Wendy A Valencia-Montoya, Naomi E Pierce, Nicholas W Bellono
{"title":"Evolution of Sensory Receptors.","authors":"Wendy A Valencia-Montoya, Naomi E Pierce, Nicholas W Bellono","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120123-112853","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120123-112853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sensory receptors are at the interface between an organism and its environment and thus represent key sites for biological innovation. Here, we survey major sensory receptor families to uncover emerging evolutionary patterns. Receptors for touch, temperature, and light constitute part of the ancestral sensory toolkit of animals, often predating the evolution of multicellularity and the nervous system. In contrast, chemoreceptors exhibit a dynamic history of lineage-specific expansions and contractions correlated with the disparate complexity of chemical environments. A recurring theme includes independent transitions from neurotransmitter receptors to sensory receptors of diverse stimuli from the outside world. We then provide an overview of the evolutionary mechanisms underlying sensory receptor diversification and highlight examples where signatures of natural selection are used to identify novel sensory adaptations. Finally, we discuss sensory receptors as evolutionary hotspots driving reproductive isolation and speciation, thereby contributing to the stunning diversity of animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11526382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Makes Us Human: Insights from the Evolution and Development of the Human Neocortex.","authors":"Takashi Namba, Wieland B Huttner","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-032521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-032521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"What makes us human?\" is a central question of many research fields, notably anthropology. In this review, we focus on the development of the human neocortex, the part of the brain with a key role in cognition, to gain neurobiological insight toward answering this question. We first discuss cortical stem and progenitor cells and human-specific genes that affect their behavior. We thus aim to understand the molecular foundation of the expansion of the neocortex that occurred in the course of human evolution, as this expansion is generally thought to provide a basis for our unique cognitive abilities. We then review the emerging evidence pointing to differences in the development of the neocortex between present-day humans and Neanderthals, our closest relatives. Finally, we discuss human-specific genes that have been implicated in neuronal circuitry and offer a perspective for future studies addressing the question of what makes us human.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Left-Right Asymmetry in Invertebrates: From Molecules to Organisms.","authors":"Reiko Kuroda","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-010628","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-010628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although most animals appear symmetric externally, they exhibit chirality within their body cavity, i.e., in terms of asymmetric organ position, directional organ looping, and lateralized organ function. Left-right (LR) asymmetry is determined genetically by intricate molecular interactions that occur during development. Key genes have been elucidated in several species. There are common mechanisms in vertebrates and invertebrates, but some appear to exhibit unique mechanisms. This review focuses on LR asymmetry formation in invertebrates, particularly <i>Drosophila</i>, ascidians, and mollusks. It aims to understand the role of the genes that are key to creating LR asymmetry and how chirality information is converted/transmitted across the hierarchies from molecules to cells and from cells to tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dormancy, Quiescence, and Diapause: Savings Accounts for Life.","authors":"Hatice Özge Özgüldez, Aydan Bulut-Karslioğlu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-022528","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-022528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Life on Earth has been through numerous challenges over eons and, one way or another, has always triumphed. From mass extinctions to more daily plights to find food, unpredictability is everywhere. The adaptability of life-forms to ever-changing environments is the key that confers life's robustness. Adaptability has become synonymous with Darwinian evolution mediated by heritable genetic changes. The extreme gene-centric view, while being of central significance, at times has clouded our appreciation of the cell as a self-regulating entity informed of, and informing, the genetic data. An essential element that powers adaptability is the ability to regulate cell growth. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of growth regulation spanning species, tissues, and regulatory mechanisms. We aim to highlight the commonalities, as well as differences, of these phenomena and their molecular regulators. Finally, we curate open questions and areas for further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sophie T Schnider, M Alessandra Vigano, Markus Affolter, Gustavo Aguilar
{"title":"Functionalized Protein Binders in Developmental Biology.","authors":"Sophie T Schnider, M Alessandra Vigano, Markus Affolter, Gustavo Aguilar","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-025214","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-025214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developmental biology has greatly profited from genetic and reverse genetic approaches to indirectly studying protein function. More recently, nanobodies and other protein binders derived from different synthetic scaffolds have been used to directly dissect protein function. Protein binders have been fused to functional domains, such as to lead to protein degradation, relocalization, visualization, or posttranslational modification of the target protein upon binding. The use of such functionalized protein binders has allowed the study of the proteome during development in an unprecedented manner. In the coming years, the advent of the computational design of protein binders, together with further advances in scaffold engineering and synthetic biology, will fuel the development of novel protein binder-based technologies. Studying the proteome with increased precision will contribute to a better understanding of the immense molecular complexities hidden in each step along the way to generate form and function during development.