American journal of industrial medicine最新文献

{"title":"Industrial Robotics and the Future of Work.","authors":"John Howard, Vladimir Murashov, Gary Roth, Christopher Wendt, Jacob Carr, Marvin Cheng, Scott Earnest, K C Elliott, Emily Haas, Ci-Jyun Liang, Gretchen Petery, Jennifer Ragsdale, Christopher Reid, Peregrin Spielholz, Douglas Trout, Divya Srinivasan","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Starting in the 1970s with robots that were physically isolated from contact with their human co-workers, robots now collaborate with human workers towards a common task goal in a shared workspace. This type of robotic device represents a new era of workplace automation. Industrial robotics is rapidly evolving due to advances in sensor technology, artificial intelligence (AI), wireless communications, mechanical engineering, and materials science. While these new robotic devices are used mainly in manufacturing and warehousing, human-robot collaboration is now seen across multiple goods-producing and service-delivery industry sectors. Assessing and controlling the risks of human-robot collaboration is a critical challenge for occupational safety and health research and practice as industrial robotics becomes a pervasive feature of the future of work. Understanding the physical, psychosocial, work organization, and cybersecurity risks associated with the increasing use of robotic technologies is critical to ensuring the safe development and implementation of industrial robotics. This commentary provides a brief review of the uses of robotic technologies across selected industry sectors; the risks of current and future industrial robotic applications for worker and employer alike; strategies for integrating human-robot collaboration into a health and safety management system; and the role of robotic safety standards in the future of work.</p>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Concentration of Selected Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Industry and Occupational Groups Among US Adult Workers, NHANES 2005–2014","authors":"Ja K. Gu,&nbsp;Luenda E. Charles,&nbsp;Chol Seung Lim,&nbsp;Anna Mnatsakanova,&nbsp;Stacey Anderson,&nbsp;Lisa Dzubak,&nbsp;Erin McCanlies","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23726","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with multiple health effects including pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, increased serum hepatic enzymes, increased in serum lipids, decreased antibody response to vaccines, and decreased birth weight. Millions of US workers are exposed to PFAS at their workplaces. Our objective was to estimate the serum levels of the five PFAS that are most frequently detected in the US general population(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) among US adult workers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were 4476 workers aged ≥ 20 years with PFAS analyte results available who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2014. Geometric mean serum levels of PFAS (ng/mL) were obtained across industry and occupation groups using the PFAS subsample weight in SAS-callable SUDAAN V11.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 21 industry groups, the highest geometric mean PFAS levels (ng/mL) were observed in Construction (PFOS = 12.61 ng/mL, PFOA = 3.76, PFHxS = 2.10, PFNA = 1.23, and PFDA = 0.33), followed by Utilities (PFOS = 12.46), and Real Estate/Rental/Leasing (PFOS = 12.15). The lowest geometric mean PFAS levels were seen in Private Households (PFOS = 6.34, PFOA = 2.12, PFHxS=0.75, PFNA = 0.86, and PFDA = 0.25). Among 22 occupation groups, the highest geometric mean PFAS levels were observed in Life/Physical/Social Science occupations (PFOS = 13.19, PFOA = 3.54, PFHxS= 1.69, PFNA = 1.23, and PFDA = 0.33), followed by Installation/Maintenance/Repair occupations (PFOS = 12.75), and Construction/Extraction occupations (PFOS = 12.15). The lowest geometric mean PFAS levels were found in Personal Care/Service occupations (PFOS = 7.25, PFOA = 2.43, PFHxS = 1.07, PFNA = 0.94, and PFDA = 0.25).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some industry and occupation groups had higher geometric mean levels of PFAS in serum compared to others. Further investigation of these industries and occupations may result in a better understanding of the sources and degree of occupational exposure to PFAS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"531-542"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicosis, Sarcoidosis, or Both? Rethinking Disease Labels in Light of Co-Occurrence","authors":"Steven Ronsmans,&nbsp;Benoit Nemery,&nbsp;Nico De Crem,&nbsp;Birgit Weynand","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"487-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Component Associations of the Healthy Worker Survivor Bias in Medical Radiation Workers","authors":"Won Jin Lee,&nbsp;Jaeho Jeong,&nbsp;Young Min Kim","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23727","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The healthy worker survivor bias may vary by sex. This study investigated three component associations necessary for this bias to determine the origins of sex differences in this bias among male and female workers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed a data set of 93,918 South Korean diagnostic medical radiation workers registered in the National Dose Registry from 1996 to 2011, linked with mortality and cancer incidence data. Component associations were assessed using Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to estimate odds ratios (ORs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A significant association between prior cumulative exposure and employment status was observed for all-cause mortality in male (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10), whereas an inverse association was noted in female workers (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.78–0.87). Adjusted ORs for employment status and subsequent exposure for all-cause mortality, as well as HRs for employment status and survival time, demonstrated associations in the same direction in both males and females.