American Journal of Botany最新文献

{"title":"Neopolyploidy-induced changes in giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) alter herbivore preference and performance and plant population performance","authors":"Hannah R. Assour,&nbsp;Tia-Lynn Ashman,&nbsp;Martin M. Turcotte","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16301","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16301","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polyploidy is a widespread mutational process in angiosperms that may alter population performance of not only plants but also their interacting species. Yet, knowledge of whether polyploidy affects plant–herbivore dynamics is scarce. Here, we tested whether aphid herbivores exhibit preference for diploid or neopolyploid plants, whether polyploidy impacts plant and herbivore performance, and whether these interactions depend on the plant genetic background.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using independently synthesized neotetraploid strains paired with their diploid progenitors of greater duckweed (<i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i>), we evaluated the effect of neopolyploidy on duckweed's interaction with the water-lily aphid (<i>Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae</i>). Using paired-choice experiments, we evaluated feeding preference of the herbivore. We then evaluated the consequences of polyploidy on aphid and plant performance by measuring population growth over multiple generations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Aphids preferred neopolyploids when plants were provided at equal abundances but not at equal surface areas, suggesting the role of plant population surface area in driving this preference. Additionally, neopolyploidy increased aphid population performance, but this result was dependent on the plant's genetic lineage. Lastly, the impact of herbivory on neopolyploid vs. diploid duckweed varied greatly with genetic lineage, where neopolyploids appeared to be variably tolerant compared to diploids, sometimes mirroring the effect on herbivore performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By experimentally testing the impacts of polyploidy on trophic species interactions, we showed that polyploidization can impact the preference and performance of herbivores on their plant hosts. These results have significant implications for the establishment and persistence of plants and herbivores in the face of plant polyploidy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friends without benefits: Extensive cytotype sympatry and polyploid persistence in an African geophyte","authors":"Damian Vaz de Sousa,&nbsp;Michelle Greve,&nbsp;Kenneth C. Oberlander","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16291","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16291","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polyploidy is a major factor in plant adaptation and speciation. Multiple mechanisms contribute to autopolyploid frequency within populations, but uncertainties remain regarding mechanisms that facilitate polyploid establishment and persistence. Here we aimed to document and predict cytotype distributions of <i>Oxalis obliquifolia</i> Steud. ex A. Rich. across Gauteng, South Africa, and test for evidence of possible mechanisms, including morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits, that may potentially facilitate polyploid persistence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over 320 <i>O. obliquifolia</i> plants from 25 sites were cytotyped using flow cytometry, and DNA ploidy was confirmed using meiotic chromosome squashes. Cytotypes were mapped and correlations with abiotic variables assessed using ordinations. To assess morphological and phenological associations with cytotype, we grew multiple cytotypes in a common garden, measured phenotypic traits and compared them using linear models and discriminant analyses. Intercytotype reproductive isolation was assessed using crossing experiments, and AMOVAs based on ITS DNA sequences tested for cytogeographic structure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Six cytotypes were identified, and most sites had multiple cytotypes. Abiotic variables were not predictive of cytotype distribution. A clear gigas effect was present. Differences in flower size and phenology suggested pollinator interactions could play a role in polyploid persistence. Intercytotype crosses produced seed at low frequency. DNA data suggested diploids and polyploids were largely reproductively isolated in situ, and polyploidization events were not frequent enough to explain high cytotype sympatry.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diploids and polyploids are behaving as separate species, despite little observable niche differentiation and non-zero potential intercytotype seed set. Tests on biotic interactions and intercytotype F1 fitness may provide insights into diploid and polyploid coexistence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining autopolyploidy: Cytology, genetics, and taxonomy","authors":"Zhenling Lv,&nbsp;Charles Addo Nyarko,&nbsp;Vinita Ramtekey,&nbsp;Helen Behn,&nbsp;Annaliese S. Mason","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16292","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16292","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autopolyploidy is taxonomically defined as the presence of more than two copies of each genome within an organism or species, where the genomes present must all originate within the same species. Alternatively, “genetic” or “cytological” autopolyploidy is defined by polysomic inheritance: random pairing and segregation of the four (or more) homologous chromosomes present, with no preferential pairing partners. In this review, we provide an overview of methods used to categorize species as taxonomic and cytological autopolyploids, including both modern and obsolete cytological methods, marker-segregation-based and genomics methods. Subsequently, we