Annals of Biomedical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Development of a Semi-automatic Finite Element Modeling Workflow for the Evaluation of Cranial Suture-Bone Complex Temporal Strain Evolution During Growth.","authors":"Tsolmonbaatar Khurelbaatar, Mahzad Sadati, Rachel Schultz, Leah Fisher, Emilie Robertson, Curtis Budden, Tracy Popowics, Michael R Doschak, Christopher R Dennison, Lindsey Westover, Dan L Romanyk","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03710-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03710-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to develop a semi-automatic workflow for medical image segmentation and finite element (FE) modeling. The workflow was subsequently used to investigate the temporal evolution of the localized mechanical strain in the rat coronal suture during normal growth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The subject-specific FE models were created based on in vivo longitudinal micro-computed tomography images acquired from n = 4 rats (AUP00003759, 11/04/2021). The FE models were created through a semi-automatic workflow that consisted of a semi-automatic segmentation of the rat cranial sutures, a simplified full skull model, and the detailed coronal suture model. Simulated intracranial pressure loading was implemented, and the localized equivalent, maximum principal, and minimum principal strains were estimated at volumes of interest (VOIs) selected along the suture-bone interface.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The semi-automatic segmentations were consistent among operators with a coefficient of variation of 1.8% and showed good agreement compared to the manual segmentation, with maximum differences of 4.1% and 2.0% in terms of suture volume and surface area, respectively. The estimated strains evolved with a trend increasing from 7 to 9 week and 9 to 11 week time intervals and decreasing from 11 to 16 week time interval for all VOIs. The results showed that strains at VOIs significantly changed (p < 0.05) over time. The concave regions of the suture experienced the highest magnitude of strains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presented research has developed an appropriate semi-automatic FE workflow capable of evaluating temporal changes in mechanical strain of cranial sutures during growth, and was utilized to demonstrate transient and location-specific changes in the rat coronal suture.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The I-PREDICT 50th Percentile Male Finite Element Model: Development and Validation of the Torso.","authors":"Zachary S Hostetler, Drew DiSerafino, Alex Kalmar-Gonzalo, Derek Jones, Lance Frazer, Dan Nicolella, Matthew Davis","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03704-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03704-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behind Armor Blunt Trauma (BABT) is a phenomenon that occurs when energy is transferred from Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to the human body and can range from minor to fatal injuries. The current standard to evaluate PPE uses Roma Plastilina No. 1 clay and has a poor correlation to human injuries. To provide a more suitable human surrogate for evaluating risk of injury and functional incapacitation due to BABT, the Incapacitation Prediction for Readiness in Expeditionary Domains: an Integrated Computational Tool (I-PREDICT) has developed a 50th percentile male human body model (HBM) to better understand injury mechanisms in the BABT environment. The model was developed using a hierarchical validation approach including component, regional, and whole torso level tests. Material properties were sourced from literature and I-PREDICT experimental test data, and the model was simulated in 25 different validation cases ranging from component level quasi-static tests to high-rate BABT impacts. The model was stable in all 25 simulations. CORrelation and Analysis (CORA) and BioRank were used to objectively quantify the model response. The average CORA and BioRank across all validation cases were 0.78 ± 0.18 and 0.68 ± 0.27, respectively, indicating 'good' agreement by CORA standards and 'excellent' by BioRank standards. When compared to high-rate BABT experimental impacts on post-mortem human subjects, the I-PREDICT HBM accurately predicted rib fracture probability. The ultimate goal of the I-PREDICT model is to predict injury and functional incapacitation for various in theater military applications. This study highlights the development and validation of the I-PREDICT torso and highlights initial BABT use cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscles Functioning as Primary Shoulder Movers Aid the Rotator Cuff Muscles in Increasing Active Glenohumeral Stiffness.","authors":"Constantine P Nicolozakes, Julia S Schmulewitz, Daniel Ludvig, Emma M Baillargeon, Margaret S Danziger, Amee L Seitz, Eric J Perreault","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03683-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03683-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Active stability is essential to preventing dislocations and the focus of rehabilitation following dislocations. This is thought to arise from shoulder muscles compressing the humeral head into the glenoid (called concavity compression). However, shoulder muscles may also resist humeral head translation through increases in intrinsic muscle stiffness, an unexplored mechanism. Our objective was to quantify shoulder muscles' contributions to changes in glenohumeral stiffness, or the resistance to humeral head translation. We hypothesized that primary shoulder