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings demonstrate that sex-specific differences in healthy worker survivor bias were primarily driven by the association between prior exposure and employment status. To improve bias mitigation in occupational cohort studies, sex-specific components should be incorporated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"552-556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicosarcoidosis: Histologic and Clinical Features of an Occupational Granulomatous Disease","authors":"Jeremy T. Hua,&nbsp;Carlyne D. Cool,&nbsp;Einat Fireman Klein,&nbsp;Yochai Adir,&nbsp;Lukas J. Lee,&nbsp;Lauren M. Zell-Baran,&nbsp;Robert A. Cohen,&nbsp;Richard C. Kraus,&nbsp;E. Brigitte Gottschall,&nbsp;Silpa D. Krefft,&nbsp;Charles Van Hook,&nbsp;Cecile S. Rose","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23724","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Growing evidence indicates that occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) is associated with an increased incidence of sarcoidosis. Yet a diagnosis of sarcoidosis rarely prompts investigation to identify preventable exposures. We sought to elucidate features that identify this important clinical syndrome of silicosarcoidosis. We assembled a multinational case series of workers with sarcoidosis who also reported occupational RCS exposure. We characterized clinical and histopathologic findings using a standardized instrument. We also assessed lung specimens using a novel quantitative microscopy technique to measure birefringent dust density in silicosarcoidosis cases and compared them to control groups. We identified 35 silicosarcoidosis cases (97% male, mean age 48 years) from the United States, Israel, and Taiwan who reported 21 ± 9 years of RCS exposure. On histology scoring, 25/29 (86%) had granulomas and 17/18 (94%) with evaluable lung tissue had lymphocytic inflammation and/or lymphoid aggregates. Common lung interstitial findings included silicotic nodules (39%), mixed-dust macules/nodules (44%), and birefringent dust (50%). Quantitative birefringent dust density was significantly greater (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) in silicosarcoidosis cases compared with healthy controls (147 ± 179 vs. 12 ± 9 particles/mm²) but lower than in coal miners with silica-related progressive massive fibrosis (623 ± 777). We found significant differences in the frequency of histologic abnormalities in large versus small biopsy specimens, with fewer findings of RCS exposure in smaller tissue samples. The use of the term silicosarcoidosis should enhance recognition of this significant exposure-related granulomatous lung disease and will help guide clinical management that addresses exposure prevention in combination with appropriate pharmacologic treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"491-507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational Exposure Patterns to Disinfectants and Cleaning Products and Its Association With Asthma Among French Healthcare Workers","authors":"Bakari Ibrahim,&nbsp;Nicole Le Moual,&nbsp;Guillaume Sit,&nbsp;Marcel Goldberg,&nbsp;Bénédicte Leynaert,&nbsp;Céline Ribet,&nbsp;Nicolas Roche,&nbsp;Raphaëlle Varraso,&nbsp;Marie Zins,&nbsp;Rachel Nadif,&nbsp;Laurent Orsi,&nbsp;Orianne Dumas","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23725","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Disinfectants and cleaning products (DCPs) are important asthma risk factors among healthcare workers. However, healthcare work involves heterogenous cleaning tasks and co-exposure to many chemicals. These multidimensional aspects have rarely been considered. We aimed to identify patterns of occupational exposure to DCPs and study their associations with asthma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CONSTANCES is a French population-based cohort of ≈220,000 adults. Current asthma and asthma symptom score were defined by questionnaire at inclusion (2012–2021). Healthcare workers completed a supplementary questionnaire on their current/last held occupation, workplace, and cleaning activities that were used in unsupervised learning algorithms to identify occupational exposure patterns. Logistic and negative binomial regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to assess associations with asthma outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 5512 healthcare workers, four occupational exposure clusters were identified: Cluster1 (C1, 42%, reference), mainly characterized by low exposed nurses and physicians; C2 (7%), medical laboratory staff moderately exposed to common DCPs (chlorine/bleach, alcohol); C3 (41%), nursing assistants and nurses highly exposed to a few DCPs (mainly quaternary