also investigated how frequently polysomic inheritance has been reliably documented in autopolyploids. Pure or predominantly polysomic inheritance was documented in 39 of 43 putative autopolyploid species where inheritance data was available (91%) and in seven of eight synthetic autopolyploids, with several cases of more mixed inheritance within species. We found no clear cases of autopolyploids with disomic inheritance, which was likely a function of our search methodology. Interestingly, we found seven species with purely polysomic inheritance and another five species with partial or predominant polysomic inheritance that appear to be taxonomic allopolyploids. Our results suggest that observations of polysomic inheritance can lead to relabeling of taxonomically allopolyploid species as autopolyploid and highlight the need for further cytogenetic and genomic investigation into polyploid origins and inheritance types.</p>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140027217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant–soil microbe feedbacks depend on distance and ploidy in a mixed cytotype population of Larrea tridentata","authors":"Benjamin P. Gerstner,&nbsp;Robert G. Laport,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Rudgers,&nbsp;Kenneth D. Whitney","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16298","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16298","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Theory predicts that mixed ploidy populations should be short-lived due to strong fitness disadvantages for the rare ploidy. However, mixed ploidy populations are common, suggesting that the fitness costs for rare ploidies are counterbalanced by ecological benefits that emerge when rare. We investigated whether differences in ecological interactions with soil microbes help to maintain a tetraploid–hexaploid population of <i>Larrea tridentata</i> (creosote bush) in the Sonoran Desert, California, United States, where prior work documented ploidy-specific root-associated microbes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used a plant–soil feedback (PSF) experiment to test whether host-specific soil microbes can alter the outcomes of intraploidy vs. interploidy competition. Host-specific soil microbes can build up over time; thus, distance from a host plant can affect the fitness of nearby plants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seedlings grown in soils from near plants of a different ploidy produced greater biomass relative to seedlings grown in soils from near plants of the same ploidy. Moreover, seedlings grown in soils from near plants of a different ploidy produced more biomass than those grown in soils that were farther from plants of a different ploidy. These results suggest that the ecological consequences of PSF may facilitate the persistence of mixed ploidy populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that is consistent with plant–soil microbe feedback as a viable mechanism to maintain the coexistence of multiple ploidy levels in a single population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140020780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of a mega-radiation: Biogeography and niche evolution in Astragalus","authors":"Ryan A. Folk,&nbsp;Joseph L. M. Charboneau,&nbsp;Michael Belitz,&nbsp;Tajinder Singh,&nbsp;Heather R. Kates,&nbsp;Douglas E. Soltis,&nbsp;Pamela S. Soltis,&nbsp;Robert P. Guralnick,&nbsp;Carolina M. Siniscalchi","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16299","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16299","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Astragalus</i> (Fabaceae), with more than 3000 species, represents a globally successful radiation of morphologically highly similar species predominant across the northern hemisphere. It has attracted attention from systematists and biogeographers, who have asked what factors might be behind the extraordinary diversity of this important arid-adapted clade and what sets it apart from close relatives with far less species richness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here, for the first time using extensive phylogenetic sampling, we asked whether (1) <i>Astragalus</i> is uniquely characterized by bursts of radiation or whether diversification instead is uniform and no different from closely related taxa. Then we tested whether the species diversity of <i>Astragalus</i> is attributable specifically to its predilection for (2) cold and arid habitats, (3) particular soils, or to (4) chromosome evolution. Finally, we tested (5) whether <i>Astragalus</i> originated in central Asia as proposed and (6) whether niche evolutionary shifts were subsequently associated with the colonization of other continents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results point to the importance of heterogeneity in the diversification of <i>Astragalus</i>, with upshifts associated with the earliest divergences but not strongly tied to any abiotic factor or biogeographic regionalization tested here. The only potential correlate with diversification we identified was chromosome number. Biogeographic shifts have a strong association with the abiotic environment and highlight the importance of central Asia as a biogeographic gateway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our investigation shows the importance of phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of logistically challenging “mega-radiations.” Our findings reject any simple key innovation behind high diversity and underline the often nuanced, multifactorial processes leading to species-rich clades.