Applied Biosafety最新文献

{"title":"A Section on Service Animals in the Microbiology Teaching Laboratory Has Been Included in the 2019 Update to the Guidelines for Biosafety in Teaching Laboratories.","authors":"Esmeralda Meyer, K. Rengarajan, P. Meechan, P. Fowler","doi":"10.1177/1535676020933717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020933717","url":null,"abstract":"The accommodation of service animals in microbiology teaching labs has been included in the 2019 update to the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) Guidelines for Safety in Microbiology Laboratories. This commentary includes a legal framework related to service animals, the elements included in the 2019 ASM update, and additional risk-assessment considerations for the biosafety professional.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"40 1","pages":"175-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74002897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decontamination of Bacillus Spores with Formaldehyde Vapor under Varied Environmental Conditions.","authors":"Y. W. Choi, M. Sunderman, M. McCauley, W. Richter, Z. Willenberg, J. Wood, S. Serre, L. Mickelsen, Stuart A. Willison, R. Rupert, Jorge G. Muñiz Ortiz, Sara Casey, M. Calfee","doi":"10.1177/1535676020926975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020926975","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000This study investigated formaldehyde decontamination efficacy against dried Bacillus spores on porous and non-porous test surfaces, under various environmental conditions. This knowledge will help responders determine effective formaldehyde exposure parameters to decontaminate affected spaces following a biological agent release.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Prescribed masses of paraformaldehyde or formalin were sublimated or evaporated, respectively, to generate formaldehyde vapor within a bench-scale test chamber. Adsorbent cartridges were used to measure formaldehyde vapor concentrations in the chamber at pre-determined times. A validated method was used to extract the cartridges and analyze for formaldehyde via liquid chromatography. Spores of Bacillus globigii, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus anthracis were inoculated and dried onto porous bare pine wood and non-porous painted concrete material coupons. A series of tests was conducted where temperature, relative humidity, and formaldehyde concentration were varied, to determine treatment efficacy outside of conditions where this decontaminant is well-characterized (laboratory temperature and humidity and 12 mg/L theoretical formaldehyde vapor concentration) to predict decontamination efficacy in applications that may arise following a biological incident.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Low temperature trials (approximately 10°C) resulted in decreased formaldehyde air concentrations throughout the 48-hour time-course when compared with formaldehyde concentrations collected in the ambient temperature trials (approximately 22°C). Generally, decontamination efficacy on wood was lower for all three spore types compared with painted concrete. Also, higher recoveries resulted from painted concrete compared to wood, consistent with historical data on these materials. The highest decontamination efficacies were observed on the spores subjected to the longest exposures (48 hours) on both materials, with efficacies that gradually decreased with shorter exposures. Adsorption or absorption of the formaldehyde vapor may have been a factor, especially during the low temperature trials, resulting in less available formaldehyde in the air when measured.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000Environmental conditions affect formaldehyde concentrations in the air and thereby affect decontamination efficacy. Efficacy is also impacted by the material with which the contaminants are in contact.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85263308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Biosafety and Biosecurity Status in Bangladesh: A Sustainable Approach","authors":"M. Asadulghani, P. Angra, M. Giasuddin, M. Bari, M. Islam, C. Roy, Md. Rakibul Islam, Z. Islam, K. N. Hasan, M. Islam, A. Nabi, T. Farzana, J. Chowdhury, M. Sultana, Tania Mannan, M. H. Rahman, A. J. Sikder, M. Salimullah","doi":"10.1177/1535676020930430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020930430","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Many emerging and reemerging pathogens have been identified as major public health threats in Bangladesh. Collection, transportation, and storage of infectious materials and management of generated waste from diagnosing those diseases require strict adherence to biosafety and biosecurity practices. Such activities in Bangladesh need substantial development. Methods: A novel multipronged approach was followed to create awareness and provide resources to strengthen nationwide biosafety and biosecurity status. The approach included, but was not limited to, developing resource persons (RPs), developing laboratories’ baseline assessment tools, training assessors, conducting assessments, organizing awareness and training programs, identifying laboratories dealing with biohazards, developing a biosafety cabinet certification program, developing a Web site, and developing customized biosafety and biosecurity guidelines. Results: Currently, 133 RPs and 29 assessors are available in Bangladesh. The RPs organized 8 divisional awareness programs and trained about 3,000 professionals. Assessors conducted baseline assessments of 18 key laboratories, and RPs identified 127 laboratories in Bangladesh dealing with biohazards. NSF-accredited certifiers are now certifying biosafety cabinets in Bangladesh. Guidelines were developed and disseminated to the members. Those RPs who were organizing activities under the program are now organizing biosafety and biosecurity training sessions as academic activities. Conclusions: There is a shift from no biosafety and biosecurity practice toward a growing culture of biosafety and biosecurity practices in research and diagnostics in Bangladesh. To sustain the momentum of this development and to further strengthen the program, allocation of necessary resources and strong leadership support from the government of Bangladesh and donor groups are indispensable.