movers (e.g., the pectoralis major or deltoid) would differ from rotator cuff muscles in how much they increase glenohumeral stiffness because they leverage their intrinsic stiffness in addition to concavity compression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured glenohumeral stiffness across a range of isometric muscle activation levels in shoulder abduction and used electromyography to estimate the contributions of rotator cuff muscles and primary shoulder movers. We then created a musculoskeletal model to evaluate individual muscle contributions to glenohumeral stiffness through both concavity compression and intrinsic muscle stiffness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that muscle activity in primary shoulder movers was a better predictor of active glenohumeral stiffness than in rotator cuff muscles (R² = 0.81 vs 0.36, P < 0.001). Our musculoskeletal model demonstrated that concavity compression is the primary stabilizing mechanism for most shoulder muscles, yet the muscles that increase glenohumeral stiffness the most also do so considerably through their intrinsic muscle stiffness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results emphasize the importance of primary shoulder movers as active stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint and highlight their potential importance in preventing shoulder dislocations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling Negative and Positive Power for Efficiency Enhancement and Muscle Strain Mitigation During Squatting with a Portable Knee Exoskeleton.","authors":"Shuangyue Yu, Lu Liu, Sainan Zhang, Antonio Di Lallo, Junxi Zhu, Qifei Wu, Guoyu Zuo, Xianlian Zhou, Hao Su","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03696-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03696-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Workers face a notable risk of musculoskeletal injuries when performing squatting tasks. Knee exoskeletons offer a promising solution to mitigate muscle strain through squat assistance. However, existing studies on knee exoskeletons lack a comprehensive study that meets the multifaceted requirements of squatting assistance in terms of portability, efficiency, and muscle strain mitigation. Furthermore, another open research question pertains to the control strategy of squat assistance, which should be adaptable to various postures and cadences for different individuals. In particular, the effect of controlling negative power assistance during the squat-down phase is not studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To fill these two gaps, first, we develop a simple (computationally efficient and implementable in a microcontroller) and generalizable (for different postures, cadences, and individuals) torque controller for portable knee exoskeletons that delivers both negative and positive power. Our portable knee exoskeleton can benefit users by enhancing efficiency (reducing metabolic cost, heart rate, breathing ventilation), mitigating muscle strain (reducing EMG), and reducing perceived exertion (reducing Borg 6-20 scale) during squatting. Second, we study the effect of three levels of negative power assistance during the squat-down phase.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study integrates comprehensive biomechanics and physiology analyses that evaluate our exoskeleton's effectiveness using four objective and two subjective metrics with a group of able-bodied subjects (n = 7). The exoskeleton reduced metabolic cost by 12.8%, heart rate by 13.8%, breathing ventilation by 8.9%, and reduced extensor muscle activity by 39.4-43.2%, flexor muscle activity by 18.9-20.3%, and Borg perceived exertion rate by 1.8 during squatting compare with not wearing the robot.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Different from the musculoskeletal model predictions that suggest increasing benefit with a higher level of negative power assistance, we find that the best performances were achieved with a moderate level of negative power assistance, followed by no assistance and then high assistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Rigid-Flexible Multibody Analysis Reveals Reduced Pedicle Screw Loads in Short-Segment Fixation for Decompressed Lumbar Spine Stabilization.","authors":"Simone Borrelli, Giovanni Putame, Stefano Marone, Andrea Ferro, Alberto L Audenino, Mara Terzini","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03706-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03706-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Spinal cord compression in patients with vertebral metastases often requires surgical decompression with spinal fixation. Recent studies reported increased implant failures due to mechanical complications, raising concerns about current clinical practices. Long-segment fixation (Lf) is commonly employed to enhance mechanical stability and reduce the severity of pedicle screw failure. The study investigates how the number of vertebral levels involved in fixation affects the loads on pedicle screw anchorages in a fatigue-related displacement domain.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using a rigid-flexible multibody approach, a non-linear T12-S1 model was employed to simulate two fixation types following L3 posterior decompression surgery: Lf spanning two levels above and below the decompression site (L1, L2, L4, and L5) and a short-segment fixation (Sf) involving only adjacent vertebrae. Internal reactions at the rod-pedicle screw anchorages were estimated in terms of pullout, shear forces, and bending moments. The range of motion analysed (flexion: 22°, extension: 8°, lateral bending: 12°, axial rotation: 5°) was confined to the \"Cone of Economy\", representing a small-displacement volume where loads are assumed cyclically exchanged.