{"title":"The health consequences of the Chernobyl accident and other radiological events. Introduction.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19860195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radiation effects on the population of Belarus after the Chernobyl accident and the prediction of stochastic effects.","authors":"J E Kenigsberg, V F Minenko, E E Buglova","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evaluation of conditions of exposure during the post-accident period makes it possible to identify two periods in the radiation exposure of Belarus's population. As a result of our investigations we obtained data about doses for four different categories in the exposed population: people who lived in the contaminated territories without evacuation and relocation; evacuated people: cleanup workers (\"liquidators\"); and people who were exposed in childhood, especially for thyroid exposure. The total doses for these categories in different time periods were analysed. Evaluation of doses received by the Belarusian population due to the Chernobyl accident shows no evidence of doses, that could lead to the deterministic consequences of radiation exposure. For all exposed groups we made predictions about different types of stochastic consequences of exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 1","pages":"58-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women and health security.","authors":"Hammad A el-B","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 2","pages":"74-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20006406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women and AIDS in south and South-East Asia: the challenge and the response.","authors":"N Mboi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>South and South-East Asia are at the centre of the most aggressive advances of the AIDS epidemic today. The challenge this presents to the region is clear. While reported absolute numbers still lag behind the African region (11,160,900 in Africa; 3,081,235 in Asia) knowledgeable observers agree that the place of infection and potential devastation in this region exceed what we have seen in Africa. Those concerned with the welfare of the people of Asia, therefore, must make serious efforts to break the chain of HIV transmission as quickly and effectively as possible and identify and care for the infected. Women are entitled to protection by rights the same as men. However, for anatomical reasons, women are more vulnerable than men to infection by HIV. In addition, throughout the Asian region, women's \"natural\" vulnerability is vastly magnified by poverty and generally low levels of education and personal autonomy which make it difficult for them to gain access to information and appropriate services. Because of women's multiple roles in the epidemic-potential \"infectee\", care-giver, transmitter of infection-if we are to be successful in halting the spread of HIV/AIDS we must give particular attention to reaching, working with, and serving women. Meeting this challenge requires involvement of men as well as women, individuals and institutions, governments and NGOs, in four broad areas of activity: (i) HIV/AIDS education and information; (ii) basic education and economic activity to reduce gender inequities; (iii) improvements in policy and social environments; and (iv) provision of health and other services. Lack of commitment, skill, or persistence in meeting the challenge will cost lives across Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 2","pages":"94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20006991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health sector approach to vulnerability reduction and emergency preparedness.","authors":"S Ben Yahmed, P Koob","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vulnerability is increasing year by year. Statistics show that not only are the human and economic costs of emergencies and disasters increasing, but that the cost of relief assistance has increased 10-fold in the last 11 years. Relief assistance alone can lead to increased vulnerability, by reducing development assistance and leading to further social crises The concept of vulnerability consist of two aspects, susceptibility and resilience; vulnerability reduction aims to reduce susceptibility to hazards and increase community resilience to emergencies. Vulnerability reduction involves vulnerability assessment, hazard prevention and mitigation, and emergency preparedness. Vulnerability reduction aims to decrease community susceptibility and increase community resilience, and can focus on emergencies thus preventing many disasters. Vulnerability reduction protects human development, and prepared communities can maintain and improve their level of development. Vulnerability reduction is the responsibility of all, including the health sector, and all sectors at all levels must assist communities to participate in reducing vulnerability. The health sector work in vulnerability reduction requires coordination at all levels within a country. WHO has been assisting in this work at the international, regional and country levels for many years. There is a need for statistical indicators of vulnerability and the harm caused by major emergencies. Data from these indicators will assist in monitoring and evaluating vulnerability reduction, and targeting communities at risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 3-4","pages":"172-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20116833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UNICEF's rich history in emergency response.","authors":"G Dyer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When conflict erupts or natural disasters strike, UNICEF's challenge is to provide for the emergency needs of civilians, especially women and children, who are caught in the crossfire or plagued by the drought or swept away by the flood. When emergency situations arise, threatening to derail UNICEF's ongoing work in a country, the challenge is to adapt programmes to better address the changing needs of the affected population. UNICEF's goal in all countries undergoing emergencies is to build on the work already done to lay the foundation for long-term peace and progress. In most emergency cases, certain core interventions are applied to meet basic needs, including health (UNICEF's largest activity in emergencies), water supply and sanitation, education, nutrition, community development, advocacy and initiatives addressing the special needs of women and children. Specific programmes for unaccompanied children, women's reproductive health, child soldiers, land-mine awareness and child prisoners are also employed in many emergency situations. UNICEF works towards the day when children and women no longer face acute threats to their survival and