American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Dental Fluctuating Asymmetry: Environmental Factors Influencing Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Dental Development","authors":"Luci Kohn,&nbsp;Kurt Schulz,&nbsp;Terry B. Kensler,&nbsp;Elizabeth Maldonado,&nbsp;Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg,&nbsp;Martin Q. Zhao,&nbsp;George Francis,&nbsp;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increased fluctuating asymmetry, or random differences between right and left sides, has been associated with developmental stress or developmental instability. This study examines fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of mesio-distal and bucco-lingual dimensions of deciduous maxillary molars (m¹, m²), and permanent maxillary premolars and molars (P³, P⁴, M¹, M²) of 466 rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) born between 1950 and 2018 from Cayo Santiago (CS), Puerto Rico. All included individuals were of known age, sex, birth year, and matriline. We assess whether a secular trend occurs in FA over a 68-year period, sex differences in FA, and whether environmental or management factors in the colony history resulted in decreased FA. Regression of FA on birth year tested for a secular trend in FA. A mixed-model two-way analysis of variance was used to test for the influence of food supplementation, tetanus vaccination and hurricane experience during dental development on FA. Differences across matrilines in response to the management or environmental factors were tested by ANOVA. There was no significant secular trend in FA. There was limited reduction of FA with implementation of the high protein diet, and limited support for the decreased FA associated with the implementation of tetanus vaccination. There is also limited difference in dental FA associated with exposure to a hurricane during dental development. Matrilineal differences in FA were observed for several teeth. The free-ranging environment of Cayo Santiago is a complex environment, with many factors influencing the development of young rhesus macaques. While the introduction of a high protein diet or the implementation of a tetanus vaccination program may have improved individual health overall, there are likely other factors that may cause developmental stress and result in dental FA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical Parameters of Two Sympatric Primates in the Atlantic Forest: The Native Callithrix jacchus and the Exotic Saimiri sciureus","authors":"Juliana Ribeiro de Albuquerque,&nbsp;Anísio Francisco Soares,&nbsp;Valdir Luna da Silva,&nbsp;Maria Adélia Borstelmann de Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed blood biochemical parameters in two groups, <i>Callithrix jacchus</i> (<i>C. jacchus</i>) and <i>Saimiri sciureus</i> (<i>S. sciureus</i>), in sympatry in the Atlantic Forest, Northeastern Brazil. The procedures included precapture and capture for health assessment and blood collection between January and September 2019. The parameters analyzed were triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), VLDL, LDL, HDL, total protein (TP), albumin, globulins, urea, and creatinine (this only in <i>S. sciureus</i>). Females in <i>C. jacchus</i> group presented high means of TC (195.4 ± 34.8 mg/dL), LDL (76.6 ± 57.6 mg/dL), and HDL (142.7 ± 86.4 mg/dL) in relation to other cited literature values, and there were significant differences in TC, protein profile, and urea when comparing ages. Females in the <i>S. sciureus</i> group had higher means of TC (463.9 ± 101.8 mg/dL), HDL (137.3 ± 65.5 mg/dL), and albumin (4.95 ± 0.8 g/dL) and juveniles had higher means of HDL (116.3 ± 67.8 mg/dL), TP (15.62 ± 3.3 g/dL), albumin (4.62 ± 0.7 g/dL), and globulin (10.99 ± 3.6 g/dL). The animals were clinically healthy and the data presented can help in understanding the clinical health conditions of these species, as well as provide subsidies in the development of conservation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Abundance of Widely Distributed Primates","authors":"Ray Hilborn,&nbsp;Milani Chaloupka","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monitoring the abundance of widely distributed animals poses many logistic challenges, and is rarely done because the wide distribution generally suggests a lack of conservation concern and thus funding. However, as there are increasing concerns about the conservation status of some widely distributed primates, evidence based management requires estimates of abundance. In this paper we review how such estimates can be done and have been done for some animals. We also explore in depth the one attempt to do so for a primate, the long-tailed macaque. We identify weaknesses in the work that has been done and suggest how a reliable estimate could be obtained.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12554351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145372179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Knowledge of the Partner's Need Affect Food Sharing in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys?","authors":"Gabriele Schino,&nbsp;Guendalina Francesconi,&nbsp;Elsa Addessi","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability to understand the internal (psychological or physiological) states of others can be adaptive in both cooperative and competitive settings. In this study, we tested whether tufted capuchin monkeys (<i>Sapajus</i> spp.) altered their willingness to share part of their food with a partner in relation to having recently seen it eating. We first gave partners food (banana, carrot, or nothing) that could not be shared with the subjects, and then gave subjects food (apple) that they could share with the partners. During the first phase of the tests, the subjects seemed aware that their partner was eating, but did not show any evident emotional response. Neither having seen the partner eat nor the quality of the food eaten by the partner had any effect on the subject's willingness to subsequently share their food during the second phase of the tests. Our results do not confirm those of a previous similar study, and suggest the effect of having seen the partner eat on subsequent food sharing is weak and/or variable in tufted capuchin monkeys. The ability of animals to understand the internal states of other individuals remains contentious.