Applied Biosafety最新文献

{"title":"In Vitro Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Using Gamma Radiation.","authors":"Anders Leung,&nbsp;Kaylie Tran,&nbsp;Jonathan Audet,&nbsp;Sherisse Lavineway,&nbsp;Nathalie Bastien,&nbsp;Jay Krishnan","doi":"10.1177/1535676020934242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020934242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is classified as a Risk Group 3 pathogen; propagative work with this live virus should be conducted in biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) laboratories. However, inactivated virus can be safely handled in BSL-2 laboratories. Gamma irradiation is one of the methods used to inactivate a variety of pathogens including viruses.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the radiation dose required to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and its effect, if any, on subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Aliquots of SARS-CoV-2 virus culture were subjected to increasing doses of gamma radiation to determine the proper dose required to inactivate the virus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data from irradiated samples was compared with that of the non-irradiated samples to assess the effect of gamma radiation on PCR assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A radiation dose of 1 Mrad was required to completely inactivate 10^6.5 TCID₅₀/ml of SARS-CoV-2. The influence of gamma radiation on PCR sensitivity was inversely related and dose-dependent up to 0.5 Mrad with no further reduction thereafter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Gamma irradiation can be used as a reliable method to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 with minimal effect on subsequent PCR assay.</p>","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 3","pages":"157-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020934242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10622008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the Effectiveness of Decontamination with Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide.","authors":"Miguel A Grimaldo,&nbsp;Donald H Bouyer,&nbsp;Claudio L Mafra de Siqueira","doi":"10.1177/1535676020935405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020935405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide (iHP) is a new technology used for the decontamination of surfaces or laboratory areas. It utilizes a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) mixed with air and ionized through a cold plasma arc. This technology generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a means of decontamination.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diffusion effect of iHP and its decontamination capabilities using biological and enzyme indicators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A gas-tight fumigation room with a volume of 880 ft³ was used for the decontamination trials. During the decontamination process, empty animal cages were placed inside to create fumigant distribution restrictions. Spore and enzyme indicators were placed in eleven locations throughout the decontamination room. Generation of iHP was done with the use of TOMI's SteraMist Environmental System and the SteraMist Solution, with 7.8% H₂O₂ at a dose of 0.5 ml per ft³.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the decontamination of 1hr, 2hrs, 6hrs, and 12hrs, the biological indicators of <i>B. atrophaeus</i> in Stainless Steel (SS) Disk in Tyvek envelope have an inactivation rate of 94%, 97%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. For <i>G</i>. <i>stearothermophilus</i> in SS disk and Tyvek envelope, it has 82%, 68%, 100%, and 100%, respectively and, for <i>G</i>. <i>stearothermophilus</i> in SS strips it has an effective rate of 88%, 67%, 91%, and 100%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>iHP inactivates spores, and the residual tAK activity indicates a gas-like fumigant diffusion due to the uniformity of the inactivation without the use of oscillating fans as the contact time is extended.</p>","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 3","pages":"134-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020935405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10310667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rapidly Deployable Test Suite for Respiratory Protective Devices in the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Thijs Blad,&nbsp;Joep Nijssen,&nbsp;Freek Broeren,&nbsp;Bob Boogaard,&nbsp;Stefan Lampaert,&nbsp;Stefan van den Toorn,&nbsp;John van den Dobbelsteen","doi":"10.1177/1535676020947284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020947284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The current COVID-19 pandemic has caused large shortages in personal protective equipment, leading to hospitals buying their supplies from alternative suppliers or even reusing single-use items. Equipment from these alternative sources first needs to be tested to ensure that they properly protect the clinicians that depend on them. This work demonstrates a test suite for protective face masks that can be realized rapidly and cost effectively, using mainly off-the-shelf as well as 3D printing components.