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 1","pages":"240 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020930430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49053515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formaldehyde Vapor Characteristics in Varied Decontamination Environments.","authors":"Y. W. Choi, M. Sunderman, M. McCauley, W. Richter, Z. Willenberg, J. Wood, S. Serre, L. Mickelsen, Stuart A. Willison, R. Rupert, Jorge G. Muñiz Ortiz, Sara Casey, M. Calfee","doi":"10.1177/1535676020926968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020926968","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000This effort investigated formaldehyde vapor characteristics under various environmental conditions by the analyses of air samples collected over a time-course. This knowledge will help responders achieve desired formaldehyde exposure parameters for decontamination of affected spaces after a biological contamination incident.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Prescribed masses of paraformaldehyde and formalin were sublimated or evaporated, respectively, to generate formaldehyde vapor. Adsorbent cartridges were used to collect air samples from the test chamber at predetermined times. A validated method was used to extract the cartridges and analyze for formaldehyde via liquid chromatography. In addition, material demand for the formaldehyde was evaluated by inclusion of arrays of Plexiglas panels in the test chamber to determine the impact of varied surface areas within the test chamber. Temperature was controlled with a circulating water bath connected to a radiator and fan inside the chamber. Relative humidity was controlled with humidity fixed-point salt solutions and water vapor generated from evaporated water.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Low temperature trials (approximately 10°C) resulted in decreased formaldehyde air concentrations throughout the 48-hour time-course when compared with formaldehyde concentrations in the ambient temperature trials (approximately 22°C). The addition of clear Plexiglas panels to increase the surface area of the test chamber interior resulted in appreciable decreases of formaldehyde air concentration when compared to an empty test chamber.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000This work has shown that environmental variables and surface-to-volume ratios in the decontaminated space may affect the availability of formaldehyde in the air and, therefore, may affect decontamination effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"5 1","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86717774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Efficacy of Formaldehyde with Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation on Infectious Bronchitis Virus.","authors":"Jamie Stuart,&nbsp;John Chewins,&nbsp;Jason Tearle","doi":"10.1177/1535676020909998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020909998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The recent reclassification of formaldehyde as a presumed carcinogen prompted the investigation into the comparative efficacy of hydrogen peroxide as a fumigant in microbiological safety cabinets.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of the study was to quantify the biocidal efficacy of formaldehyde fumigation, including variables such as exposure time and concentration, and then to compare this to the biocidal efficacy achieved from a hydrogen peroxide vapor fumigation system. The study also investigated the ability of both fumigants to permeate the microbiological safety cabinet (MBSC), including the workspace, under the work tray, and after the HEPA filters. Furthermore, the effect of organic soiling on efficacy was also assessed. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was used as the biological target to develop this study model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A model using IBV was developed to determine the efficacy of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide as fumigants. Virus was dried on stainless steel discs, and variables including concentration, time, protein soiling, and location within an MBSC were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was demonstrated that formaldehyde fumigation could achieve a 6-log reduction in the titer of the virus throughout the cabinet, and high protein soiling in the presentation did not affect efficacy. Appropriate cycle parameters for the hydrogen peroxide system were developed, and when challenged with IBV, it was shown that vaporized hydrogen peroxide could achieve an equal 6-log titer reduction as formaldehyde within the cabinet workspace and overcome the presence of soiling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hydrogen peroxide was demonstrated to be a viable alternative to formaldehyde under most situations tested. However, the hydrogen peroxide system did not achieve an equal titer reduction above the cabinet's first HEPA filter using the cabinet workspace cycle, and further optimization of the hydrogen peroxide cycle parameters, including pulsing of the cabinet fans, may be required to achieve this.