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Lipid Droplets Big and Small: Basic Mechanisms That Make Them All. 大小脂滴：造就它们的基本机制
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012624-031419
Robin W Klemm, Pedro Carvalho
{"title":"Lipid Droplets Big and Small: Basic Mechanisms That Make Them All.","authors":"Robin W Klemm, Pedro Carvalho","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012624-031419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012624-031419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic storage organelles with central roles in lipid and energy metabolism. They consist of a core of neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerol, which is surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and specialized surface proteins. The surface composition determines many of the LD properties, such as size, subcellular distribution, and interaction with partner organelles. Considering the diverse energetic and metabolic demands of various cell types, it is not surprising that LDs are highly heterogeneous within and between cell types. Despite their diversity, all LDs share a common biogenesis mechanism. However, adipocytes have evolved specific adaptations of these basic mechanisms, enabling the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism at both the cellular and organismal levels. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of both the general mechanisms of LD biogenesis and the adipocyte-specific adaptations controlling these fascinating organelles.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":"40 1","pages":"143-168"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Archaeal Cell Cycle. 古细胞周期
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-120242
Alice Cezanne, Sherman Foo, Yin-Wei Kuo, Buzz Baum
{"title":"The Archaeal Cell Cycle.","authors":"Alice Cezanne, Sherman Foo, Yin-Wei Kuo, Buzz Baum","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-120242","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-120242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since first identified as a separate domain of life in the 1970s, it has become clear that archaea differ profoundly from both eukaryotes and bacteria. In this review, we look across the archaeal domain and discuss the diverse mechanisms by which archaea control cell cycle progression, DNA replication, and cell division. While the molecular and cellular processes archaea use to govern these critical cell biological processes often differ markedly from those described in bacteria and eukaryotes, there are also striking similarities that highlight both unique and common principles of cell cycle control across the different domains of life. Since much of the eukaryotic cell cycle machinery has its origins in archaea, exploration of the mechanisms of archaeal cell division also promises to illuminate the evolution of the eukaryotic cell cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140943862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What Is a Plant Cell Type in the Age of Single-Cell Biology? It's Complicated. 单细胞生物学时代的植物细胞类型是什么？很复杂
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111323-102412
Byron Rusnak, Frances K Clark, Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi Vadde, Adrienne H K Roeder
{"title":"What Is a Plant Cell Type in the Age of Single-Cell Biology? It's Complicated.","authors":"Byron Rusnak, Frances K Clark, Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi Vadde, Adrienne H K Roeder","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111323-102412","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111323-102412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the fundamental questions in developmental biology is how a cell is specified to differentiate as a specialized cell type. Traditionally, plant cell types were defined based on their function, location, morphology, and lineage. Currently, in the age of single-cell biology, researchers typically attempt to assign plant cells to cell types by clustering them based on their transcriptomes. However, because cells are dynamic entities that progress through the cell cycle and respond to signals, the transcriptome also reflects the state of the cell at a particular moment in time, raising questions about how to define a cell type. We suggest that these complexities and dynamics of cell states are of interest and further consider the roles signaling, stochasticity, cell cycle, and mechanical forces play in plant cell fate specification. Once established, cell identity must also be maintained. With the wealth of single-cell data coming out, the field is poised to elucidate both the complexity and dynamics of cell states.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"301-328"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140896865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diversification of Antibodies: From V(D)J Recombination to Somatic Exon Shuffling. 抗体的多样化：从 V(D)J 重组到体细胞外显子洗牌。
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-030835
Mikhail Lebedin, Kathrin de la Rosa
