Amino Acids最新文献

{"title":"Structural insights into the potential binding sites of Cathepsin D using molecular modelling techniques","authors":"Subodh A. Kamble,&nbsp;Sagar S. Barale,&nbsp;Ali Abdulmawjood Mohammed,&nbsp;Sneha B. Paymal,&nbsp;Nitin M. Naik,&nbsp;Kailas D. Sonawane","doi":"10.1007/s00726-023-03367-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-023-03367-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. The extracellular deposition of Aβ peptides in human AD brain causes neuronal death. Therefore, it has been found that Aβ peptide degradation is a possible therapeutic target for AD. CathD has been known to breakdown amyloid beta peptides. However, the structural role of CathD is not yet clear. Hence, for the purpose of gaining a deeper comprehension of the structure of CathD, the present computational investigation was performed using virtual screening technique to predict CathD's active site residues and substrate binding mode. Ligand-based virtual screening was implemented on small molecules from ZINC database against crystal structure of CathD. Further, molecular docking was utilised to investigate the binding mechanism of CathD with substrates and virtually screened inhibitors. Localised compounds obtained through screening performed by PyRx and AutoDock 4.2 with CathD receptor and the compounds having highest binding affinities were picked as; ZINC00601317, ZINC04214975 and ZINCC12500925 as our top choices. The hydrophobic residues Viz<i>.</i> Gly35, Val31, Thr34, Gly128, Ile124 and Ala13 help stabilising the CathD-ligand complexes, which in turn emphasises substrate and inhibitor selectivity. Further, MM-GBSA approach has been used to calculate binding free energy between CathD and selected compounds. Therefore, it would be beneficial to understand the active site pocket of CathD with the assistance of these discoveries. Thus, the present study would be helpful to identify active site pocket of CathD, which could be beneficial to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the AD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-023-03367-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of diabetes-induced spinal cord axon injury with taurine via nerve growth factor-dependent Akt/mTOR pathway","authors":"Yachen Wang,&nbsp;Bihu Gao,&nbsp;Xiaochi Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Shi,&nbsp;Shuangyue Li,&nbsp;Qing Zhang,&nbsp;Cong Zhang,&nbsp;Fengyuan Piao","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03392-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03392-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common neurological complication caused by diabetes mellitus (DM). Axonal degeneration is generally accepted to be the major pathological change in peripheral DN. Taurine has been evidenced to be neuroprotective in various aspects, but its effect on spinal cord axon injury (SCAI) in DN remains barely reported. This study showed that taurine significantly ameliorated axonal damage of spinal cord (SC), based on morphological and functional analyses, in a rat model of DN induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Taurine was also found to induce neurite outgrowth in cultured cerebral cortex neurons with high glucose exposure. Moreover, taurine up-regulated the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurite outgrowth relative protein GAP-43 in rat DN model and cultured cortical neurons/VSC4.1 cells. Besides, taurine increased the activating phosphorylation signals of TrkA, Akt, and mTOR. Mechanistically, the neuroprotection by taurine was related to the NGF–pAKT–mTOR axis, because either NGF-neutralizing antibody or Akt or mTOR inhibitors was found to attenuate its beneficial effects. Together, our results demonstrated that taurine promotes spinal cord axon repair in a model of SCAI in STZ-induced diabetic rats, mechanistically associating with the NGF-dependent activation of Akt/mTOR pathway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-024-03392-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140629981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taurine ameliorates sensorimotor function by inhibiting apoptosis and activating A2 astrocytes in mice after subarachnoid hemorrhage","authors":"Chunlei Yang,&nbsp;Zhiwen Jiang,&nbsp;Xinjie Gao,&nbsp;Heng Yang,&nbsp;Jiabin Su,&nbsp;Ruiyuan Weng,&nbsp;Wei Ni,&nbsp;Yuxiang Gu","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03387-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03387-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a form of severe acute stroke with very high mortality and disability rates. Early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) contribute to the poor prognosis of patients with SAH. Currently, some researchers have started to focus on changes in amino acid metabolism that occur in brain tissues after SAH. