 23 °C. These findings demonstrate that temperature can influence impact attenuation performance of helmets. Incorporating more comprehensive temperature-dependent evaluation into helmet design and rating protocols is essential, ensuring consistent protection across diverse environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embolic Transport in LVAD Outflow: An Experimental Study Using Patient-Specific and Idealized Aortic Models.","authors":"Hamid Mansouri, Muaz Kemerli, Robroy MacIver, Omid Amili","doi":"10.1007/s10439-026-04136-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04136-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a mechanical pump that provides circulatory support as a bridge-to-cardiac transplantation or as a destination therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. A potential adverse event of LVAD support is thrombus ingestion or formation, which may then travel through the device into the cerebral arteries, causing ischemic strokes. Previous numerical simulations of embolus transport within LVAD systems have exhibited inconsistencies in the results in assessing the fate of emboli in LVAD settings. These disparities prompted the development of an experimental framework tailored for a systematic measurement of particle transport in the context of LVADs. In this in vitro study, we utilized a nearly refractive-index-matched time-resolved particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) system to resolve and visualize particle trajectories within each aortic model, complemented by particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. We also conducted a meticulous measurement of particle weight in each individual branch by collecting the particles from each outlet. Four LVAD patients, as well as two idealized models of the human aorta, each featuring a cannula grafted at an anastomosis angle of 45 degrees, were considered. Thin-wall high-resolution phantoms of these models were 3D-printed with precision and placed in a flow loop that provided physiological flow conditions. Three different sizes of precision fluorescent beads (neutrally buoyant) with particle-to-cannula diameter ratios of <math> <mrow><msub><mi>d</mi> <mi>p</mi></msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>D</mi></mrow> </math> = 0.031, 0.053, 0.075 were used to replicate emboli at two clinically relevant flow rates, spanning over 50 experimental cases combined. This systematic investigation reveals that particle distributions largely follow the branchwise flow split, nearly independent of the range of Stokes numbers and inlet Reynolds numbers examined. This finding partially challenges commonly held assumptions in LVAD studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}