{"title":"Diversification of Antibodies: From V(D)J Recombination to Somatic Exon Shuffling.","authors":"Mikhail Lebedin, Kathrin de la Rosa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-030835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-030835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibodies that gain specificity by a large insert encoding for an extra domain were described for the first time in 2016. In malaria-exposed individuals, an exon deriving from the leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like 1 (<i>LAIR1</i>) gene integrated via a copy-and-paste insertion into the immunoglobulin heavy chain encoding region. A few years later, a second example was identified, namely a dual exon integration from the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 (<i>LILRB1</i>) gene that is located in close proximity to <i>LAIR1</i>. A dedicated high-throughput characterization of chimeric immunoglobulin heavy chain transcripts unraveled, that insertions from distant genomic regions (including mitochondrial DNA) can contribute to human antibody diversity. This review describes the modalities of insert-containing antibodies. The role of known DNA mobility aspects, such as genomic translocation, gene conversion, and DNA fragility, is discussed in the context of insert-antibody generation. Finally, the review covers why insert antibodies were omitted from the past repertoire analyses and how insert antibodies can contribute to protective immunity or an autoreactive response.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":"40 1","pages":"265-281"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microhomology-Mediated End-Joining Chronicles: Tracing the Evolutionary Footprints of Genome Protection. 微观同源性介导的末端连接编年史：追踪基因组保护的进化足迹。
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-014426
Agnel Sfeir, Marcel Tijsterman, Mitch McVey
{"title":"Microhomology-Mediated End-Joining Chronicles: Tracing the Evolutionary Footprints of Genome Protection.","authors":"Agnel Sfeir, Marcel Tijsterman, Mitch McVey","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-014426","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-014426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fidelity of genetic information is essential for cellular function and viability. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a significant threat to genome integrity, necessitating efficient repair mechanisms. While the predominant repair strategies are usually accurate, paradoxically, error-prone pathways also exist. This review explores recent advances and our understanding of microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), an intrinsically mutagenic DSB repair pathway conserved across organisms. Central to MMEJ is the activity of DNA polymerase theta (Polθ), a specialized polymerase that fuels MMEJ mutagenicity. We examine the molecular intricacies underlying MMEJ activity and discuss its function during mitosis, where the activity of Polθ emerges as a last-ditch effort to resolve persistent DSBs, especially when homologous recombination is compromised. We explore the promising therapeutic applications of targeting Polθ in cancer treatment and genome editing. Lastly, we discuss the evolutionary consequences of MMEJ, highlighting its delicate balance between protecting genome integrity and driving genomic diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"195-218"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141299850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ribosome Assembly and Repair. 核糖体组装与修复
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-113326
Yoon-Mo Yang, Katrin Karbstein
{"title":"Ribosome Assembly and Repair.","authors":"Yoon-Mo Yang, Katrin Karbstein","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-113326","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-113326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ribosomes synthesize protein in all cells. Maintaining both the correct number and composition of ribosomes is critical for protein homeostasis. To address this challenge, cells have evolved intricate quality control mechanisms during assembly to ensure that only correctly matured ribosomes are released into the translating pool. However, these assembly-associated quality control mechanisms do not deal with damage that arises during the ribosomes' exceptionally long lifetimes and might equally compromise their function or lead to reduced ribosome numbers. Recent research has revealed that ribosomes with damaged ribosomal proteins can be repaired by the release of the damaged protein, thereby ensuring ribosome integrity at a fraction of the energetic cost of producing new ribosomes, appropriate for stress conditions. In this article, we cover the types of ribosome damage known so far, and then we review the known repair mechanisms before surveying the literature for possible additional instances of repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"241-264"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140896863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Organ Evolution: Emergence of Multicellular Function. 器官进化：多细胞功能的出现。
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-121620
Joseph Parker
{"title":"Organ Evolution: Emergence of Multicellular Function.","authors":"Joseph Parker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-121620","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-121620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Instances of multicellularity across the tree of life have fostered the evolution of complex organs composed of distinct cell types that cooperate, producing emergent biological functions. How organs originate is a fundamental evolutionary problem that has eluded deep mechanistic and conceptual understanding. Here I propose a cell- to organ-level transitions framework, whereby cooperative division of labor originates and becomes entrenched between cell types through a process of functional niche creation, cell-type subfunctionalization, and irreversible ratcheting of cell interdependencies. Comprehending this transition hinges on explaining how these processes unfold molecularly in evolving populations. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies and analyses of terminal fate specification indicate that cellular functions are conferred by modular gene expression programs. These discrete components of functional variation may be deployed or combined within cells to introduce new properties into multicellular niches, or partitioned across cells to establish division of labor. Tracing gene expression program evolution at the level of single cells in populations may reveal transitions toward organ complexity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"51-74"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive Cellular Radiations and the Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Animal Nervous System Diversification. 适应性细胞辐射与动物神经系统多样化的遗传机制》（Adaptive Cellular Radiations and the Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Animal Nervous System Diversification）。
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-124041
Jenks Hehmeyer, Flora Plessier, Heather Marlow
{"title":"Adaptive Cellular Radiations and the Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Animal Nervous System Diversification.","authors":"Jenks Hehmeyer, Flora Plessier, Heather Marlow","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-124041","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-124041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In animals, the nervous system evolved as the primary interface between multicellular organisms and the environment. As organisms became larger and more complex, the primary functions of the nervous system expanded to include the modulation and coordination of individual responsive cells via paracrine and synaptic functions as well as to monitor and maintain the organism's own internal environment. This was initially accomplished via paracrine signaling and eventually through the assembly of multicell circuits in some lineages. Cells with similar functions and centralized nervous systems have independently arisen in several lineages. We highlight the molecular mechanisms that underlie parallel diversifications of the nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"407-425"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141756705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plant Cell Wall Loosening by Expansins. Expansins 的植物细胞壁疏松作用
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-115334
Daniel J Cosgrove
{"title":"Plant Cell Wall Loosening by Expansins.","authors":"Daniel J Cosgrove","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-115334","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-115334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Expansins comprise an ancient group of cell wall proteins ubiquitous in land plants and their algal ancestors. During cell growth, they facilitate passive yielding of the wall's cellulose networks to turgor-generated tensile stresses, without evidence of enzymatic activity. Expansins are also implicated in fruit softening and other developmental processes and in adaptive responses to environmental stresses and pathogens. The major expansin families in plants include α-expansins (EXPAs), which act on cellulose-cellulose junctions, and β-expansins, which can act on xylans. EXPAs mediate acid growth, which contributes to wall enlargement by auxin and other growth agents. The genomes of diverse microbes, including many plant pathogens, also encode expansins designated expansin-like X. Expansins are proposed to disrupt noncovalent bonding between laterally aligned polysaccharides (notably cellulose), facilitating wall loosening for a variety of biological roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"329-352"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140896836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evolution of Thylakoid Structural Diversity. 类囊体结构多样性的进化。
IF 11.4 1区 生物学
Annual review of cell and developmental biology Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120823-022747
Annemarie Perez-Boerema, Benjamin D Engel, Wojciech Wietrzynski
{"title":"Evolution of Thylakoid Structural Diversity.","authors":"Annemarie Perez-Boerema, Benjamin D Engel, Wojciech Wietrzynski","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120823-022747","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120823-022747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved billions of years ago, becoming Earth's main source of biologically available carbon and atmospheric oxygen. Since then, phototrophic organisms have diversified from prokaryotic cyanobacteria into several distinct clades of eukaryotic algae and plants through endosymbiosis events. This diversity can be seen in the thylakoid membranes, complex networks of lipids, proteins, and pigments that perform the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. In this review, we highlight the structural diversity of thylakoids, following the evolutionary history of phototrophic species. We begin with a molecular inventory of different thylakoid components and then illustrate how these building blocks are integrated to form membrane networks with diverse architectures. We conclude with an outlook on understanding how thylakoids remodel their architecture and molecular organization during dynamic processes such as biogenesis, repair, and environmental adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":" ","pages":"169-193"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141475758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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