development; but until such time as natural disasters and man-made conflict no longer pose threats to them, UNICEF remains committed to the range of activities required to ensure their protection and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 3-4","pages":"226-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20117338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women and migration: a public health issue.","authors":"M Carballo, M Grocutt, A Hadzihasanovic","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The need to migrate is usually a function of the complex interaction of economic, social, familial and political factors. Among the most important, however, are the denial of access to education, employment, goods and services and the lack of respect for basic human rights. Because in many societies women are marginalized from these rights, migration to more economically and educationally open societies can often help improve their personal situation and their professional opportunities. On the other hand, because the status of women is usually linked to their role and status within the family and is defined in relationship to their male partners, migration can place women in situations where they experience stress and anxiety due to the loss of their traditional social entourage and environment. Their social integration in new settings may be equally limited by their initial lack of education and occupational experience. The higher vulnerability of women to sexual abuse and violence also places them at risk of STDs, including HIV, and a range of post-traumatic stress disorders associated with sexual violence. Their reproductive health needs often go unnoticed and unprotected even in well organized refugee and migrant situations, and the insensitivity of health staff to the needs of women is often more pronounced in refugee and migrant contexts than it is in general. Health monitoring of women in all migration-related situations has to be given greater priority. Similarly, much more attention at a health policy level is called for if the rights of women refugees and migrants are to be protected, and their contribution to health and social development is to be acknowledged and promoted.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 2","pages":"158-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20006302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethics and reproductive health: a principled approach.","authors":"R Macklin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Universal ethical principles can be used to analyse problems in reproductive health. The principle of beneficence obligates people to strive to bring about more beneficial consequences than harmful ones. The principle known as respect for persons presumes that all human beings have dignity and are worthy of respect. Showing equal respect for women as persons means recognizing their autonomy and treating them as capable decision-makers and full participants in medical decisions. A third leading concern of bioethics is justice, which requires a fair distribution of family planning methods, including access to safe abortion in cases of contraceptive failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 2","pages":"148-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20006997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Childhood homicide, suicide, and firearm deaths: an international comparison.","authors":"E G Krug, L L Dahlberg, K E Powell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article is intended to provide a better understanding of the incidence of violent deaths among children under 15 years of age in highly industrialized countries/areas. We found that rates of violent childhood deaths are not uniform in the industrialized world and that rates in the United States greatly exceed those in the other countries and areas. In fact, total firearm deaths among children are 12 times higher in the United States than in all of the other countries or areas combined; childhood homicide rates are 5 times higher; and childhood suicide rates are twice as high. Five countries or areas, 3 of which are in Asia, reported no firearm deaths among children under 15 years old. These findings suggest the value of conducting further research to explore these cross-national differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 3-4","pages":"230-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20117339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disaster preparedness: institutional capacity building in the Americas.","authors":"J L Poncelet, C de Ville de Goyet","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Latin American and Caribbean countries are prone to natural, technological and \"complex\" disasters. This vulnerability to catastrophic events led the region to undertake the long journey away from an ad hoc response towards institutional preparedness and, more recently, to disaster prevention and mitigation. This article attempts to outline the definitions and basic principles of institutional emergency preparedness, including reliance on the more effective use of existing resources, rather than establishment of special stockpiles and equipment; the critical importance of general participation and awareness; and the interrelationship of the health sector with others and the potential for leadership. How to assess the level of preparedness is discussed. Stress is placed on the fact that preparedness is traditionally confused with the existence of a written disaster plan. Preparedness should be seen as a never-ending, complex process that can only be assessed through an in-depth review of coordination, planning, training and logistic elements. There is also a fundamental distinction between preparedness, i.e., \"getting ready to respond\" and disaster prevention/mitigation, which aims to reduce the health impact. The latter calls for the collaboration of engineers, architects, planners and economists with the health sector. It is illustrated by the regional initiative in the Americas to reduce the physical vulnerability of hospitals to earthquakes and hurricanes. In spite of the encouraging achievements, much remains to be done. Weak areas include preparedness for technological disasters, and a true inter-country preventive approach to common disasters across borders. Electronic communications through the Internet will also help to suppress borders and boundaries, contributing to a truly collective approach to emergency preparedness and disaster relief coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":76824,"journal":{"name":"World health statistics quarterly. Rapport trimestriel de statistiques sanitaires mondiales","volume":"49 3-4","pages":"195-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20116838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}