RSC sustainability最新文献

{"title":"5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) synthesis in a deep eutectic solvent-based biphasic system: closing the loop of solvent reuse, product isolation and green metrics†","authors":"Nico Thanheuser, Leonie Schlichter, Walter Leitner, Jesús Esteban and Andreas J. Vorholt","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00733F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00733F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The scale up and recycling of all process streams in the H<small>₄</small>SiW<small>₁₂</small>O<small>₄₀</small> catalyzed dehydration of <small>D</small>-fructose (Fru) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were investigated. For this, a biphasic system based on a self-consuming deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and Fru in a molar ratio of 5 : 1 as the reaction phase with <em>in situ</em> extraction of HMF employing acetonitrile was employed. In addition to ChCl : Fru being a cost-effective DES of renewable origin, it provides a way to suppress side reactions to levulinic and formic acid, particularly. The scale-up of the reaction system to a total volume of 180 mL resulted in a reaction time of 12.5 minutes to achieve quantitative conversion reaching high yields of 76% and selectivities as high as 83% whilst operating temperature was only at 80 °C, while proceeding twice as fast compared to the smaller scale reaction of previous work. The system shows easy separation of the upper extraction phase from the reaction phase due to the solidification of ChCl and the catalyst H<small>₄</small>SiW<small>₁₂</small>O<small>₄₀</small> upon cooling to room temperature showing partition coefficients of about 4 to 5. HMF could be isolated from the extraction phase, recovering HMF crystals of &gt;99% purity. The system has the potential for numerous recycling runs up to a water content of 7.5 wt%, beyond which the DES phase undergoes a loss of activity due to the system transitioning to an aqueous solution. The extraction phase shows full recyclability and can be reused after simple distillation to separate HMF, showing promise for further implementation. Finally, considering the mass balance of the system, the basic green metrics of the system are calculated to show its potential compared to other similar concepts in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1848-1858"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00733f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technoeconomic analysis of an integrated camelina straw-based pellet and ethanol production system†","authors":"Cuong N. Dao, Lope G. Tabil, Edmund Mupondwa, Tim Dumonceaux, Xue Li and Ajay K. Dalai","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00769G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00769G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study proposes an innovative biorefinery concept, integrating microbial pretreatment (MBP), wet storage (WS), and mushroom cultivation to transform herbaceous biomass into high-value products, including biofuel pellets, Turkey tail mushrooms, and ethanol. This environmentally friendly approach reduces pretreatment times, economically delignifies lignocellulosic structures, and improves the durability and enzymatic digestibility of densified pellets. The biorefinery model includes five pellet-mushroom production facilities (Pellet Plant A) and one ethanol plant (Ethanol Plant A), strategically located approximately 140 km south of Saskatoon (50°53′16.1′′N, 106°42′15.5′′W) in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, to minimize pellet transport distances. Pellet Plant A, with a capacity of 250 000 t per year, incurs unit production costs (UPC) of US$201–242 per t, primarily driven by the cost of fungal liquid inoculum preparation. These costs exceed those of conventional steam-explosion pellet plants, such as natural gas-fired (US$181 per t) and biomass-fired systems (US$166 per t). Consequently, ethanol produced at Ethanol Plant A, using these pellets, costs US$1.32 per L, compared to US$0.89 per L for centralized MBP straw bales-to-ethanol plants and US$0.57 per L for conventional dilute acid pretreatment plants. The economic viability of this biorefinery concept requires a minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) of US$1.03 per L and at least 50% farmer participation to achieve a positive net present value (NPV) without mushroom credits. However, integrating revenue from Turkey tail mushroom production significantly enhances financial outcomes, increasing Pellet Plant A's NPV by up to US$10 billion. This enables a reduction in pellet selling prices, lowering the MESP to US$0.77 per L with a pellet purchasing cost of US$100 per t. These findings demonstrate the economic feasibility and sustainability of this innovative biorefinery model, emphasizing the potential of combining microbial pretreatment technologies with diversified revenue streams.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1564-1583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00769g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of low-value wood sawdust and non-recyclable plastics into char: effect of plastic loading on char yield and its properties","authors":"Ranjeet Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00739E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00739E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics is essential to improve the quality and yield of pyrolytic products, optimise energy recovery, and mitigate plastic waste, providing a sustainable approach to waste valorisation. This study examined char production from the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic in a semi-batch reactor at 500 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min<small>⁻¹</small> and a nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 mL min<small>⁻¹</small>. JCT and NRPET were physically mixed at 30, 50%, and 80% wt%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of biomass and plastics confirmed their suitability as pyrolysis feedstocks. TGA-FTIR results confirmed that the addition of NRPET at 30, 50 and 80 wt% with JCT significantly increased the hydrocarbons and reduced the formation of CO<small>₂</small>, CO and oxygenated compounds. Results showed that blending of non-recyclable PET (NRPET) with Jungle Cork Tree (JCT) at 30%, 50%, and 80% reduced char yield by 5.27%, 9.07%, and 12.47%, respectively. Additionally, the blending of JCT and NRPET improved the properties of the char, such as carbon content (22.59%), heating value (6.17 MJ kg<small>⁻¹</small>), bulk density (200.11 kg m<small>⁻³</small>), and electrical