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contribution of carbon budget to masting intervals in Veratrum album populations inhabiting different elevations","authors":"Yohei Ito,&nbsp;Gaku Kudo","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16295","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16295","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mast flowering/seeding is often more extreme in lower-resource environments, such as alpine compared to lowland habitats. We studied a masting herb that had less extreme masting at higher elevations, and tested if this difference could be explained by higher photosynthetic productivity and/or lower reproductive investment at the higher-elevation sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined the relationship between flowering intervals and carbon budget (i.e., the balance between reproductive investment and annual carbon fixation) in a masting herb, <i>Veratrum album</i> subsp. <i>oxysepalum</i>, across five lowland and six alpine populations in northern Japan. We evaluated the previous flowering histories of individual plants based on rhizome morphology and analyzed the masting patterns of individual populations. Total mass of the reproductive organs, as a proxy of reproductive investment, was compared between the lowland and alpine populations. Annual carbon fixation was estimated on the basis of photosynthetic capacity, total leaf area per plant, and seasonal transition of light availability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interval between high-flowering years was shorter and total reproductive investment was smaller in the alpine than in the lowland populations. Owing to its high photosynthetic capacity and continuous bright conditions, annual carbon fixation per plant was 1.5 times greater in alpine habitat than in lowland habitat. These results suggest that <i>V. album</i> alpine populations have shorter flowering intervals than lowland populations due to faster recovery from energy loss after reproduction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study demonstrated that masting intervals in <i>V. album</i> populations can be explained by habitat-specific carbon budget balances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139970707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogenetic changes in ecophysiology are an understudied yet important component of plant adaptation","authors":"Erica H. Lawrence-Paul,&nbsp;Jesse R. Lasky","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16294","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plants rely on adjustments in growth and development to respond to environmental stimuli. Developmental transitions, including germination, vegetative phase change, reproductive transition, and senescence, modify the growth patterns of plants and their requirements for survival. Consequently, the timing of developmental transitions and the developmental stage at which a plant encounters environmental stress hold significant implications for the performance of individuals, population dynamics, and community dynamics. If developmental phases, and the timing of transitions between them, are key to plant success in fluctuating environments, then understanding ontogenetic changes in plant environmental interactions is necessary to predict how plants will react to environmental stress and novel environments. Geneticists and molecular biologists have discovered many mechanisms governing developmental transitions, while developmental biologists have studied how plant form changes across ontogeny and ecologists have studied how plant form alters organismal interactions. However, there has been insufficient integration of these fields of study, hindering a comprehensive understanding of how plant development contributes to environmental adaptation and acclimation.</p><p>Links among plant development, plant fitness, and ecosystem functioning lead us to hypothesize that selection on the timing of developmental transitions to align stress-tolerant developmental phases with periods of environmental stress is more prevalent than currently understood. Phase-specific differences in environmental tolerance could contribute to genotypic and species-specific adaptations to climate. As depicted in Figure 1, two genotypes (or species) labeled “A” and “B” exhibit different patterns of phase-specific stress tolerance throughout ontogeny. Depending on the environment (Env. 1 or 2) they inhabit, they will experience harsh environmental conditions at different times. Genotypes (or species) that align stress-tolerant developmental phases with periods of harsh conditions (e.g., genotype “A” in Env. 1) are thus expected to have increased fitness.</p><p>This example illustrates that the alignment between stress-tolerant developmental phases and harsh environmental conditions can arise through changes in developmental timing or ontogenetic alterations in plant growth and physiology. Despite considerable progress in our understanding of relationships between ontogeny and environmental response that support this hypothesis, knowledge of when developmental transitions occur and the extent of genetic variation in the timing of these transitions and phase-specific traits remains limited.</p><p>As plants transition between developmental phases, their tolerance and response to environmental conditions changes (Figure 1). Plants in different developmental phases possess distinct organs (i.e., juvenile or adult leaves, flowers), access to resources, and physiological characteristics,","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139929608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linkages among stem xylem transport, biomechanics, and storage in lianas and trees across three contrasting environments","authors":"Ke-Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Da Yang,&nbsp;Yun-Bing Zhang,&nbsp;Xun-Ru Ai,&nbsp;Lan Yao,&nbsp;Zhi-Jun Deng,&nbsp;Jiao-Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16290","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16290","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Premise</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stem xylem transports water and nutrients, mechanically supports aboveground tissues, and stores water and nonstructural carbohydrates. These three functions are associated with three types of cells—vessel, fiber, and