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The proposed test suite was designed and evaluated in order to assess its safety and proper functioning according to the criteria that are stated in the European standard norm EN149:2001+A1 7. These include a breathing resistance test, a CO₂ build-up test, and a penetration test. Measurements were performed for a variety of commercially available protective face masks for validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results obtained with the rapidly deployable test suite agree with conventional test methods, demonstrating that this setup can be used to assess the filtering properties of protective masks when conventional equipment is not available.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The presented test suite can serve as a starting point for the rapid deployment of more testing facilities for respiratory protective equipment. This could greatly increase the testing capacity and ultimately improve the safety of healthcare workers battling the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 3","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020947284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10248592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Validation of a Chemical Effluent Decontamination System.","authors":"C. Cote, J. Weidner, C. Klimko, Ashley E. Piper, Jeremy A Miller, M. Hunter, J. Shoe, J. Hoover, Brian R. Sauerbry, T. Buhr, J. Bozue, David E. Harbourt, Pamela J. Glass","doi":"10.1177/1535676020937967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020937967","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Failure of an existing effluent decontamination system (EDS) prompted the consideration of commercial off-the-shelf solutions for decontamination of containment laboratory waste. A bleach-based chemical EDS was purchased to serve as an interim solution. Methods: Studies were conducted in the laboratory to validate inactivation of Bacillus spores with bleach in complex matrices containing organic simulants including fetal bovine serum, humic acid, and animal room sanitation effluent. Results: These studies demonstrated effective decontamination of >106 spores at a free chlorine concentration of ≥5700 parts per million with a 2-hour contact time. Translation of these results to biological validation of the bleach-based chemical EDS required some modifications to the system and its operation. Discussion: The chemical EDS was validated for the treatment of biosafety levels 3 and 4 waste effluent using laboratory-prepared spore packets along with commercial biological indicators; however, several issues and lessons learned identified during the process of onboarding are also discussed, including bleach product source, method of validation, dechlorination, and treated waste disposal.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"13 1","pages":"23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73521297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Section on Service Animals in the Microbiology Teaching Laboratory Has Been Included in the 2019 Update to the Guidelines for Biosafety in Teaching Laboratories.","authors":"Esmeralda Meyer, K. Rengarajan, P. Meechan, P. Fowler","doi":"10.1177/1535676020933717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020933717","url":null,"abstract":"The accommodation of service animals in microbiology teaching labs has been included in the 2019 update to the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) Guidelines for Safety in Microbiology Laboratories. This commentary includes a legal framework related to service animals, the elements included in the 2019 ASM update, and additional risk-assessment considerations for the biosafety professional.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"40 1","pages":"175-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74002897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decontamination of Bacillus Spores with Formaldehyde Vapor under Varied Environmental Conditions.","authors":"Y. W. Choi, M. Sunderman, M. McCauley, W. Richter, Z. Willenberg, J. Wood, S. Serre, L. Mickelsen, Stuart A. Willison, R. Rupert, Jorge G. Muñiz Ortiz, Sara Casey, M. Calfee","doi":"10.1177/1535676020926975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020926975","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000This study investigated formaldehyde decontamination efficacy against dried Bacillus spores on porous and non-porous test surfaces, under various environmental conditions. This knowledge will help responders determine effective formaldehyde exposure parameters to decontaminate affected spaces following a biological agent release.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Prescribed masses of paraformaldehyde or formalin were sublimated or evaporated, respectively, to generate formaldehyde vapor within a bench-scale test chamber. Adsorbent cartridges were used to measure formaldehyde vapor concentrations in the chamber at pre-determined times. A validated method was used to extract the cartridges and analyze for formaldehyde via liquid chromatography. Spores of Bacillus globigii, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus anthracis were inoculated and dried onto porous bare pine wood and non-porous painted concrete material coupons. A series of tests was conducted where temperature, relative humidity, and formaldehyde concentration were varied, to determine treatment efficacy outside of conditions where this decontaminant is well-characterized (laboratory temperature and humidity and 12 mg/L theoretical formaldehyde vapor concentration) to predict decontamination efficacy in applications that may arise following a biological incident.