conductivity. The blending process also led to a significant reduction in the oxygen content (18.05%) and surface area (30.78 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>) of the char. FTIR analysis showed a loss of undesirable functional groups, while Raman spectroscopy revealed an increased <em>I</em><small>_D</small>/<em>I</em><small>_G</small> ratio. Finally, SEM analysis indicated that the incorporation of plastics increased the hardness and reduced the roughness of the char, enhancing its suitability for energy storage or carbon-based material applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1774-1787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00739e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Carbon removal efficiency and energy requirement of engineered carbon removal technologies","authors":"Daniel L. Sanchez, Peter Psarras, Hannah K. Murnen and Barclay Rogers","doi":"10.1039/D5SU90013A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU90013A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Carbon removal efficiency and energy requirement of engineered carbon removal technologies’ by Daniel L. Sanchez <em>et al.</em>, <em>RSC Sustain.</em>, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4su00552j.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1584-1584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su90013a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating the industrial transition with safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD)","authors":"Lya G. Soeteman-Hernández, Joel A. Tickner, Ann Dierckx, Klaus Kümmerer, Christina Apel and Emma Strömberg","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00809J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00809J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) is a pre-market approach that integrates innovation with safety and sustainability along the entire life cycle. It aims to (i) steer the innovation process towards a sustainable industrial transition; (ii) minimise the production and use of substances of concern and phase them out in material and product flows; and to (iii) minimise the impact on health, climate and the environment during sourcing, production, use and end-of-life of chemicals, materials and products. The aim of this perspective is to share reflections on how an SSbD approach can accelerate the industrial transition towards safer and more sustainable chemicals, materials, processes, and products, and circular value chains. To achieve the speed, efficacy and efficiency needed to support this urgently required transition, an efficient science–policy–industry interface is imperative. It is essential that the safety and sustainability knowledge generated in research supports policy and, more importantly, is taken up by industry. Bridges are needed between research, policy, investment, and industry through closer collaboration. But there is also a need for internal collaboration within companies along the life cycle of products. This means a stronger alignment between research and development (R&amp;D), sustainability, design, business, and production departments. To bridge these different silos, a community and platform is needed as a multi-sectoral “one-stop-shop” to bring the field of innovation closer to the fields of safety and sustainability (environmental, social, economic). Policy needs to set goals, related criteria and methodologies, and incentives; academia and research need to support the development of knowledge, data, and tools needed and provide critical interdisciplinary education; and industry has to make its information on chemical impacts and choices transparent and institutionalise it in a systematic and thoughtful way.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2185-2191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00809j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-biocompatible periphyton-inhabited polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyacrylic acid (PAC) sheets indicate aquaculture bio-sustainability by oxidative stress and steatosis in zebrafish†","authors":"Mitali Sahoo, Snehasmita Jena, Shaikh Sheeran Naser, Sudakshya S. Lenka, Adrija Sinha, Aishee Ghosh, Ch. Vinod and Suresh K. Verma","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00704B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00704B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Aquaculture practices increasingly rely on synthetic materials for tank construction, with poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and poly acrylic acid sheets (PAC) being prevalent due to their durability and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, periphytons play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of aquaculture. The eco-compatibility and impact on aquatic biota remain under-explored in the synthetic materials embedded with periphyton. This study investigates the effects of periphyton-inhabited PVC and PAC on the developmental and cellular physiological phenomena of embryonic zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). By exposing zebrafish embryos to aqueous environments containing periphyton-inhabited PVC and PAC sheets, we assessed the morphological development, survival rates, hatching rates, heart rates, and cellular stress responses. The presence of periphyton on these surfaces created microhabitats and was hypothesized to facilitate the recruitment and growth of desirable species, contributing to overall cellular and molecular biocompatibility. The cellular and molecular level assessment was done to gain mechanistic insights into the eco-biocompatibility of polymer sheets. Our findings indicate that exposure to periphyton inhabiting both materials can affect zebrafish embryogenesis, manifesting in developmental delays, increased mortality, and elevated cellular stress levels. Notably, PAC exhibited a higher degree of eco-compatibility compared to PVC, which showed more pronounced toxicological effects. The study detailed the ecotoxicological impact of PVC and PAC sheets with an indication of further research on eco-compatible design in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1819-1829"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00704b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaced functionalization of poly(ionic liquid)s for boosting the catalytic conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates†","authors":"Qianmeng Zhao, Shaifei Liu, Wen Liu, Mengqian Fu, Zhenyang Xu, Qian Su and Weiguo Cheng","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00661E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00661E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Preparation