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145353450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neopterin as a Tool for Primate Ecoimmunology: Current Knowledge, Practical Application, and New Directions From Captivity to the Wild","authors":"Verena Behringer,&nbsp;Caroline Deimel","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neopterin is a well-established biomarker of interferon-gamma-mediated macrophage activation that indicates cell-mediated immune system responses in humans. Because it is readily quantifiable in urine, it is increasingly used in nonhuman primates to study cell-mediated immune functioning in relation to infectious diseases, but also environmental and individual factors, in both captive and wild primates. This review synthesizes our current knowledge on these topics with a focus on nonhuman primates. We cover the influence of various methodological factors during sampling and analysis on the reliability of neopterin measurements and give practical advice on how these factors can be mitigated. Furthermore, we address the advantages and disadvantages of different biological matrices in which neopterin can be measured and propose best practice guidelines for handling and storage of samples that consider challenges encountered during fieldwork. We conclude this review with an outlook on topics within primatology where neopterin, as a marker of cell-mediated immune functioning, could become a valuable tool to answer applied questions and test evolutionary hypotheses about immune functioning in primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12523204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145290738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of White-Handed Gibbon Density and Population Size in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Thailand","authors":"Chanpen Saralamba,&nbsp;Somphot Duangchantrasiri,&nbsp;Mayuree Sornsa,&nbsp;Anak Pattanavibool,&nbsp;Warren Y. Brockelman","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>All 20 gibbon species (Hylobatidae) are listed as Threatened or Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The four species of gibbons occurring in Thailand survive only in well-protected forests and need to be effectively monitored for conservation management. Because of their habit of duetting and living in small-group territories, gibbons are usually surveyed using acoustic methods employing point counts. We surveyed the white-handed gibbon (<i>Hylobates lar</i>) population in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand to determine the long-term viability of the population. We combined the listening-point method using arrays of listening posts with the point transect Distance method with prior random placement of sample points. We placed 39 sample arrays in dry (seasonal) evergreen forest (DEF), the optimal forest type for gibbons in the sanctuary, and 34 arrays in selected areas of mixed deciduous forest (MDF). During the 20 months of survey (2017–2021), we estimated an average density of 3.74 groups km⁻² for DEF and 1.10 groups km⁻² for MDF. The total number of gibbon groups in the habitats was estimated at 2568 (95% CI: 2156–3063) in DEF and 1482 (95% CI: 1172–1887) in MDF. A multiple covariate distance sampling analysis revealed that forest type had a major effect on gibbon density, while altitude and distance to poaching signs had little or no effect. The most serious threat to gibbon populations in the WEFCOM complex in the future is likely to be increased dryness and degradation of forests caused by the global anthropomorphic increases in temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12516109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Grooming Networks Among Male Chimpanzees Preceding a Permanent Community Fission at Ngogo","authors":"David P. Watts","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chimpanzees form social communities with memberships that change only with births, deaths, and female emigrations or immigrations and that are characterized by high fission-fusion dynamics. Relations between neighboring communities are intensely hostile, and males in the same community cooperate in potentially lethal intercommunity aggression. Permanent community fissions sometimes occur, but genetic data indicate that these are rare, and only a single case, from Gombe, had been known until recently. The unusually large Ngogo chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park, Uganda, observed continuously since 1995, underwent a gradual permanent fission during the 2010s that culminated in the inception of lethal intercommunity aggression in 2018. Males at Ngogo could be assigned to different socio-spatial neighborhoods based on association data before the permanent fission, but data on characteristics of grooming networks show that all belonged to a single community until around 2011. Subsequently, grooming networks showed clear differentiation between what became the Ngogo Central and Ngogo West communities. This preceded the first obvious behavioral signs of permanent fission. In principle, a model developed by Sueur et al. (2011; cf. Sueur and Maire 2014) to explain how increases in group size in papionin primates could lead to fracturing of female grooming networks and facilitate permanent fissions should apply to male chimpanzees, given the importance of male-male grooming for maintaining social bonds and cooperation in intergroup aggression. However, analysis of long-term data on male-male grooming indicates that increases in the number of females at Ngogo and variation in their residence decisions apparently had a greater effect on the dissolution of a community-wide male grooming network than did increases in the number of males. These results support the hypothesis that the main drover of the permanent fission was male reproductive competition, not constraints on the ability of males to maintain grooming networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest Cover and Altitude Are Key to the Occurrence of Black-Fronted Titi Monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest","authors":"Aron Silvarolli Fernandes,&nbsp;Lisieux Fuzessy,&nbsp;Carla C. Gestich,&nbsp;Felipe Martello,&nbsp;Milton Cezar Ribeiro","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human activities are major threats to biodiversity, particularly for arboreal, forest-specialist species such as platyrrhine primates. Habitat loss and declines in vegetation quality negatively affect species' persistence in