ammonium compounds); and C4 (10%), nurses and nursing assistants highly exposed to multiple DCPs (e.g., glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and acids). Among women (<i>n</i> = 3734), C2 (mean score ratio [95% CI]: 1.31 [1.02; 1.68]) and C3 (1.18 [1.03; 1.36]) were associated with higher asthma symptom score, and an association was suggested between C3 and current asthma (odds ratio 1.22 [0.99; 1.51]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a large population of healthcare workers, four DCP exposure patterns were identified, reflecting the heterogeneity of healthcare jobs. Two patterns, including one characterized by laboratory workers, were associated with greater asthma symptoms in women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"516-530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work Stressors and Asthma in Female and Male US Workers: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey","authors":"Adrian Loerbroks,&nbsp;Haiou Yang,&nbsp;Jos A. Bosch,&nbsp;Julia Salandi,&nbsp;Stefanie Keymel,&nbsp;Jian Li","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23722","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prior work has linked work stressors to asthma. However, research related to gender-specific associations remains sparse and yielded mixed results. We aimed to address this gap.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We drew on cross-sectional data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (individual-level response rate = 79.7%). Included were participants in employment who were aged 18–70 (<i>n</i> = 18,701). Work-to-family conflict, workplace bullying, and job insecurity were assessed as work stressors. Asthma was defined based on self-reports of a lifetime diagnosis by a doctor or other health professional. To account for the complex sampling design, variance estimation was used to compute weighted descriptive statistics and odds ratios (ORs) as well as corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariable logistic regression. To test for interaction, interaction terms for work stressors and gender were included in additional models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the full sample, work-to-family conflict, workplace bullying and job insecurity showed positive associations with asthma (OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.03–1.40; OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.17–1.80; and OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 0.99–1.45, respectively). We did not observe meaningful gender differences in the magnitudes of the ORs. All interaction terms were not statistically significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Work stressors were positively associated with asthma, but there was no evidence of gender differences. Prospective studies are needed to determine the potential temporal relation of these associations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"508-515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to Psychosocial Work Factors and Occupational Injury and Its Severity: Prospective Associations Among Employees in the French National Working Conditions Survey","authors":"Sandrine Bertrais,&nbsp;Isabelle Niedhammer","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23723","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The few prospective studies on the associations between psychosocial work factors and occupational injury in the general working population provide little information on multiple exposures, injury severity, and gender differences. This study aimed to address these points.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study was based on prospective data from the nationwide Working Conditions survey on a representative sample of the working population in France. A total of 17,486 employees (7302 men, 10,184 women) were followed over one or two 3-year periods from 2013 to 2019. Occupational exposures were measured at the beginning of each period and included 20 psychosocial work factors, 4 working time/hours factors, and 4 physical work factors. Logistic and Hurdle models were used to study their prospective associations with occupational injury and its severity, as assessed by work absence due to injury and its duration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most psychosocial work factors predicted occupational injury. Almost all associations persisted in adjusted models, that is, after controlling for covariates and the other occupational factors that were also predictive of occupational injury. No gender differences were found for these prospective associations. For all types of occupational factors, dose–response associations were found between the number of exposures and injury. However, most occupational factors were not predictive of injury severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Occupational exposures, and psychosocial work factors in particular, predicted the occurrence of occupational injury more than its severity. Occupational injury prevention programmes should focus on various aspects of the work environment, including psychosocial work factors, and should particularly target multiple exposures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 6","pages":"543-551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Thresholds for Computer-Aided Detection for Silicosis—An Analytic Approach","authors":"Stephen Barker,&nbsp;Annalee