Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance separation by NF and RO membranes: a critical evaluation of advances and future perspectives","authors":"Sharafat Ali, Ruonan Wang, Haiou Huang, Shunde Yin and Xianshe Feng","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00066H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00066H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dubbed “forever chemicals”, are synthetic compounds containing strong carbon–fluorine bonds. They are widely used in various industrial processes and products, and as a result, PFAS pollution is pervasive and has led to persistent contamination of surface and groundwater sources. Due to the adverse impact of PFAS exposure on health, there have been growing concerns among the public, the scientific community, and regulatory bodies, and treating water to an adequate level is essential. Nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are two of the candidate technologies for separating PFAS from water. NF and RO systems are easy to operate and require little use of chemicals. In contrast, other water treatment technologies (<em>e.g.</em>, chemical oxidation, adsorption, ion exchange, and photocatalytic degradation) are often unsatisfactory due to slow reaction kinetics, generation and release of harmful by-products, or high operating costs. Despite the advantages of NF and RO, a concentrated residual stream is produced which contains high levels of PFAS. This concentrate, which typically accounts for 10 to 20% of the feedwater volume and is 5 to 10 times more concentrated with PFAS, must be managed or further treated appropriately to prevent environmental contamination. In this review, the NF/RO systems for the treatment of PFAS-contaminated water are discussed, focusing on the factors that affect their effectiveness and the mechanisms by which they remove PFAS. Also, advances in NF/RO membranes and systems as well as technical challenges at present are discussed along with an introduction to a total management plan for concentrated residual streams using a novel combination of NF/RO processes coupled with other state-of-the-art methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141525875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of calcium from water by zeolites with gravity-driven membrane filtration for water treatment without electricity†","authors":"Dowon Chae, Kwang Pyo Son, Seung Mo Kang, Joowan Lim, Hosung Lee, Jin Lee, Seungjin Lee and Pyung-Kyu Park","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00438H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00438H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hard water creates issues due to scaling that impacts industrial and domestic applications. Zeolite adsorption is an effective method for calcium removal. However, treated water requires additional filtration to remove suspended solids, which uses energy under traditional methods. Considering applications at sites where electricity is unavailable, this study removed calcium from water using zeolite adsorption and gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration. Four zeolite types were assessed: powdered (P1 and P2), bead-shaped (B) and granular (G). The properties of the zeolites significantly affected calcium removal and GDM filtration performance. Zeolites with low Si/Al ratios (high Al content) exhibited high Ca removal because negatively charged lattice sites were created by replacing Si with Al. P1 and B with Si/Al ratios of 1.40 and 1.49, respectively, exhibited high Ca-removal efficiencies of 92.6% and 99.8%. In contrast, P2 and G with high Si/Al ratios from 4.71–5.35 showed lower removal efficiency of 29.8–43.7%. The average sizes of P1, P2, B, and G were 9.68, 5.73, 2134, and 3639 μm, respectively. At similar Si/Al ratios, smaller particles exhibited faster adsorption rates. However, as the zeolite size decreased, the GDM flux decreased. During GDM filtration after zeolite adsorption, the permeate flux of water treated with large B and G zeolites was higher than that of water treated with small P1 and P2 zeolites. Finally, the zeolites were evaluated based on three criteria: Ca removal, GDM water flux, and price, which provides useful guidance for selecting appropriate zeolites.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A graphitic carbon nitride-based efficient nanocomposite: low cost and stupefying photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline and As3+ in wastewater†","authors":"Kabir Hussain Badagoppam Haroon, Varsha UshaVipinachandran, Santanu Bera, Vijay Sithaiyan and Susanta Kumar Bhunia","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00376D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00376D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The paucity of pure water has become a serious concern due to the rapid increase of industrialization and massive population growth. The frequent usage of colorless pollutants in our daily lives leads to an accumulation in water bodies and causes adverse effects when consumed unknowingly. Therefore, it becomes crucial to remove these kinds of pollutants from wastewater. We report a nanocomposite comprising silver (Ag) nanoparticles decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (CN) and employed for visible light-induced photocatalytic removal of tetracycline (TC) and As<small>³⁺</small> as well as oil–water separation. A simple calcination, acid-etching followed by <em>in situ</em> chemical reduction method was used to fabricate the binary nanocomposite, namely AgECN. The resulting nanostructure showed tremendous potential towards TC degradation and As<small>³⁺</small> oxidation