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Low temperature trials (approximately 10°C) resulted in decreased formaldehyde air concentrations throughout the 48-hour time-course when compared with formaldehyde concentrations collected in the ambient temperature trials (approximately 22°C). Generally, decontamination efficacy on wood was lower for all three spore types compared with painted concrete. Also, higher recoveries resulted from painted concrete compared to wood, consistent with historical data on these materials. The highest decontamination efficacies were observed on the spores subjected to the longest exposures (48 hours) on both materials, with efficacies that gradually decreased with shorter exposures. Adsorption or absorption of the formaldehyde vapor may have been a factor, especially during the low temperature trials, resulting in less available formaldehyde in the air when measured.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000Environmental conditions affect formaldehyde concentrations in the air and thereby affect decontamination efficacy. Efficacy is also impacted by the material with which the contaminants are in contact.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85263308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Biosafety and Biosecurity Status in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Approach","authors":"M. Asadulghani, P. Angra, M. Giasuddin, M. Bari, M. Islam, C. Roy, Md. Rakibul Islam, Z. Islam, K. N. Hasan, M. Islam, A. Nabi, T. Farzana, J. Chowdhury, M. Sultana, Tania Mannan, M. H. Rahman, A. J. Sikder, M. Salimullah","doi":"10.1177/1535676020930430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020930430","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Many emerging and reemerging pathogens have been identified as major public health threats in Bangladesh. Collection, transportation, and storage of infectious materials and management of generated waste from diagnosing those diseases require strict adherence to biosafety and biosecurity practices. Such activities in Bangladesh need substantial development. Methods: A novel multipronged approach was followed to create awareness and provide resources to strengthen nationwide biosafety and biosecurity status. The approach included, but was not limited to, developing resource persons (RPs), developing laboratories’ baseline assessment tools, training assessors, conducting assessments, organizing awareness and training programs, identifying laboratories dealing with biohazards, developing a biosafety cabinet certification program, developing a Web site, and developing customized biosafety and biosecurity guidelines. Results: Currently, 133 RPs and 29 assessors are available in Bangladesh. The RPs organized 8 divisional awareness programs and trained about 3,000 professionals. Assessors conducted baseline assessments of 18 key laboratories, and RPs identified 127 laboratories in Bangladesh dealing with biohazards. NSF-accredited certifiers are now certifying biosafety cabinets in Bangladesh. Guidelines were developed and disseminated to the members. Those RPs who were organizing activities under the program are now organizing biosafety and biosecurity training sessions as academic activities. Conclusions: There is a shift from no biosafety and biosecurity practice toward a growing culture of biosafety and biosecurity practices in research and diagnostics in Bangladesh. To sustain the momentum of this development and to further strengthen the program, allocation of necessary resources and strong leadership support from the government of Bangladesh and donor groups are indispensable.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 1","pages":"240 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020930430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49053515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formaldehyde Vapor Characteristics in Varied Decontamination Environments.","authors":"Y. W. Choi, M. Sunderman, M. McCauley, W. Richter, Z. Willenberg, J. Wood, S. Serre, L. Mickelsen, Stuart A. Willison, R. Rupert, Jorge G. Muñiz Ortiz, Sara Casey, M. Calfee","doi":"10.1177/1535676020926968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020926968","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000This effort investigated formaldehyde vapor characteristics under various environmental conditions by the analyses of air samples collected over a time-course. This knowledge will help responders achieve desired formaldehyde exposure parameters for decontamination of affected spaces after a biological contamination incident.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Prescribed masses of paraformaldehyde and formalin were sublimated or evaporated, respectively, to generate formaldehyde vapor. Adsorbent cartridges were used to collect air samples from the test chamber at predetermined times. A validated method was used to extract the cartridges and analyze for formaldehyde via liquid chromatography. In addition, material demand for the formaldehyde was evaluated by inclusion of arrays of Plexiglas panels in the test chamber to determine the impact of varied surface areas within the test chamber. Temperature was controlled with a circulating water bath connected to a radiator and fan inside the chamber. Relative humidity was controlled with humidity fixed-point salt solutions and water vapor generated from evaporated water.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Low temperature trials (approximately 10°C) resulted in decreased formaldehyde air concentrations throughout the 48-hour time-course when compared with formaldehyde concentrations in the ambient temperature trials (approximately 22°C). The addition of clear Plexiglas panels to increase the surface area of the test chamber interior resulted in appreciable decreases of formaldehyde air concentration when compared to an empty test chamber.