</p>","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 2","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676020909998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9446966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation, Part 2: Verifying and Validating Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation Cycles.","authors":"Daniel Kümin, Monika Gsell Albert, Benjamin Weber, K. Summermatter","doi":"10.1177/1535676020921099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020921099","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Part 1 of this two-part series describes the use of hydrogen peroxide as a fumigant and compares it with other fumigants on the market. Technical requirements are outlined while considering physical and biological limitations of the system. This second part focuses primarily on the use of process controls to verify and validate hydrogen peroxide fumigations. Finally, a model encompassing the entire fumigation process is presented. Methods: Part 2 of the series focuses on the authors' long-time personal experiences in room and filter fumigation using various fumigation systems and is supplemented with relevant literature searches. Results: The reader is introduced to the planning and implementation of fumigation process validations. Biological indicators help users develop safe and efficient processes. Chemical indicators can be used as process controls, while measuring physical parameters will help avoid condensation of hydrogen peroxide. How many biological and chemical indicators and what type should be applied for cycle development are additionally explained. Discussion: It is important to consider numerous technical requirements when planning to implement hydrogen peroxide fumigation at an institution. Also, considerable thought needs to go into the verification and validation of the fumigation process. Conclusions: Part 1 of this series presents an overview of different fumigation systems based on hydrogen peroxide on the market and their technical requirements. Part 2 focuses on validation and verification of hydrogen peroxide fumigation while considering the entire fumigation process. The two parts together will serve users as a guide to establishing hydrogen peroxide fumigations at their facilities.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"38 1","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83069044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Goal Conflicts and How They Are Managed in a Biomedical Laboratory Using Rasmussen's Model of Boundaries.","authors":"Vijith Vijayan, A. Smoker","doi":"10.1177/1535676020919624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020919624","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Occupational health and safety management systems are widely used as a systematic approach to managing occupational health and safety. However, sometimes they are restrictive and underspecified to deal with dynamic workplace demands. Rasmussen used a model of boundaries to conceptualize this dynamic model of safety, where the space of possibilities lay within 3 boundaries and workers used various means to stay within the boundaries to remain both productive and safe at work. Methods: This study applied the Rasmussen model of boundaries to understand the factors that formed the boundaries, the gradients, and countergradients in a biomedical laboratory. Results: The most central goal was to be the first to publish, and this formed the boundary to scientific output failure; the boundary to unacceptable workload and boundary to functionally acceptable performance were the other 2 boundaries in line with the Rasmussen model. The workers had developed methods (mental risk assessment, teamwork, and experience and familiarity) of working, which ensured they remained productive and safe. This can be described as resilient performance, where resilience is not something that a system has but something it does to adjust their performance when faced with expected or unexpected changes. Discussion and Conclusion: A customized portfolio of rule-based non negotiable instructions and a risk assessment-based approach would be best suited for a biomedical laboratory. The workers have learned resilient performance on their own and unknowingly are already practicing this. It is now time to formally incorporate such practices into the safety systems of biomedical laboratories.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"276 1","pages":"S43-S55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79522302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and Anatomical Considerations for Reproducible Inactivation of Large Animal Carcasses by Steam Sterilization.","authors":"J. Schinköthe, Benjamin Bartram-Sitzius, J. Teifke, U. Pfitzner, S. Reiche","doi":"10.1177/1535676020919637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676020919637","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The complete inactivation of infectious tissues of large animal carcasses is one of the most challenging tasks in high-containment facilities. Steam sterilization is a method frequently in use to achieve biological inactivation of liquid and solid waste. Objective: This study aims to highlight parameters most effective in creating reproducible cycles for steam