in a short period of time. It was observed that 92% of TC and 99% of As<small>³⁺</small> became degraded within 90 minutes using AgECN-3% nanocomposite. In addition, it showed better oil–water separation efficiency. A radical scavenging study demonstrated the involvement of superoxide radical (O<small>₂</small>˙<small>⁻</small>) and photogenerated holes (h<small>⁺</small>) towards TC degradation and As<small>³⁺</small> oxidation. The synergistic effect of individual components in the nanocomposite exhibited outstanding separation of photogenerated charge carriers proceeding with remarkable photocatalytic activity compared to the individual components alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141525870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two weeks after the 2023 Maui wildfires: drinking water experiences and needs†","authors":"Andrew J. Whelton, Paula D. Coelho, Christopher Shuler, Aurora Kagawa-Viviani, Kellie D. P. Cole, Stefanie Surdyka and Stephanie Heffner","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00216D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00216D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To understand community impacts and needs after the August 2023 Maui wildfires, we conducted a rapid survey-based field investigation two weeks after the incident. During the fires, municipal water customers were warned not to use their water due to potential drinking water contamination. Household displacement and isolation of some impacted areas limited extensive study participation. Households (14) in the affected areas were visited and surveyed about property characteristics, evacuation, water use, and water quality observations. Publicly available test results from Maui County and the University of Hawai'i were also reviewed. Opportunistically, wildfire impacts to agricultural water systems were documented. Half of the households had property damage, and all lost power and used drinking water before being notified that it was potentially contaminated. Nearly all households expressed confusion about allowable water use activities and health risks. Most households noticed water issues after the evacuation order was lifted, and some acquired and used at-home drinking water test kits. None of these kits could find all previously identified fire-related chemicals. Damage to agricultural water systems was similar to damage seen for residential systems. Recommendations to lessen impacts and expedite community response and recovery from wildfires are provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ew/d4ew00216d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A report on arsenic removal from water via adsorption of an arsenomolybdate complex on S–CuFe2O4 adsorbents†","authors":"Ejaz Hussain, Meryam Sultana, Muhammad Zeeshan Abid, Aqsa Khan Buzdar, Hamdy Khamees Thabet, Salah M. El-Bahy, Muhammad Jalil, Abdul Rauf, Zeinhom M. El-Bahy and Khezina Rafiq","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00300D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00300D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Drinking ground water in many areas of Pakistan is contaminated by dissolved arsenic. The consumption of arsenic-contaminated water causes many carcinogenic diseases. Hence, this work aims to estimate and eliminate arsenic from ground water used for drinking purposes in the Layyah District (Punjab – PK). For the purpose, water samples were collected from selected areas of the aforementioned district, and average arsenic concentration was estimated to be 95 ppb. Thereafter, to remove dissolved arsenic contents (As<small>³⁺</small> and As<small>⁵⁺</small>), sulphur-doped copper ferrite, <em>i.e.</em>, S–CuFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> adsorbent, was developed <em>via</em> a hydrothermal approach. To justify its effectiveness, structural morphology of the adsorbent was evaluated <em>via</em> XRD, FT-IR, Raman and AFM analysis, whereas its stability was investigated <em>via</em> TGA analysis. Its purity and chemical compositions were determined using SEM, EDX and XPS techniques. Magnetic properties of S–CuFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> were examined <em>via</em> VSM. The results indicated that spinel cubic morphology of S–CuFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> facilitates the effective adsorption of arsenic contents. For complete elimination, arsenic contents were first converted to an arsenomolybdate complex (AMC) and then removed from water <em>via</em> adsorption on S–CuFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>. The adsorption was found to be spontaneous with Δ<em>G</em> = −13.51 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>, and adsorption kinetics for the AMC were well fitted by pseudo second order with a correlation coefficient (<em>R</em><small>²</small>) of 0.99997. Adsorption isotherm and electrostatic interaction between S–CuFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> and AMC were confirmed and revealed using Langmuir and Temkin models with <em>R</em><small>²</small> = 0.97021 and <em>R</em><small>²</small> = 0.87431, respectively. Results suggested that one gram of S–CuFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> is enough to deliver 275 gal of arsenic free water.