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lf exhibited up to fivefold higher reactions than Sf, with a heterogeneous shear force distribution: middle screws appeared shielded, while extremity screws were overloaded (~400 N, comparable to experimental fatigue strength). Pullout forces remained within safe limits (< 150 N).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The rigid-flexible multibody approach effectively estimated internal loads in the implant-spine constructs under dynamic conditions. The findings highlight the long-term implications of Lf, demonstrating that involving more vertebral levels triggers adverse loads on pedicle screws, potentially compromising implant durability.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncalibrated Single-Camera View Video Tracking of Head Impact Speeds Using Model-Based Image Matching.","authors":"Nicole E-P Stark, Ethan S Henley, Brianna A Reilly, John S Nowinski, Gabrielle M Ferro, Michael L Madigan, Damon R Kuehl, Steve Rowson","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03705-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03705-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study evaluates the accuracy of a model-based image matching (MBIM) approach with model calibration for tracking head impact speeds in uncalibrated spaces from single-camera views.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two validation datasets were used. The first included 36 videos of guided NOCSAE headform drops at varying camera positions (heights, distances, camera angles) where a speed gate measured vertical impact speed. The second dataset had eight videos of participants performing ladder falls with marked helmets, captured using a 12-camera motion capture system to track head impact speeds. Each video was tracked frame-by-frame, matching a 3D NOCSAE headform model to the head using MBIM software. Accuracy was assessed by comparing captured to MBIM-tracked speeds by the mean difference and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). A linear model assessed the influence of camera position.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For ideal camera views (90 degrees, height 1 or 1.4 m), MBIM-tracked vertical speeds were 0.04 ± 0.15 m/s faster than the true speed (RMSE 0.15 m/s; 2.3 ± 6.2% error). Across all 36 NOCSAE videos, MBIM-tracked vertical speeds were 0.03 ± 0.19 m/s faster (RMSE 0.19 m/s; 1.8 ± 6.9 % error). In participant videos, MBIM-tracked resultant speeds were 0.01 ± 0.33 m/s slower (RMES 0.31; 0.7 ± 9.5% error) compared to motion capture.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MBIM with model calibration can analyze head impact kinematics from single-camera footage without environment calibration, achieving reasonable accuracy compared to other systems. Analyzing head impact kinematics from uncalibrated single-camera footage presents significant opportunities for assessing previously untraceable videos.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Center of Pressure of Medial Knee Contact Force Predicts Future Transition Risk of Knee Surgery in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis","authors":"Momoko Yamagata,&nbsp;Masashi Taniguchi,&nbsp;Hiroshige Tateuchi,&nbsp;Yoshiki Motomura,&nbsp;Masashi Kobayashi,&nbsp;Noriaki Ichihashi","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03707-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10439-025-03707-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"53 4","pages":"1002 - 1002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10439-025-03707-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Detailed Finite Element Model of the BIPED MK2 and Verification of Fidelity in Two Cases of Blunt Impact.","authors":"Robert Chauvet, Ashton Martin, Jennifer Rovt, Oren Petel, Simon Ouellet, Lindsey Westover, Christopher R Dennison","doi":"10.1007/s10439-024-03652-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-024-03652-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical surrogates of the human head are commonly used to model cranial impacts, assess helmet efficacy and assess likelihood of head injuries. The Brain Injury Protection Evaluation Device (BIPED mk2) is a head form that contains a brain simulant, cerebrospinal fluid layer (CSF), connective membranes, a skull and a skin layer, and can be configured to measure kinematics, pressures and strains. In design efforts to increase the biofidelity of surrogates, finite element models play a significant role in assessing design iterations that better mimic the biological response of the head during impact. This study aims to create a digital model of the BIPED mk2 and provide a robust comparison to experimental pressure and strain data, measured from specific impact scenarios. Kinematics from two separate frontal impact experiment campaigns were used to drive the BIPED mk2 finite element model. In the first experiments, brain pressure was extracted from in situ transducers. In the second, brain strain was extracted from post hoc imagery analysis. These pressure and strain data are the basis on which we verify the pressures and strains reported from the finite element model. Pressure and displacement time series responses were compared with experimental data using a CORrelation Analysis (CORA). The average CORA rating for pressure measurements taken at the front brain sensor was 0.701 using the kinematic model inputs and 0.851 for the force model inputs. For the rear brain sensor, the signals were deemed poor fits as the average CORA scores were 0.442 for the kinematic input and 0.255 for the force input. CORA ratings for the comparison of displacement data in the x (anterior-posterior) and z (superior-inferior) directions of the 18 nodes tested resulted in a range of values from 0.012 to 0.936. The results matched best in the interior but were poor along the perimeter of the brain depending on the location of the point in relation to the brain surface. We speculate the mixed findings are due in large part to the simplified CSF model, a potential focus for future model refinement.