Conan J O O'Brien, Emma R Haberman, Ana I Domingos
{"title":"A Tale of Three Systems: Toward a Neuroimmunoendocrine Model of Obesity.","authors":"Conan J O O'Brien, Emma R Haberman, Ana I Domingos","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-114106","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-114106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of obesity is on the rise. What was once considered a simple disease of energy imbalance is now recognized as a complex condition perpetuated by neuro- and immunopathologies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms underlying obesity. We examine the pleiotropic effects of leptin action in addition to its established role in the modulation of appetite, and we discuss the neural circuitry mediating leptin action and how this is altered with obesity, both centrally (leptin resistance) and in adipose tissues (sympathetic neuropathy). Finally, we dissect the numerous causal and consequential roles of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity and highlight recent key studies demonstrating their direct role in organismal energy homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":"37 ","pages":"549-573"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10002179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Infectious Unit: Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Virus Populations.","authors":"Adeline Kerviel, Mengyang Zhang, Nihal Altan-Bonnet","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-040621-032416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-040621-032416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viral egress and transmission have long been described to take place through single free virus particles. However, viruses can also shed into the environment and transmit as populations clustered inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process we had first called vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission. These membrane-cloaked virus clusters can originate from a variety of cellular organelles including autophagosomes, plasma membrane, and multivesicular bodies. Their viral cargo can be multiples of nonenveloped or enveloped virus particles or even naked infectious genomes, but egress is always nonlytic, with the cell remaining intact. Here we put forth the thesis that EV-cloaked viral clusters are a distinct form of infectious unit as compared to free single viruses (nonenveloped or enveloped) or even free virus aggregates. We discuss how efficient and prevalent these infectious EVs are in the context of virus-associated diseases and highlight the importance of their proper detection and disinfection for public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"171-197"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39191776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Components and Mechanisms of Nuclear Mechanotransduction.","authors":"Philipp Niethammer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-030049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-030049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cell nucleus is best known as the container of the genome. Its envelope provides a barrier for passive macromolecule diffusion, which enhances the control of gene expression. As its largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus also defines the minimal space requirements of a cell. Internal or external pressures that deform a cell to its physical limits cause a corresponding nuclear deformation. Evidence is consolidating that the nucleus, in addition to its genetic functions, serves as a physical sensing device for critical cell body deformation. Nuclear mechanotransduction allows cells to adapt their acute behaviors, mechanical stability, paracrine signaling, and fate to their physical surroundings. This review summarizes the basic chemical and mechanical properties of nuclear components, and how these properties are thought to be utilized for mechanosensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"233-256"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8662532/pdf/nihms-1756045.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39062832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lauren V Albrecht, Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz, Edward M De Robertis
{"title":"Cell Biology of Canonical Wnt Signaling.","authors":"Lauren V Albrecht, Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz, Edward M De Robertis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-023657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-023657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wnt signaling has multiple functions beyond the transcriptional effects of β-catenin stabilization. We review recent investigations that uncover new cell physiological effects through the regulation of Wnt receptor endocytosis, Wnt-induced stabilization of proteins (Wnt-STOP), macropinocytosis, increase in lysosomal activity, and metabolic changes. Many of these growth-promoting effects of canonical Wnt occur within minutes and are independent of new protein synthesis. A key element is the sequestration of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inside multivesicular bodies and lysosomes. Twenty percent of human proteins contain consecutive GSK3 phosphorylation motifs, which in the absence of Wnt can form phosphodegrons for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Wnt signaling by either the pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 or the loss of tumor-suppressor proteins, such as adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and Axin1, increases lysosomal acidification, anabolic metabolites, and macropinocytosis, which is normally repressed by the GSK3-Axin1-APC destruction complex. The combination of these cell physiological effects drives cell growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"369-389"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39127329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections.","authors":"John P McCutcheon","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbes gain access to eukaryotic cells as food for bacteria-grazing protists, for host protection by microbe-killing immune cells, or for microbial benefit when pathogens enter host cells to replicate. But microbes can also gain access to a host cell and become an important-often required-beneficial partner. The oldest beneficial microbial infections are the ancient eukaryotic organelles now called the mitochondrion and plastid. But numerous other host-beneficial intracellular infections occur throughout eukaryotes. Here I review the genomics and cell biology of these interactions with a focus on intracellular bacteria. The genomes of host-beneficial intracellular bacteria have features that span a previously unfilled gap between pathogens and organelles. Host cell adaptations to allow the intracellular persistence of beneficial bacteria are found along with evidence for the microbial manipulation of host cells, but the cellular mechanisms of beneficial bacterial infections are not well understood.