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Omicron variant in November 2021: a retrospective analysis through wastewater in Halifax, Canada","authors":"Emalie K. Hayes, Crystal Sweeney, Amina K. Stoddart, Graham A. Gagnon","doi":"10.1039/d4ew00350k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ew00350k","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the efficacy of wastewater surveillance (WWS) for the early detection of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in a university setting in Halifax, Canada. Utilizing an allele-specific RT-qPCR assay, that targets a distinctive Omicron–Lambda mutation (N: P13L; C28311T), we retrospectively analyzed wastewater samples collected from four university residences between 01 September and 31 December 2021. We analyzed 276 passive wastewater samples from four university residences and 51 composite wastewater samples from the wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) which is located downstream of the university. Our findings reveal the presence of the C28311T mutation in wastewater collected before the clinical identification of the Omicron variant in the province. Retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2-positive samples using the C28311T RT-qPCR assay showed detections in wastewater collected at the university on 05 November 2021 and 06 November 2021 and in the WWTF samples on 26 November 2021. SARS-CoV-2 N2 RNA was detected in 51 campus samples and 20 treatment facility samples (18 and 39% detection rate, respectively). The study emphasizes the utility of passive sampling for its cost-effectiveness and minimal maintenance, enabling rapid testing and prompt health interventions within an institutional setting. The comparison between the localized approach at the university and the broader community surveillance at the WWTF illustrates the nuanced understanding provided by targeted WWS. While the WWTF samples reflect a community-wide perspective with less variability, the university's targeted surveillance captures localized outbreaks, offering actionable insights for campus management. These findings underscore the strategic value of integrating passive wastewater sampling into public health strategies for variant detection and outbreak prevention, particularly in institutional settings with high-density populations.","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141525872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solving the biofouling problem of uranium extraction from seawater by plasma technology†","authors":"Xue Zhang and Dadong Shao","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00226A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00226A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The effective extraction of uranium (U(<small>VI</small>)) from seawater is critical for the development of nuclear energy in the near future. Biofouling is one of the core problems of U(<small>VI</small>) extraction from seawater that must be solved soon. In this work, plasma technology is applied to solve the biofouling problem of U(<small>VI</small>) extraction from seawater. The experimental results show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during the plasma discharging process can effectively kill marine microorganisms in 30 min by destroying their membrane structure and removing their extracellular polymers (EPS), which can improve its U(<small>VI</small>) adsorption capability. Plasma treatment also significantly affects the microorganism compositions in natural seawater and can effectively kill <em>Proteobacteria</em> species including <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em>. In summary, plasma sterilization is fast, effective, and simple. It can solve the biofouling problem and simultaneously improve the recovery capability of poly(amidoxime) (PAO)-based materials for U(<small>VI</small>) from seawater.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141525873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular level seasonality of dissolved organic matter in freshwater and its impact on drinking water treatment†","authors":"Anna Andersson, Leanne Powers, Mourad Harir, Michael Gonsior, Norbert Hertkorn, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Henrik Kylin, Daniel Hellström, Ämma Pettersson and David Bastviken","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00142G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00142G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Improved characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source waters used for drinking water treatment is necessary to optimize treatment processes and obtain high drinking water quality. In this study, seasonal differences in freshwater DOM composition and associated treatment-induced changes, were investigated at four drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Sweden, during all seasons and a full-year. The objective was to understand how effectively DWTPs can adapt to seasonal changes and compare how optical and mass spectrometry methods detected these changes. In addition to bulk DOM analysis, this work focused on excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence including parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, and molecular level non-target analysis by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Overall, seasonal variability of raw water DOM composition was small and explained primarily by changes in the contributions of DOM with aromatic and phenolic moieties, which were more prevalent during spring in two surface water sources as indicated by absorbance measurements at 254 nm, computed specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and phenol concentrations. These changes could be balanced by coagulation, resulting in seasonally stable DOM characteristics of treated water. While EEM fluorescence and PARAFAC modelling effectively revealed DOM fingerprints of the different water sources, FT-ICR MS provided new insights into treatment selectivity