Journal of experimental animal science最新文献

{"title":"Osteogenic ability of free perichondreal autografts in canine tibial defects: An experimental study","authors":"M. Arican ,&nbsp;M. Ortatatll ,&nbsp;K. Yiğitarslan ,&nbsp;C. Ceylan","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80003-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80003-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study set out to establish the effect of transplanting perichondreum on bone healing at sites of tibial bone defects in an experimental dog model. Transplantation of free, autologous, non-vascularised, perichondreal grafts to the distal of right anteromedial plane side of the tibia was compared with non-transplantation on the proximal side of the same bone.</p><p>In experimental dogs (n = 7), a 5 cm piece segment of perichondreum, that has been excised from the thirteenth rib of the same animal, was transplanted to the middle defect fracture site of bone, but not to the control proximal defect fracture site.</p><p>The dogs were allowed to recover from the operation and were kept 21 days in cages, with free-range. On days 30 (Group I) and 45 (Group II) after operations, the dogs were euthanatized. Histopathologically, defects in 30 days treated perichondreum group were filled by new ossified tissue while control defects in the same period were not fully resurfaced. The new ossified tissue consisted of a thin and inadequate trabeculae. In 45 days treated groups, defects with transplanting perichondreum were filled by thick trabeculae converting into a compact bone tissue. The control defects of this group, however, were filled by an extreme callus overflowing to medulla and bone surface.</p><p>This study has provided evidence to show that autologous, non-vascularized perichondreum retains an osteogenic ability when transplanted to tibial bone defect sites. It appears that callus formation occurred within the perichondreum grafting which resembles that of enchondral and intramembranous ossification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 203-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80003-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic-statistical analysis of growth in selected and unselected mouse lines","authors":"Ulla Renne ,&nbsp;Martina Langhammer ,&nbsp;Erika Wytrwat ,&nbsp;Gerhard Dietl ,&nbsp;Lutz Bünger","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80004-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80004-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growth of males sampled from two mouse lines long-term selected for over 86 generations on body weight (DU6) or on protein amount (DU6P) was analysed from birth till 120 days of age and compared to the growth of an unselected control line (DUKs). Animals from the selected lines are already approximately 40 to 50% heavier at birth than the controls. This divergence increases to about 210 to 240% at the 120 day of age. With birth weights of 2.2 and 2.4 g and weights of 78 and 89 g at the 120 day these selection lines are the heaviest known mouse lines.</p><p>The fit of three modified non-linear growth functions (<span>Gompertz</span> function, <span>Logistic</span> function, <span>Richards</span> function) was compared and the effect of three different <em>data inputs</em> elucidated. The modification was undertaken to use parameters having a direct biological meaning, for example: A: theoretical final body weight, B: maximum weight gain, C: age at maximum weight gain, D (only <span>Richards</span> function): determines the position of the inflection point in relation to the final weight. All three models fit the observed data very well (r² = 0.949–0.998), with a slight advantage for the <span>Richards</span> function. There were no substantial effects of the <em>data input</em> (averages, single values, fitting a curve for every animal with subsequent averaging the parameters).</p><p>The high growth of the selected mice is connected with very substantial changes in the final weight and in the maximum weight gain, whereas the changes of the age at the point of inflection were, although partially significant, relatively small and dependent on the model used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 218-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80004-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56857928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of semi-invasive cardiovascular monitoring on the perioperative outcome of kidney or lung xenotransplantation in cynomolgus monkeys","authors":"Michael Przemeck ,&nbsp;Ralf Lorenz ,&nbsp;Martin Loss ,&nbsp;Karsten Wiebe ,&nbsp;Richard Appiah ,&nbsp;Michael Winkler ,&nbsp;Siegfried Piepenbrock","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80002-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80002-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>&gt;Background:</h3><p>Cynomolgus monkeys <em>(Macaca fascicularis)</em> are one of the predominant primate models in experimental transplantation. Particularly in xenotransplantation experiments, they can be subjected to profound cardiovascular instability by surgical trauma, volume shifts and inflammatory mediator release. Meticulous perioperative management including deliberate intraoperative monitoring is therefore required.