sterilization of pig and calf carcasses. Methods: Two pigs or 1 calf were sterilized by running a liquid cycle (n = 3) at 121°C for at least 120 minutes in a pass-through autoclave. To assess the physical and biological parameters, temperature data loggers and biological indicators (BIs) with spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC 7953) were placed at defined positions within animal carcasses. After completion of each cycle, data loggers were analyzed and BIs were incubated for 7 days at 60°C. Results: Initial testing with an undissected pig carcass resulted in suboptimal temperatures at the tissue level with growth on 1 BI. After modifications of the used stainless-steel boxes and by placing the reference probe of the autoclave in the animal carcass, reproducible cycles could be created. A complete inactivation of BIs and a temperature profile of >121°C for at least 20 minutes could be achieved in almost all probed tissues. Conclusion: Only minor modifications in carcass preparation and the used sterilization equipment resulted in effective and reproducible cycles to inactivate large animal carcasses by using a steam autoclave.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"93 1","pages":"14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83859460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey of Biosafety Professionals Regarding Genetically Modified Insects.","authors":"David A O'Brochta,&nbsp;Willy K Tonui,&nbsp;Brinda Dass,&nbsp;Stephanie James","doi":"10.1177/1535676019888047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676019888047","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Genetic technologies such as gene editing and gene drive create challenges for existing frameworks used to assess risk and make regulatory determinations by governments and institutions. Insect genetic technologies including transgenics, gene editing, and gene drive may be particularly challenging because of the large and increasing number of insect species being genetically modified and the degree of familiarity with these organisms and technologies by biosafety officials charged with making containment decisions. Methods: An anonymous online survey of biosafety professionals was distributed to the membership of ABSA International, a global society of biosafety professionals, to investigate their perspectives on their preparedness to meet these new challenges. Results: Existing guidance used to make containment decisions for nongenetically modified insects was widely seen as adequate, and most respondents thought the available guidance for making containment decisions for genetically modified insects with and without gene drives was inadequate. Most respondents reported having less confidence in their decisions concerning containment of genetically modified insects compared to decisions involving genetically modified microbes, (noninsect) animals, and plants. Conclusions: These results reveal a need for additional support for biosafety professionals to improve the quality of and confidence in containment decisions regarding genetically modified insects with and without gene drive. These needs might be addressed by increasing training, updating existing guidance, creating new guidance, and creating a third-party accreditation entity to support institutions. Sixty percent of the respondents said they either would or might use a voluntary third-party accreditation service to support insect containment decisions.","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 1","pages":"19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676019888047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10247180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decontamination Validation of a Class II Type A2 Biosafety Cabinet during Laboratory Fumigation.","authors":"Greg Frey,&nbsp;Cathy Robertson,&nbsp;Jay Krishnan","doi":"10.1177/1535676019890975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676019890975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a Class II type A2 biosafety cabinet in a laboratory could be decontaminated while the laboratory was being fumigated using vaporous hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid dry fogging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To validate decontamination of all parts of the biosafety cabinet, biological indicators were placed at various locations within the biosafety cabinet, including between the pleats of supply and exhaust HEPA filters. To assess whether the operational status of the biosafety cabinet influenced the outcome of its decontamination, fumigation validations were undertaken with the cabinet running and not running. The amount of fumigant and the duration of fumigation remained constant whether the biosafety cabinet was running or not.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Biosafety cabinet decontamination was successful only when the cabinet was running to facilitate the fumigant's circulation within the plenums and across the HEPA filters. This study shows both vaporous hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid dry fogging can be used successfully to decontaminate Class II type A2 biosafety cabinets during laboratory fumigation, provided the biosafety cabinets are operational and running during the fumigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7962,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biosafety","volume":"25 1","pages":"48-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1535676019890975","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10254345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}