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000This work has shown that environmental variables and surface-to-volume ratios in the decontaminated space may affect the availability of formaldehyde in the air and, therefore, may affect decontamination effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"5 1","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86717774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Efficacy of Formaldehyde with Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation on Infectious Bronchitis Virus.","authors":"Jamie Stuart,&nbsp;John Chewins,&nbsp;Jason Tearle","doi":"10.1177/1535676020909998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020909998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The recent reclassification of formaldehyde as a presumed carcinogen prompted the investigation into the comparative efficacy of hydrogen peroxide as a fumigant in microbiological safety cabinets.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of the study was to quantify the biocidal efficacy of formaldehyde fumigation, including variables such as exposure time and concentration, and then to compare this to the biocidal efficacy achieved from a hydrogen peroxide vapor fumigation system. The study also investigated the ability of both fumigants to permeate the microbiological safety cabinet (MBSC), including the workspace, under the work tray, and after the HEPA filters. Furthermore, the effect of organic soiling on efficacy was also assessed. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was used as the biological target to develop this study model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A model using IBV was developed to determine the efficacy of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide as fumigants. Virus was dried on stainless steel discs, and variables including concentration, time, protein soiling, and location within an MBSC were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was demonstrated that formaldehyde fumigation could achieve a 6-log reduction in the titer of the virus throughout the cabinet, and high protein soiling in the presentation did not affect efficacy. Appropriate cycle parameters for the hydrogen peroxide system were developed, and when challenged with IBV, it was shown that vaporized hydrogen peroxide could achieve an equal 6-log titer reduction as formaldehyde within the cabinet workspace and overcome the presence of soiling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hydrogen peroxide was demonstrated to be a viable alternative to formaldehyde under most situations tested. However, the hydrogen peroxide system did not achieve an equal titer reduction above the cabinet's first HEPA filter using the cabinet workspace cycle, and further optimization of the hydrogen peroxide cycle parameters, including pulsing of the cabinet fans, may be required to achieve this.</p>","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 2","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020909998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9446966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation, Part 2: Verifying and Validating Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation Cycles.","authors":"Daniel Kümin, Monika Gsell Albert, Benjamin Weber, K. Summermatter","doi":"10.1177/1535676020921099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020921099","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Part 1 of this two-part series describes the use of hydrogen peroxide as a fumigant and compares it with other fumigants on the market. Technical requirements are outlined while considering physical and biological limitations of the system. This second part focuses primarily on the use of process controls to verify and validate hydrogen peroxide fumigations. Finally, a model encompassing the entire fumigation process is presented. Methods: Part 2 of the series focuses on the authors' long-time personal experiences in room and filter fumigation using various fumigation systems and is supplemented with relevant literature searches. Results: The reader is introduced to the planning and implementation of fumigation process validations. Biological indicators help users develop safe and efficient processes. Chemical indicators can be used as process controls, while measuring physical parameters will help avoid condensation of hydrogen peroxide. How many biological and chemical indicators and what type should be applied for cycle development are additionally explained. Discussion: It is important to consider numerous technical requirements when planning to implement hydrogen peroxide fumigation at an institution. Also, considerable thought needs to go into the verification and validation of the fumigation process. Conclusions: Part 1 of this series presents an overview of different fumigation systems based on hydrogen peroxide on the market and their technical requirements. Part 2 focuses on validation and verification of hydrogen peroxide fumigation while considering the entire fumigation process. The two parts together will serve users as a guide to establishing hydrogen peroxide fumigations at their facilities.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"38 1","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83069044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}