Yassi,&nbsp;Jerry Spiegel,&nbsp;Barry Kistnasamy,&nbsp;Rodney Ehrlich","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23720","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajim.23720","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Computer-aided detection (CAD) is emerging as an adjunct to the use of the chest X-ray (CXR) in screening for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). CAD for silicosis, a fibrotic lung disease due to silica dust and a strong risk factor for TB, is at an earlier stage of development and, unlike TB, depends on expert human reading for validation. For all CAD systems, an important step is the choice of threshold for classifying images as positive or negative for the disease in question. The objective of this article is to present an analytic approach to the choice of threshold in using CAD systems for silicosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drawing on receiver operating curve data from a published study on agreement between CAD and two expert readings of silicosis, two criteria for choosing the sensitivity/specificity combination were compared—the Youden Index and a minimum sensitivity of 90%. We explore the impact of criterion selection, silicosis definition, and reader on the choice and interpretation of threshold, as well as the influence of positive predictive value (PPV) derived from screen prevalence. We present a novel technique for using two CAD thresholds to distinguish images with a high likelihood of being of positive or negative from those characterized by uncertainty.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample was 501 CXR images from ex-gold miners. Derived thresholds varied across the two criteria, as well as across silicosis definition and expert reader. Varying the notional disease prevalence produced large differences in PPV and, therefore, proportions of false positives. The implications of these variations affecting threshold choice are described for three use cases—annual screening of active miners, outreach screening of former miners, and adjudication of claims for silicosis compensation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In applying CAD to silicosis, users need to establish the use case, their preference for the sensitivity/specificity trade-off, and the silicosis definition, as well as considering the effect of disease prevalence. System developers need to take inter-reader variation in validation exercises into account and present this information transparently. A two-threshold model has potential utility in situations of high screening volume where there is a significant cost associated with referral for confirmation of diagnosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 5","pages":"464-472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in the Effectiveness of Three OHS Training Delivery Methods","authors":"Lynda S. Robson,&nbsp;Cynthia Chen,&nbsp;Cameron A. Mustard,&nbsp;Faraz Vahid Shahidi,&nbsp;Victoria Landsman,&nbsp;Peter M. Smith,&nbsp;Aviroop Biswas","doi":"10.1002/ajim.23719","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajim.23719","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Methods of delivering occupational safety and health (OSH) training have shifted from in-person to online. Widespread delivery of a standardized OSH training course in three modalities in the province of Ontario, Canada allowed measurement of differences in their effectiveness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Learners (<i>N</i> = 899) self-selected into face-to-face (F2F) instructor-led learning, online instructor-led synchronous distance learning, or online self-paced e-learning. Pre- and post-training surveys collected information on knowledge and other measures. Multiple regression analyses compared modalities on knowledge achievement (0%–100% scale; the primary outcome), engagement, perceived utility, perceived applicability, self-efficacy, and intention-to-use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>F2F learners achieved a statistically significant 2.5% (95% CI: 0.3%, 4.7%) higher post-training knowledge score than distance learners (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.23, which is considered small). A statistically insignificant difference of 0.4% (95%: −1.4%, 2.3%) was seen between e-learners and distance learners. Collaborating training providers regarded these differences as not meaningful in practice. Statistically significant differences between modalities were seen for engagement, perceived utility, and self-efficacy. Scores of F2F learners were more favorable than scores of distance learners, which were, in turn, more favorable than scores of e-learners.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides evidence that there are small to no differences among F2F, distance and e-learning in their ability to ensure knowledge achievement among learners. This finding is likely generalizable to other well-designed short-term OSH training aimed at acquiring new knowledge. More research is needed to understand whether there are important differences across these modalities in basic OHS skill acquisition and transfer of learning to the workplace.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7873,"journal":{"name":"American journal of industrial medicine","volume":"68 5","pages":"450-463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajim.23719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}