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is semi-essential in animals, and it plays important roles in various processes, such as neurodevelopment, osmotic pressure regulation, and membrane stabilization. In acute stroke, such as cerebral hemorrhage, taurine plays a neuroprotective role. However, the role of taurine after subarachnoid hemorrhage has rarely been reported. In the present study, we established a mouse model of SAH. We found that taurine administration effectively improved the sensorimotor function of these mice. In addition, taurine treatment alleviated sensorimotor neuron damage and reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, taurine treatment enhanced the polarization of astrocytes toward the neuroprotective phenotype while inhibiting their polarization toward the neurotoxic phenotype. This study is the first to reveal the relationship between taurine and astrocyte polarization and may provide a new strategy for SAH research and clinical treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-024-03387-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cancer-induced cachexia and administration of l-glutathione on the intestinal mucosa in rat","authors":"Sabrina Silva Sestak,&nbsp;Fabiana Galvão da Motta Lima,&nbsp;Ana Paula de Oliveira,&nbsp;Letícia Ganem Rillo Paz Barateiro,&nbsp;Flávia Cristina Vieira-Frez,&nbsp;Sara Raquel Garcia de Souza,&nbsp;Flávia Alessandra Guarnier,&nbsp;Juliana Vanessa Colombo Martins Perles,&nbsp;Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03391-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03391-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Walker-256 tumor is an experimental model known to promote cachexia syndrome, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. This study evaluated the duodenal mucosa of rats with Walker-256 tumor administered with 1% <span>l</span>-glutathione, intending to evaluate the damage caused by cancer-associated cachexia in the gastrointestinal tract and the effects of antioxidant administration on mucosal protection. Twenty-four 55-day-old male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: control (C); control administered with 1% <span>l</span>-glutathione (C-GSH); Walker-256 tumor (W) and Walker-256 tumor administered with 1% <span>l</span>-glutathione (W-GSH). After 14 days of treatment, the duodenum was harvested for morphometric analysis of the mucosa, proliferation, apoptosis, immunostaining of varicosities immunoreactive (IR) to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and 5-HT-IR cells, and quantification of mast cells and goblet cells. Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats showed cachexia syndrome, mucosal atrophy, reduced cell proliferation, reduced 5-HT-IR cells, and increased goblet cells and VIPergic varicosities, which were not reversed by <span>l</span>-glutathione. On the other hand, <span>l</span>-glutathione caused a reduction of cells in apoptosis and mast cell recruitment, demonstrating a partial recovery of the damage detected in the intestinal mucosa.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-024-03391-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of L-theanine and the effect on amino acid composition in mice administered with L-theanine","authors":"Shinnosuke Yamaura,&nbsp;Koki Sadamori,&nbsp;Reiko Konishi,&nbsp;Takashi Majima,&nbsp;Akira Mukai,&nbsp;Kyosuke Uno,&nbsp;Toshihiko Kinjo,&nbsp;Koji Komori,&nbsp;Nobuyuki Kuramoto,&nbsp;Kou Kawada","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03389-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03389-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>L-theanine, an amino acid component of the tea leaves of <i>Camellia sinensis</i>, is sold in Japan as a supplement for good sleep. Although several studies in humans and mice have reported the effects of L-theanine on brain function, only a few reports have comprehensively clarified the disposition of theanine administered to mice and its effects on concentrations of other blood amino acids. In this study, we aimed to determine the changes in the blood levels of L-theanine administered to mice and amino acid composition of the serum. L-theanine were administered to four-week-old Std-ddY male mice orally or via tail vein injection. L-theanine and other amino acids in serum prepared from blood collected at different time points post-dose were labeled with phenylisothiocyanate and quantified. The serum concentration of orally administered L-theanine peaked 15 min after administration. The area under the curve for tail vein injection revealed the bioavailability of L- theanine to be approximately 70%. L-theanine administration did not affect any amino acid levels in the serum, but a significant increase in the peak area overlapping the Glycine (Gly) peak was observed 30 min after administration. L-theanine administered to mice was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, suggesting that taking L-theanine as a supplement is safe without affecting its own levels or serum levels of other amino acids. However, considering that Gly, similar to L-theanine, is used as a dietary supplement for its anxiolytic effects and to improve sleep, determining the effects of L-theanine administration on Gly is important and needs further research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-024-03389-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity of a short de novo designed peptide against fish bacterial pathogens","authors":"Raja Aadil Hussain Bhat,&nbsp;Victoria C. Khangembam,&nbsp;Vinita Pant,&nbsp;Ritesh Shantilal Tandel,&nbsp;Pramod Kumar Pandey,&nbsp;Dimpal Thakuria","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03388-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03388-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the face of increasing antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture, researchers are exploring novel substitutes to customary antibiotics. One potential solution is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). We aimed to design and evaluate a novel, short, and compositionally simple AMP with potent activity against various bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. The resulting peptide, KK12YW, has an amphipathic nature and net charge of + 7. Molecular docking experiments disclosed that KK12YW has a strong affinity for aerolysin, a virulence protein produced by the bacterial pathogen <i>Aeromonas sobria</i>. KK12YW was synthesized using Fmoc chemistry and tested against a range of bacterial pathogens, including <i>A. sobria, A. salmonicida, A. hydrophila</i><i>, </i><i>Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, and methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>. The AMP showed promising antibacterial activity, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.89 to 917.1 µgmL⁻¹ and 3.67 to 1100.52 µgmL⁻¹, respectively. In addition, KK12YW exhibited resistance to high temperatures and remained effective even in the presence of serum and salt, indicating its stability. The peptide also demonstrated minimal hemolysis toward fish RBCs, even at higher concentrations. Taken together, these findings indicate that KK12YW could be a highly promising and viable substitute for conventional antibiotics to combat microbial infections in aquaculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-024-03388-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior bioavailability of the calcium salt form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate compared with the free acid form","authors":"Heitor Rodrigues Ribeiro,&nbsp;Felipe Gregório Jardim,&nbsp;Miriam Sanz Roldán,&nbsp;Vitor de Salles Painelli,&nbsp;Vinicius da Eira Silva,&nbsp;Aline Cristina Capparelli Tritto,&nbsp;Andressa Formalioni,&nbsp;Giovani Boldrini Custoias,&nbsp;Wagner Ribeiro Pereira,&nbsp;Marina Yazigi Solis,&nbsp;Felipe Carvalho,&nbsp;Ernani Pinto Junior,&nbsp;Guilherme Giannini Artioli","doi":"10.1007/s00726-023-03369-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-023-03369-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigated the bioavailability of the calcium salt (HMB-Ca) and the free acid (HMB-FA) forms of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Sixteen young individuals received the following treatments on three different occasions in a counterbalanced crossover fashion: (1) HMB-FA in clear capsules; (2) HMB-Ca in gelatine capsules; (3) HMB-Ca dissolved in water. All treatments provided 1 g of HMB. Blood samples were taken before and on multiple time points following ingestion. The following parameters were calculated: peak plasma (Cmax), time to peak (Tmax), slope of HMB appearance in blood, area under the curve (AUC), half-life time (<i>t</i>_<i>1/2</i>) and relative bioavailability (HMB-Ca in water set as reference). All treatments led to rapid and large increases in plasma HMB. HMB-Ca in capsules and in water showed similar plasma HMB values across time (<i>p</i> = 0.438). HMB-FA resulted in lower concentrations vs<i>.</i> the other treatments (both <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). AUC (HMB-Ca in capsules: 50,078 ± 10,507; HMB-Ca in water: 47,871 ± 10,783; HMB-FA: 29,130 ± 12,946 µmol L⁻¹ × 720 min), Cmax (HMB-Ca in capsules: 229.2 ± 65.9; HMB-Ca in water: 249.7 ± 49.7; HMB-FA: 139.1 ± 67.2 µmol L⁻¹) and relative bioavailability (HMB-Ca in capsules: 104.8 ± 14.9%; HMB-FA: 61.5 ± 17.0%) were lower in HMB-FA vs. HMB-Ca (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). HMB-Ca in water resulted in the fastest Tmax (43 ± 22 min) compared to HMB-Ca in capsules (79 ± 40 min) and HMB-FA (78 ± 21 min) (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while <i>t</i>_<i>1/2</i> was similar between treatments. To conclude, HMB-Ca exhibited superior bioavailability compared to HMB-FA, with HMB-Ca in water showing faster absorption. Elimination kinetics were similar across all forms, suggesting that the pharmaceutical form of HMB affects the absorption rates, but not its distribution or elimination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10987370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reductive amination of ω-conotoxin MVIIA: synthesis, determination of modification sites, and self-assembly","authors":"Xiufang Ding,&nbsp;Yue Wang,&nbsp;Sida Zhang,&nbsp;Ruihua Zhang,&nbsp;Dong Chen,&nbsp;Changcai Liu,&nbsp;Jianfu Xu,&nbsp;Long Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00726-023-03366-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-023-03366-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peptide