parenchyma, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We measured stem theoretical hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_t), modulus of elasticity (MOE), tissue water content, starch, soluble sugars, cellulose, and xylem anatomical traits in 15 liana and 16 tree species across three contrasting sites in Southwest China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lianas had higher hydraulic efficiency and tissue water content, but lower MOE and cellulose than trees. Storage traits (starch and soluble sugars) did not significantly differ between lianas and trees, and trait variation was explained mainly by site, highlighting how environment shapes plant storage strategies. <i>K</i>_t was significantly positively correlated with vessel diameter and vessel area fraction in lianas and all species combined. The MOE was significantly positively correlated with fiber area fraction, wood density, and cellulose in lianas and across all species. The tissue water content was significantly associated with parenchyma area fraction in lianas. Support function was strongly linked with transport and storage functions in lianas. In trees, transport and support functions were not correlated, while storage function was tightly linked with transport and support functions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between stem xylem structure and function in lianas and trees, providing valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and the distinct ecological strategies employed by lianas and by trees to balance the demands of hydraulic transport, mechanical support, and storage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139911822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is experimental evolution relevant for botanical research?","authors":"Florian P. Schiestl","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16296","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16296","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most researchers in botany acknowledge the importance of evolution in shaping plant traits, communities, or interactions with other organisms, but nevertheless implicitly assume that ongoing evolutionary change is not fast enough to impact the outcome or repeatability of their research. Although this may be true for some studies, especially those focusing on macroevolution, for others it is less clear, because more and more research shows that evolution can be rapid in some cases, especially when selection is strong and the generation time of the evolving organisms is short (Agrawal et al., <span>2012</span>; Franks et al., <span>2016</span>; Ramos and Schiestl, <span>2019</span>). Therefore, single-generation studies, that merely capture a single frame out of the “evolutionary footage”, may fall short of documenting the evolutionary dimension, which is one of relentless change. For example, in community ecology experiments lasting for several plant generations, drift and selection may have changed the (epi)genotypic composition of the experimental populations, hence having an effect of the outcomes and repeatability of the experiment (van Moorsel et al., <span>2019</span>). When studying floral traits including rates of selfing, one should be aware that they may evolve rapidly when pollinator communities change (Gervasi and Schiestl, <span>2017</span>). Lastly, for decisions to be made in terms of how threatened plant populations can be conserved, their potential to adapt to changing environmental parameters may be a key consideration (Jump and Penuelas, <span>2005</span>). I argue that we should more often consider the opportunity for addressing real-time evolution in our research, by including an evolutionary framework in our experimental design, and build in the evolutionary dimension in ecological- and plant conservation models.</p><p>There are different ways to study real-time evolution directly or by incorporating it into experiments with another primary focus. Perhaps the most commonly used way is to use comparative approaches between populations or long-term studies without manipulating environmental parameters. Resurrection experiments, done by growing stored “historical” seeds together with the recent ones (Franks et al., <span>2016</span>) or comparing genomes of herbarium samples with those of recent populations (Kreiner et al., <span>2022</span>), provide additional approaches for assessing intermediate- to short-term evolutionary changes. Experimental evolution, defined as “the study of evolutionary changes occurring in experimental populations as a consequence of conditions (environmental, demographic, genetic, social, and so forth) imposed by the experimenter” (Kawecki et al., <span>2012</span>) strives to identify “natural” evolution by using realistic ecological factors (as opposed to studies with artificial selection), in natural, or semi-natural greenhouse-based conditions. The advantage of this approach is that it usually","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139929607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Fruit and seed structure in the ANA-grade angiosperms: Ancestral traits and specializations”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajb2.16293","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajb2.16293","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Romanov, M. S., A. V. F. Ch. Bobrov, P. S. Iovlev, M. S. Roslov, N. S. Zdravchev, A. N. Sorokin, E. S. Romanova, and M. V. Kandidov. 2024. Fruit and seed structure in the ANA-grade angiosperms: Ancestral traits and specializations. American Journal of Botany e16264. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16264</p><p>An older version of Appendix 2 was published. Here we provide the updated corrected version of Appendix 2.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p><p><b>Appendix 2</b>. Morphological data matrix.\u0000\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139911821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}