</p></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><p>26 porcine kidneys (group A) and 3 single lung lobes (group B), obtained from unmodified pigs or from pigs transgenic for human complement regulators, were transplanted into 29 cynomolgus monkeys. In group A₁ (n = 11) the monkeys were monitored intraoperatively by ECG, non-invasive arterial, and central venous blood pressure (standard cardiovascular monitoring, SCVM). In group A₂ (n = 15) measurements of cardiac output (CO), intrathoracic blood volume and extravascular lung water (extended cardiovascular monitoring, XCVM) were added to the intraoperative monitoring regime. XCVM plus continuous pulse contour CO was used in the 3 monkeys undergoing porcine single lung xenotransplantation. Results: In group A₂ significantly more animals had initial graft function if compared to group A₁. 40% of the monkeys of group A₂ but 73% of group A₁ died within the first postoperative week. Group A₂ displayed a trend towards greater overall survival rates, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0,07). In group B stable lung xenograft reperfusion was achieved in all 3 recipients despite recurrent phases of severe cardiovascular instability. Two lung recipients could be weaned from the ventilator, and 1 monkey survived more than 24 hours postoperatively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><p>The application of XCVM in small primates undergoing kidney xenotransplantation led to significantly better early postoperative results and longer survival times. In single lung xenotransplantation XCVM plus continuous pulse contour CO showed to be indispensable for the therapeutic management of the profound cardiovascular instabilities observed. Our data indicate that comprehensive anaesthesiologic monitoring can contribute substantially to the advancement of experimental organ transplantation in small monkeys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 192-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80002-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multislice spiral computed tomography of an orthotopic severe combined immunodeficient mouse model for lung adenocarcinoma","authors":"Katharina Marten ,&nbsp;Frauke Alves ,&nbsp;Tim Feuerstein ,&nbsp;Matthias Funke ,&nbsp;Christoph Engelke ,&nbsp;Lutz F. Tietze ,&nbsp;Klaus Nebendahl ,&nbsp;Lorenz Trümper ,&nbsp;Christiane Jakob ,&nbsp;Eckhardt Grabbe","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80001-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80001-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Aim:</h3><p>In recent years, much research interest has been rightfully directed towards modelling human disease. The increasing demand of laboratory animals has led to a major impetus in small animal imaging. We evaluated the feasibility of using multislice spiral CT (MSCT) technology in a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods:</h3><p>Mice (n = 14) were implanted orthotopically with the human non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell line A 549. Mice were scanned with MSCT and sacrificed 7 days (n = 3), 14 days (n = 3), and 21 days (n = 5) after tumor cell implantation, respectively. Histopathology was performed. Tumor size as revealed by imaging and pathology was correlated. A group of animals (n = 3) received anti-cancer treatment with seco-CBI-Q-galatoside. Those mice were scanned with MSCT 21 days after tumor implantation and sacrificed, and histopathologic work-up was performed.</p></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><p>A total of 14 mice with 14 macroscopically visible and 5 microscopically appreciable adenocarcinomas of the lung were examined. All macroscopically visible tumors were readily depicted with MSCT except from 2 lesions of 1 mm in diameter. MSCT accurately displayed the different tumor sizes in treated vs. non-treated animals.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion:</h3><p>MSCT proved to be a valuable tool for imaging of a murine lung cancer model. This evidences a potential use of this technology in small animal lung cancer imaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 181-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80001-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of normal rat serum injected into the uterus on fetal survival in the rat","authors":"Reuvit Halperin ,&nbsp;Eran Hadas ,&nbsp;Nili Shinnar ,&nbsp;Ian Bukovsky ,&nbsp;David Schneider","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80010-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80010-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We intended to use the rat model to study the effect of autoantibodies on implantation and fetal viability. However, we have since found an effect of normal rat serum on fetal resorption rate and fetal viability. The objective of this study was to determine the consistency of this effect. Wistar strain albino rats were used