drugs have disadvantages such as low stability, short half-life and side effects, which limit their widespread use in clinical practice. Therefore, peptide drugs can be modified to improve these disadvantages. Numerous studies have shown that alkyl-modified peptide drugs can self-assemble to prolong the duration of efficacy and/or reduce side effects. However, the commonly used solid-phase synthesis method for alkyl-modified peptides is time-consuming. To overcome this, a simple reductive amination reaction was employed, which can directly graft the alkyl chain to the peptide sequence and effectively avoid stepwise synthesis from C- to N-terminal with amino acids. In this study, ω-conotoxin MVIIA was used as the peptide drug, while myristic aldehyde was used as the alkylating agent. To obtain the maximum productivity of modified peptides, the molar ratio of peptide MVIIA to myristic aldehyde in the reductive amination reaction was optimized. Furthermore, the peptide modification sites in this reaction were confirmed by secondary mass spectrometry analysis. Besides, alkyl-modified peptide MVIIA was able to form micelles by self-assembly and improved stability in serum, which was related to our previous work where myristoylated peptide MVIIA micelles can improve the drug stability. Finally, this study was intended to provide a methodological basis for modifying the alkyl chain of peptide drugs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10981597/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140329486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing postprandial amino acid responses in crossover studies with the aaresponse package for R","authors":"Ron Wehrens,&nbsp;Jasper Engel,&nbsp;Jurriaan Mes,&nbsp;Aard de Jong,&nbsp;Diederik Esser","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03386-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03386-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle is the subject of much research. One example is the use of crossover trials to investigate the uptake of proteins, usually from alternatives to animal-based sources, by healthy volunteers. The data analysis is complex and requires many decisions on the part of the scientists involved. Such a process can be streamlined and made more objective and reproducible through bespoke software. This paper describes such a software package, <span>(textbf{aaresponse})</span>, for the <span>(textsf{R})</span> environment, available as open source. It features ample visualization functions, supports consistent curation strategies, and compares amino acid uptake of different protein meals (interventions) through the use of mixed models analysing parameters of interest like the area under the curve (AUC). The defining feature is the use of parametric curves to fit the amino acid levels over time, increasing the robustness of the approach and allowing for more strict quality control strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10957629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140183471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An insight into role of amino acids as antioxidants via NRF2 activation","authors":"Melford C. Egbujor,&nbsp;Olugbemi T. Olaniyan,&nbsp;Chigbundu N. Emeruwa,&nbsp;Sarmistha Saha,&nbsp;Luciano Saso,&nbsp;Paolo Tucci","doi":"10.1007/s00726-024-03384-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00726-024-03384-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oxidative stress can affect the protein, lipids, and DNA of the cells and thus, play a crucial role in several pathophysiological conditions. It has already been established that oxidative stress has a close association with inflammation via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway. Amino acids are notably the building block of proteins and constitute the major class of nitrogen-containing natural products of medicinal importance. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to activate NRF2, a transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidant responses. Moreover, amino acids may act as synergistic antioxidants as part of our dietary supplementations. This has aroused research interest in the NRF2-inducing activity of amino acids. Interestingly, amino acids' activation of NRF2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway exerts therapeutic effects in several diseases. Therefore, the present review will discuss the relationship between different amino acids and activation of NRF2–KEAP1 signaling pathway pinning their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discussed amino acids formulations and their applications as therapeutics. This will broaden the prospect of the therapeutic applications of amino acids in a myriad of inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases. This will provide an insight for designing and developing new chemical entities as NRF2 activators.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7810,"journal":{"name":"Amino Acids","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-024-03384-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}