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Organism as the Niche: Physiological States Crack the Code of Adult Neural Stem Cell Heterogeneity.","authors":"Zayna Chaker, Eleni Makarouni, Fiona Doetsch","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120320-040213","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120320-040213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the adult mammalian brain and are able to give rise to new neurons and glia throughout life. The largest stem cell niche in the adult mouse brain is the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles. Adult NSCs in the V-SVZ coexist in quiescent and actively proliferating states, and they exhibit a regionalized molecular identity. The importance of such spatial diversity is just emerging, as depending on their position within the niche, adult NSCs give rise to distinct subtypes of olfactory bulb interneurons and different types of glia. However, the functional relevance of stem cell heterogeneity in the V-SVZ is still poorly understood. Here, we put into perspective findings highlighting the importance of adult NSC diversity for brain plasticity, and how the body signals to brain stem cells in different physiological states to regulate their behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan C Landoni, Tatjana Kleele, Julius Winter, Willi Stepp, Suliana Manley
{"title":"Mitochondrial Structure, Dynamics, and Physiology: Light Microscopy to Disentangle the Network.","authors":"Juan C Landoni, Tatjana Kleele, Julius Winter, Willi Stepp, Suliana Manley","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-114733","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-114733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondria serve as energetic and signaling hubs of the cell: This function results from the complex interplay between their structure, function, dynamics, interactions, and molecular organization. The ability to observe and quantify these properties often represents the puzzle piece critical for deciphering the mechanisms behind mitochondrial function and dysfunction. Fluorescence microscopy addresses this critical need and has become increasingly powerful with the advent of superresolution methods and context-sensitive fluorescent probes. In this review, we delve into advanced light microscopy methods and analyses for studying mitochondrial ultrastructure, dynamics, and physiology, and highlight notable discoveries they enabled.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141557872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thymic Mimetic Cells: Ontogeny as Immunology","authors":"Daniel A. Michelson, Diane Mathis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-023316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-112122-023316","url":null,"abstract":"Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) generate immunological self-tolerance by ectopically expressing peripheral-tissue antigens (PTAs) within the thymus to preview the peripheral self to maturing T cells. Recent work, drawing inspiration from old histological observations, has shown that subtypes of mTECs, collectively termed mimetic cells, co-opt developmental programs from throughout the organism to express biologically coherent groups of PTAs. Here, we review key aspects of mimetic cells, especially as they relate to the larger contexts of molecular, cellular, developmental, and evolutionary biology. We highlight lineage-defining transcription factors as key regulators of mimetic cells and speculate as to what other factors, including Aire and the chromatin potential of mTECs, permit mimetic cell differentiation and function. Last, we consider what mimetic cells can teach us about not only the thymus but also other tissues.","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring Mechanical Forces Shaping Self-Organization and Morphogenesis During Early Embryo Development","authors":"Hong Huang, Shaorong Gao, Min Bao","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120123-105748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120123-105748","url":null,"abstract":"Embryonic development is a dynamic process orchestrated by a delicate interplay of biochemical and biophysical factors. While the role of genetics and biochemistry in embryogenesis has been extensively studied, recent research has highlighted the significance of mechanical regulation in shaping and guiding this intricate process. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanical regulation of embryo development. We explore how mechanical forces generated by cells and tissues play a crucial role in driving the development of different stages. We examine key morphogenetic processes such as compaction, blastocyst formation, implantation, and egg cylinder formation, and discuss the mechanical mechanisms and cues involved. By synthesizing the current body of literature, we highlight the emerging concepts and open questions in the field of mechanical regulation. We aim to provide an overview of the field, inspiring future investigations and fostering a deeper understanding of the mechanical aspects of embryo development.","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140598265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaustubh Wagh, Diana A Stavreva, Arpita Upadhyaya, Gordon L Hager
{"title":"Transcription Factor Dynamics: One Molecule at a Time.","authors":"Kaustubh Wagh, Diana A Stavreva, Arpita Upadhyaya, Gordon L Hager","doi":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-022823-013847","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-cellbio-022823-013847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cells must tightly regulate their gene expression programs and yet rapidly respond to acute biochemical and biophysical cues within their environment. This information is transmitted to the nucleus through various signaling cascades, culminating in the activation or repression of target genes. Transcription factors (TFs) are key mediators of these signals, binding to specific regulatory elements within chromatin. While live-cell imaging has conclusively proven that TF-chromatin interactions are highly dynamic, how such transient interactions can have long-term impacts on developmental trajectories and disease progression is still largely unclear. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the dynamic nature of TF functions, starting with a historical overview of early live-cell experiments. We highlight key factors that govern TF dynamics and how TF dynamics, in turn, affect downstream transcriptional bursting. Finally, we conclude with open challenges and emerging technologies that will further our understanding of transcriptional regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7944,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of cell and developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9936367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}