on DOM composition at the molecular level. Future DOM monitoring of surface waters should target more specific seasonal DOM changes, such as features with a known impact on certain treatment processes or target certain events, like algal or cyanobacterial blooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ew/d4ew00142g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource utilization of oak fruit peel as biomass waste for the synthesis of carbon with graphene oxide-like composition and its composite with Mg1−xCaxFe2O4 for Cd(ii) removal from water: characterization, magnetic properties, and potential adsorption study†","authors":"Younes Zohrabi, Mohammad Ebrahim Ghazi, Morteza Izadifard, Alireza Valipour and Sivasankaran Ayyaru","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00059E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00059E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, carbon with graphene oxide (GO)-like composition (C<small>_GO</small>) was prepared from oak fruit peel (OFP) using a room-temperature method. C<small>_GO</small> was decorated with sol–gel synthesized Mg<small>_{1−<em>x</em>}</small>Ca<small>_<em>x</em></small>Fe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> (<em>x</em> = 0.2 (MCF2) and 0.8 (MCF8)) <em>via</em> a hydrothermal method to obtain C<small>_GO</small>/MCF nanocomposites. The samples were characterized using XRD, RS, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET, and VSM analysis. C<small>_GO</small>/MCF nanocomposites were assessed for their Cd<small>²⁺</small> adsorption capacity from aqueous solutions <em>via</em> flame AAS. Factors such as contact time (1–60 min); nanocomposite dose (0.002–0.01 g); initial Cd<small>²⁺</small> concentration (5–60 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>); and coexisting ions of Pb<small>²⁺</small>, Co<small>²⁺</small>, and Ni<small>²⁺</small> (10 mg L<small>⁻¹</small> each) at pH 7 were examined. The results indicated that the Cd<small>²⁺</small> adsorption capacity of C<small>_GO</small>/MCF2 (357.5 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>) was higher (30%) than that of C<small>_GO</small>/MCF8 (250 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>) at a contact time of 1 h, nanocomposite dose of 0.002 g, and initial Cd<small>²⁺</small> concentration of 60 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>. The Cd<small>²⁺</small> adsorption capacity of C<small>_GO</small>/MCF nanocomposites was fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetics (<em>R</em><small>²</small> &gt; 0.99) and the Langmuir isotherm (<em>R</em><small>²</small> &gt; 0.99). The adsorption mechanisms involved pore filling, electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, ion exchange, and cation–π attraction. However, coexisting metal ions affected Cd<small>²⁺</small> removal by C<small>_GO</small>/MCF2, reducing the efficiency by 33%. Using wastewater from a plating metal restoration workshop, it was demonstrated that the C<small>_GO</small>/MCF2 nanocomposite exhibits high removal efficiencies of 71% for Cd, 100% for Pb, 32% for Zn, and 28% for Fe. This study suggests that C<small>_GO</small> prepared from green biomass of OFP, in combination with MCF2, can be a promising adsorbent for removing metal contaminants from water and wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uranium rejection with nanofiltration membranes and the influence of environmentally relevant mono- and divalent cations at various pH†","authors":"Christopher B. Yazzie, Catalina Elias and Vasiliki Karanikola","doi":"10.1039/D4EW00324A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EW00324A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanofiltration (NF) can be used as a low-energy pressure-driven membrane treatment process with potential applications in mitigating uranium contamination from groundwater. Uranium can interact with groundwater minerals which can influence NF uranium rejection. This study used two commercially available membranes (NF90 and NF270) to remove uranyl complexes in the presence of environmentally relevant cations (Na<small>⁺</small>, Mg<small>²⁺</small>, and Ca<small>²⁺</small>). The analysis includes extensive membrane characterization, calculating NF treatment performance, investigating uranium adsorption to the functionalized polyamide top layer of the membrane, and determining membrane selectivity. Under batch experiments, using environmentally relevant ion concentrations, we measured uranium rejection rates for the NF90 between 58–99% and NF270 between 4–98%. The mechanisms of low uranium rejection are not only explained by steric hindrance but also by the reduction of the Donnan exclusion mechanism, which originates from the decrease in membrane charge density caused by the addition of mono- and divalent ions. Additionally, exclusion mechanisms were observed to be directly influenced by solution pH, which governs the variation in uranyl complexation type and membrane charge. Calcium has a complexation affinity to uranium with broad implications in uranyl-complex molecular weight, valance, and molecular shape, all of which can influence water treatment efficiency. Lastly, both membranes were evaluated based on their membrane selectivity, the ratio of cation fluxes to uranium(<small>VI</small>) ion flux. Ideal membrane selectivity occurred at pH 7. Na<small>⁺</small> to uranium(<small>VI</small>) ion ratio was 190 for NF90 and 100 for NF270. The results of this study advance the understanding of using NF membranes for groundwater uranium removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ew/d4ew00324a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}