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Look \"Inside\" the Sport of Wrestling: Examination of Head Acceleration Events and Mechanisms in Female High-School Wrestlers Using Instrumented Mouthguards.","authors":"Kenzie B Friesen, Jean-Michel Galarneau, Emmanuel Olapade, Lyndia Wu, Chris Dennison, Carolyn A Emery","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03703-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03703-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To characterize true-positive head accelerations events (HAEs) captured with instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) in high-school female wrestlers using video-verification during matches and to measure players' perceptions of iMG use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty female high-school wrestlers (ages 16.4 ± 0.8 years) from 6 Canadian high schools wore Prevent boil-and-bite iMGs® during a total of 248 video-recorded player-matches. HAEs were identified during matches using Dartfish video analysis and match characteristics (periods of play, offensiveness, move type) were coded per HAE. The rate of HAEs was estimated and a multilevel multivariable analysis fitting all factors was employed to characterize the magnitude of velocities and accelerations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1313/1414 acceleration events accumulated during match events and above an 8 g threshold were labeled as true-positive (TP) HAEs (93%). Most HAEs occurred in matches with two periods and when the iMG player was engaged in neutral play (neither offensive or defensive). Most HAEs occurred during hand fighting (57.3% of all TP HAEs), followed by ground moves (13.8% of all TP HAEs), and takedowns (10.1% of all TP HAEs). Multivariable models showed offensive moves report higher magnitude peak velocities than during neutral moves. Ground moves, takedowns, and other moves showed higher peak velocities than during hand fighting. Headbutting and takedowns displayed higher peak accelerations than during hand fighting. Players' overall perception of iMG use was positive (comfort rating 0-10 scale: median 7.5; IQR 1.0).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HAEs occur most during the first period of matches, tournaments, and hand fighting followed by high-intensity moves, such as ground moves and takedowns.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Histological and Mechanical Behavior of Skin During Puncture for Different Impactor Sizes and Loading Rates.","authors":"Joseph LeSueur, Jared Koser, William Dzwierzynski, Brian D Stemper, Carolyn E Hampton, Michael Kleinberger, Frank A Pintar","doi":"10.1007/s10439-025-03699-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-025-03699-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The hierarchical structure of skin dictates its protective function against mechanical loading, which has been extensively studied through numerous experiments. Viscoelasticity and anisotropy have been defined for skin in tensile loading, but most puncture studies utilized skin simulants, which lacked natural tension and varying skin thicknesses. The purpose of this study was to define the mechanical behavior and failure thresholds of skin during puncture with various blunt impactor sizes and loading rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After determining natural tension of porcine skin, 232 isolated skin samples were loaded in puncture. Pre-conditioning, sub-failure, and failure trials were conducted with an electrohydraulic piston actuator loading pre-strained skin samples with a 3-, 5-, or 8-mm spherical impactor at rates of 5 to 1000 mm/s. Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine significant factors and predict probability of puncture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased skin thickness significantly increased RIII stiffness (p = 0.002), failure force (p < 0.001), and strain energy at failure (p = 0.002) and significantly decreased displacement at failure (p = 0.002). Significantly greater force, displacement, strain energy, and stiffness (p < 0.05) at failure were observed with the 8-mm impactor. Loading at 1000 mm/s resulted in significantly greater force (p = 0.026) and stiffness (p < 0.001) at failure compared to 5 mm/s and significantly decreased displacement at failure (p < 0.001). 3D-DIC strain maps displayed anisotropic behavior, and larger elliptical wounds resulted from puncture with an 8 mm impactor (p < 0.001). Quantitative histological analyses revealed collagen re-alignment near the impactor from pre-conditioning and minimal structural damage during sub-failure trials. Initial structural failure occurred in the reticular dermis followed by the papillary dermis and epidermis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presented failure metrics, with support from histological findings, may be utilized in development of protective clothing, improvement of computational models, and advancement in forensic sciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":7986,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}