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"115-142"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39168522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-Organization of Cellular Units.","authors":"Timothy J Mitchison, Christine M Field","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-025356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-025356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this review is to explore self-organizing mechanisms that pattern microtubules (MTs) and spatially organize animal cell cytoplasm, inspired by recent experiments in frog egg extract. We start by reviewing conceptual distinctions between self-organizing and templating mechanisms for subcellular organization. We then discuss self-organizing mechanisms that generate radial MT arrays and cell centers in the absence of centrosomes. These include autocatalytic MT nucleation, transport of minus ends, and nucleation from organelles such as melanosomes and Golgi vesicles that are also dynein cargoes. We then discuss mechanisms that partition the cytoplasm in syncytia, in which multiple nuclei share a common cytoplasm, starting with cytokinesis, when all metazoan cells are transiently syncytial. The cytoplasm of frog eggs is partitioned prior to cytokinesis by two self-organizing modules, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1)-kinesin family member 4A (KIF4A) and chromosome passenger complex (CPC)-KIF20A. Similar modules may partition longer-lasting syncytia, such as early <i>Drosophila</i> embryos. We end by discussing shared mechanisms and principles for the MT-based self-organization of cellular units.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":"37 ","pages":"23-41"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9059766/pdf/nihms-1793618.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10245916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanical Patterning in Animal Morphogenesis.","authors":"Yonit Maroudas-Sacks, Kinneret Keren","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-030931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-030931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical processes, spanning all levels of organization and relating the emerging patterns with the mechanisms driving their formation. In this review, we highlight the role of mechanics in the patterning process, emphasizing the active and synergistic manner in which mechanical processes participate in developmental patterning rather than merely following a program set by biochemical signals. We discuss the value of applying a coarse-grained approach that considers the large-scale dynamics and feedback and complements the reductionist approach focused on molecular detail. A central challenge in this approach is identifying relevant coarse-grained variables and developing effective theories that can serve as a basis for an integrated framework toward understanding this remarkable pattern-formation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"469-493"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39168520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Promoters and Antagonists of Phagocytosis: A Plastic and Tunable Response.","authors":"Spencer Freeman, Sergio Grinstein","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-055903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-055903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent observations indicate that, rather than being an all-or-none response, phagocytosis is finely tuned by a host of developmental and environmental factors. The expression of key phagocytic determinants is regulated via transcriptional and epigenetic means that confer memory on the process. Membrane traffic, the cytoskeleton, and inside-out signaling control the activation of phagocytic receptors and their ability to access their targets. An exquisite extra layer of complexity is introduced by the coexistence of distinct \"eat-me\" and \"don't-eat-me\" signals on targets and of corresponding \"eat\" and \"don't-eat\" receptors on the phagocyte surface. Moreover, assorted physical barriers constitute \"don't-come-close-to-me\" hurdles that obstruct the engagement of ligands by receptors. The expression, mobility, and accessibility of all these determinants can be modulated, conferring extreme plasticity on phagocytosis and providing attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, atherosclerosis, and dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"89-114"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39251497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Calcium Signaling Mechanisms Across Kingdoms.","authors":"Sheng Luan, Chao Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-035210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-035210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all eukaryotes. To maintain Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the tool kit for Ca<sup>2+</sup> transport has expanded across kingdoms of eukaryotes to encode specific Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals referred to as Ca<sup>2+</sup> signatures. In parallel, a large array of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding proteins has evolved as specific sensors to decode Ca<sup>2+</sup> signatures. By comparing these coding and decoding mechanisms in fungi, animals, and plants, both unified and divergent themes have emerged, and the underlying complexity will challenge researchers for years to come. Considering the scale and breadth of the subject, instead of a literature survey, in this review we focus on a conceptual framework that aims to introduce readers to the principles and mechanisms of Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling. We finish with several examples of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-signaling pathways, including polarized cell growth, immunity and symbiosis, and systemic signaling, to piece together specific coding and decoding mechanisms in plants versus animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"311-340"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39297968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Sexually Dimorphic Nervous System Patterning in Flies and Worms.","authors":"Stephen F Goodwin, Oliver Hobert","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-115237","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-115237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Male and female brains display anatomical and functional differences. Such differences are observed in species across the animal kingdom, including humans, but have been particularly well-studied in two classic animal model systems, the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and the nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding how the worm and fly brain acquire sexually dimorphic features during development. We highlight the advantages of each system, illustrating how the precise anatomical delineation of sexual dimorphisms in worms has enabled recent analysis into how these dimorphisms become specified during development, and how focusing on sexually dimorphic neurons in the fly has enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of sex-specific behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":"37 ","pages":"519-547"},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10753194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}