disturbed and human-modified landscapes. In this study, we evaluated the influence of landscape structure (forest cover and functional connectivity), vegetation quality and structure (EVI and canopy height), fire disturbance history (% burned area), and altitude on the occurrence of black-fronted titi monkeys (<i>Callicebus nigrifrons</i>) in the Cantareira-Mantiqueira Corridor, a region within the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. We conducted playback surveys at 72 sites to detect the presence of the species. Using model selection approaches, we assessed the relative importance of environmental predictors on the species' occurrence. The best-supported model included forest cover (within a 250 m radius) and altitude, indicating that greater forest cover at higher elevations best explains the presence of black-fronted titi monkeys. Variables related to functional connectivity, vegetation quality and structure and fire disturbance history had secondary importance. Our findings underscore the critical importance of preserving and restoring forested areas, particularly mid-elevation ranges (500–1200 m). These regions face the most severe degradation, posing a significant threat to black-fronted titi monkeys, a species currently listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Our results align with previous studies showing positive associations between forest cover and the occurrence of congeneric species, reinforcing the urgent need for targeted conservation actions in increasingly degraded habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Dynamics of a Lion-Tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) Population in a Rainforest Fragment in the Southern Western Ghats of India","authors":"Ashni Kumar Dhawale,&nbsp;Anindya Sinha","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Demographic analysis is often used for the effective management of wildlife, especially for species facing human-caused disturbances to their habitat, such as habitat fragmentation. The objective of this long-term study was, therefore, to gain insights into the status of a lion-tailed macaque (<i>Macaca silenus</i>) population, inhabiting the Puthuthottam estate near Valparai in the Western Ghats of southwestern India, by documenting demographic factors, such as group numbers, group size and age/sex composition, as well as estimating growth, birth, and mortality rates. We documented the demography of five resident groups of this species, comprising 5% of the remaining wild lion-tailed macaque populations. In this paper, we present a demographic history of the Puthuthottam population through comparisons with studies conducted by various research groups, beginning in the 1970s, and report a five-fold increase in population size over a period of four decades. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we analyze and discuss the effects of population demographic parameters on birth rates, including a moderately reduced growth- and birth rate, as compared to previous records for the population. The most frequent contributor to mortality, especially of the vulnerable juvenile age class, was found to be roadkill deaths, followed by other anthropogenic causes, including electrocution on exposed electric lines. We also report a shift in the social system, pervasive across this population, from unimale–multifemale to multimale–multifemale social groups. We strongly believe that the observed drastic alterations to the socioecological profile of the study population, as a result of habitat fragmentation and increased utilization of human habitats, have major implications for the long-term survivability of this macaque population. We hope the information presented in this paper will aid in the effective management of the remaining lion-tailed macaque populations across their distribution range, particularly as they become increasingly exposed to human-altered habitats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145062616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Extended Lactation Nutritionally Important for the Weaning of Wild Toque Macaques, Macaca sinica? Evidence From Milk Composition","authors":"Wolfgang P. J. Dittus,&nbsp;Sara E. Childs-Sanford,&nbsp;Lalith H. Jayawickrama,&nbsp;Olav T. Oftedal","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70078","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 <p>Successful lactation is important to offspring survival in wild primates, both during infancy and the transition of weaning. We examined changes in the composition of milk of wild toque macaques to assess its nutritional role both during primary lactation (&lt; 7 mo) and subsequent infant care. We collected 72 milk samples from wild toque macaques (<i>Macaca sinica</i>) in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, up to an infant age (iAge) of 2.2 y and assayed them by standard methods as developed at the Smithsonian's National Zoo. During the first 7 mo <i>M. sinica</i> milk contained on average 86.1% water, 13.9% dry matter, 4.25% fat, 1.62% protein, 7.84% sugar, 0.792 kcal/g energy, 0.083% calcium, 0.026% phosphorus, 0.012% magnesium, 3.32 ppm zinc, 18.1 mM/kg H₂O sodium, 4.01 mM/kg H₂O potassium and 16.2 mM/kg H₂O chloride. Dry matter, fat, and energy increased significantly during this period, but much greater changes were observed in these and other constituents (including protein, phosphorus, and zinc) during the subsequent supplemental lactation period. The average water (74.0%), and sugar (6.31%) decreased, whereas dry matter (26.0%), fat (15.9%), protein (3.8%), energy (1.91 kcal/g), phosphorus (0.050%) and zinc (11.9 ppm) concentrations of <i>M</i>. <i>sinica</i> milk during the supplemental period are higher than any prior reported values for primate milks. As infants aged and transitioned to independent feeding the nutrient composition of milk changed by reducing water and sugar that older nursing offspring obtained progressively more from water and fruit in the environment, rather than from milk. We hypothesize that this switch in sourcing water and sugar conserves maternal energy, nutrient balance, and fitness. Notwithstanding, supplemental lactation continued to provide other nutrients (including fat, protein, energy, P, and Zn) that may serve an important nutritional/developmental function over and above maintenance of maternal-infant bonds, at least in wild primates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}