for injection of 150 μl normal rat serum into the lumen of uterine horn on days L₂–L₆. The other uterine horn, used as a control, was injected with 150 μl normal saline. Percent implantation, fetal resorption rate and fetal viability were determined following the intrauterine injection of normal rat serum as compared with normal saline. A significant increase in fetal resorption rate was observed following the injection of rat serum on days L₄ and L₅ (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). A significant decrease in fetal viability was demonstrated following the injection of rat serum on day L₅ (P = 0.01). The rat can provide a suitable animal model for further studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 3","pages":"Pages 171-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80010-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of iNOS expression and NO formation by mononuclear phagocytes from hamsters upon stimulation in vitro","authors":"M. Dörger,&nbsp;A.-M. Allmeling,&nbsp;F. Krombach","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80008-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80008-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In previous investigations, we demonstrated that hamster alveolar macrophages failed to induce the iNOS and produce NO upon stimulation <em>in vitro</em>. The subject of this study was to examine whether the lack of the iNOS pathway in hamster mononuclear phagocytes is tissue-specific. We investigated iNOS expression and NO production in isolated hamster (Lak:LVG(SYR)BR) monocytes (MO), pleural macrophages (PLM), and peritoneal macrophages (PM) in comparison to isolated rat (Crl:CD®(SN)BR) cells. NO release was measured as nitrite with the Griess reaction upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or interferon-<em>γ</em> (INF-<em>γ</em>). The expression of the iNOS protein was detected with western blot-technique and iNOS mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR. As expected, rat MO, PLM, and PM released NO upon stimulation with LPS and/or IFN-<em>γ</em>. However, hamster cells were not able to generate detectable amounts of NO. Expression of the iNOS protein and iNOS mRNA was only detected in rat, but not in hamster MO, PLM, and PM. Our data indicate that NO may not belong to the effector system of hamster mononuclear phagocytes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 3","pages":"Pages 150-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80008-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on specific behavioral effects of formaldehyde in the rat","authors":"F.A. Malek ,&nbsp;K.-U. Möritz ,&nbsp;J. Fanghänel","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80009-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80009-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It has been reported that single exposure of rats of low-level formaldehyde vapor concentrations causes significant alteration in their motor activity in the inhalation chamber. In this study, we determined the effects of formaldehyde on the locomotor activity and behavior of adult male and female Lew. 1K rats in an open field two hours after termination of a single two hours lasting inhalative exposure to approximately 0.1, 0.5, or 5 ppm. Following behavioral parameters were quantitatively examined: numbers of crossed floor squares, occurrence frequencies of air and floor sniffing, grooming, rearing, and wall climbing, as well as the incidence of fecal boli. In the open field situation, the males of all formaldehyde groups crossed significantly lower numbers of floor squares. Furthermore, significant decrease in the occurrence frequencies of floor sniffing, rearing, and wall climbing were observed. Within the female rat groups exposed to 0.5 or 5 ppm formaldehyde, a significantly decreased numbers of crossed squares were registered, while this parameter remained unchanged in the 0.1 ppm group. Other parameters were also affected by the formaldehyde inhalation (e.g. significant increase in the occurrence frequencies of air sniffing in the 0.1 and 0.5 ppm groups and significant decrease in the numbers of floor sniffing in the 0.5 and 5 ppm groups, respectively). The incidence of fecal boli was not affected in any exposure group neither in males nor in females. It is concluded from the results obtained that formaldehyde significantly affects the locomotor behavior of adult male and female rats in the open field after a single inhalative exposure to the above mentioned concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 3","pages":"Pages 160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80009-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in swine: a research model","authors":"M.B. Hubert,&nbsp;I. Salazkin,&nbsp;J. Desjardins,&nbsp;G. Blaise","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80007-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80007-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Similarities between humans and swine have been established on the basis of anatomic and physiologic characteristics. Consequently, the use of swine in biomedical research has increased over the last few decades. Most cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques in swine are only partial CPBs without cardiac arrest or aortic clamping. In addition, the post-operative period is often limited to a few hours. We decided to establish a swine model of total CPB with cardiac arrest and aortic clamping while allowing a post-operative period of 24 h. The purpose of this article is to describe our swine model that closely simulates the human situation in CPB surgery. Cardiac arrest with cardioplegia and aortic clamping was undertaken for 75 min. CPB was well-tolerated, and all pigs were weaned from it. Post-operative care was continued for 24 h. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes, characterized by reduced cardiac function, arrhythmias, and decreased oxygenation associated with ischemia-reperfusion and the inflammatory process under CPB, were recorded and compared to the same parameters in control pigs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 3","pages":"Pages 135-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80007-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloning and characterization of hamster fetal retinoic acid receptor isoforms","authors":"Raghubir P. Sharma,&nbsp;Royal A. McGraw,&nbsp;Raviprakash R. Dugyala","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80006-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80006-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hamsters are routinely employed in toxicology evaluation, particularly for investigating the teratologic potential of chemicals. We have employed Syrian golden hamsters in retinoid-induced teratogenesis, mechanisms of which involve various retinoic acid receptor (RAR) isoforms. The purpose of this study was to clone and characterize different full-length hamster RAR isoforms. A 12-day old fetal hamster cDNA library was constructed and screened for RAR isoforms using human or mouse probes. Three full-length clones representing RARα, β, and γ were isolated, amplified and sequenced, and based on their homology to known mammalian isoforms were termed as hamster RARα variant, RARβ2 and RARγ2, respectively. The respective translated products for these clones were 430, 448 and 406 amino acids long. The clones were homologous to their human or mouse counterparts, although differences, particularly in the N-terminal region, were observed. These differences may represent differential splicing of exons controlled by two promoters for each isoform.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 3","pages":"Pages 125-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(03)80006-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56858827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of diet induced aortic atherosclerosis in Syrian F1B hamsters","authors":"Christine S. Pien,&nbsp;Wendell P. Davis,&nbsp;Adele J. Marone,&nbsp;Thomas L. Foxall","doi":"10.1016/S0939-8600(02)80009-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0939-8600(02)80009-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We characterized atherosclerotic lesions in Syrian F₁B hamsters fed a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol. Total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher for treated animals than for low fat controls. After 4, 12, 18, 26, 32 and 44 weeks on either diet, the vasculature was fixed in situ and the aortic arch prepared for light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Fatty streak lesions comprised of foam cells were noted at 4 weeks along the inner curvature of the aortic arch. Fibromuscular lesions became evident at 26 weeks with excess connective tissue and a thickened media. Lesion size increased as foam cells accumulated in the subendothelial space and collagen was deposited in the upper media beneath an intact internal elastic lamina. By 44 weeks an advanced lesion had developed that consisted of a smooth muscle and extracellular matrix cap with an intact endothelium over a lipid rich core. The core consisted of foam cells, extracellular lipid, necrotic debris, cholesterol clefts, calcium deposits, and extracellular proteins. Oxidized LDL was only detected in the treated hamsters and localized to foam cells in early lesions, spread to extracellular matrix in fibrofatty lesions, and further involved medial smooth muscle cells in advanced lesions. Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 were observed at low levels in both groups; however, cyclooxygenase-2 was noticeably upregulated in the early lesions of treated animals. Atherosclerotic lesions similar to each major stage of pathology in humans developed at a predictable site in the hamster aorta in a relatively short period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77206,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental animal science","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 65-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0939-8600(02)80009-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56857508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}