of cyclic carbonates from CO<small>₂</small> and epoxides <em>via</em> cycloaddition is a well-established synthetic route, which is not only economical but also in line with the atomic economy. To overcome the problem of the cluster formation of hydrogen-bond donors in functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s, which reduces their catalytic activity, a series of spacer-functionalized poly(ionic liquid) catalysts were developed. In poly(ionic) liquids, the hydrogen-donating effect enhances the intrinsic catalytic performance of the active sites and the long-chain alkyl groups prevent interactions between hydrogen-bond-donor groups, thus increasing the utilization of the active sites. Among the developed poly(ionic liquid) catalysts, the poly(ionic liquid) P[AC<small>₁₂</small>VIM][Br] containing amino groups demonstrated the highest catalytic activity (propylene oxide conversion up to 99%), which was comparable with that of bulky ILs. The best catalytic performance of P[AC<small>₁₂</small>VIM][Br] was attributed owing to its multiple functions in not only activating CO<small>₂</small> and epoxides but also stabilizing Br<small>⁻</small>. Furthermore, the amphiphilicity of amino-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s boosted their catalytic suitability for epoxide substrates with lipophilic edge groups, which was better than that of conventional poly(ionic liquid)s. Through XPS and NMR analyses, a mechanism of operation is proposed in which imidazole and hydrogen donor groups act co-operatively in epoxy during the reaction to assist in ring-opening. Thus, this study provides a new approach for improving the catalytic performance of poly(ionic liquid) catalysts from the viewpoint of an intrinsic reaction and utilization of the active sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1404-1414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00661e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)-based biodegradable plastics for sustainable flexible packaging and agricultural applications: a comprehensive review","authors":"Debarshi Nath, Manjusri Misra, Fadi Al-Daoud and Amar K. Mohanty","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00193A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00193A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Due to the increasing use of single-use plastics in daily life, plastic trash is expanding annually, destroying our ecology and producing an unparalleled waste disposal crisis. Bioplastics like poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(butylene succinate-<em>co</em>-adipate) (PBSA) can substitute certain non-biodegradable polymer materials and can effectively biodegrade under predefined environmental conditions. Both PBS and PBSA were traditionally synthesized from petroleum resources, but in recent years, PBS and PBSA have been reported to be produced from a hybrid of petroleum and renewable resources. PBS and PBSA polymers have good ductility and strength, but their high production costs and limited production volume limit their widespread packaging usage. Therefore, they are usually blended with other polymers and fillers to improve processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Thus, recent polymer processing advances have made these blends/composites an appealing material platform for packaging and agricultural applications with composting compliance. Despite this, few studies have investigated the application of these polymers in real food packaging uses and in agricultural applications, thus highlighting a research gap. Nevertheless, PBS and PBSA-based commercial items are currently on the market, with examples including flexible packaging materials, compostable cutlery, and disposable tableware. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of research trends on PBS and PBSA, including the sustainability of their green synthesis routes using LCA studies, their biodegradability, applications in food packaging and agriculture, and end-of-life considerations. This study aligns with the United Nations' sustainability goal of responsible consumption and production (Sustainable Development Goal 12).</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1267-1302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00193a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropospheric methane remediation by enhancing chlorine sinks","authors":"Qingchun Yuan, Bo Xiao, Renaud de Richter, Wei Li, Raul Quesada-Cabrera and Tingzhen Ming","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00716F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00716F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To tackle global warming, the Paris Agreement (2015) strategically proposed achieving net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2050 and limiting the global temperature rise below 2 °C. This requires a substantial reduction of all GHG emissions across all sectors over the next few decades. Methane has come into the spotlight as the second most potent GHG for its contribution to global warming. The Global Methane Pledge announced at COP26 (2021) proposed to reduce 30% of anthropogenic methane emissions by 2030 compared to the 2020 level. However, studies show that methane emissions will continue to increase even with the planned reductions and therefore the atmospheric methane concentration also. Effective methane removal technologies are urgently required for atmospheric methane remediation. This work evaluates the feasibility of atmospheric methane removal by enhancing the chlorine atom sink (<em>i.e.</em> a natural sink of methane in the lower troposphere) at a significant scale, considering that atomic chlorine initiates methane oxidation 16 times faster than the major natural methane sink of hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere. Atomic chlorine is proposed to be generated by electrolysis of brine for chlorine gas followed by photolysis. This methane removal technology could be integrated with the state-of-the-art industrial chlor-alkali processes. Such integrated technology is evaluated for the potential of negative GHG emissions and their costs, with attention given to cost-efficient measures, <em>i.e.</em>, the use of alternative renewable sources. A brief discussion is included on potential risks, side effects, benefits to the atmospheric methane remediation by 2050 and key required developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1524-1538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00716f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbohydrate-based alternatives to traditional synthetic plastic microbeads: a critical review","authors":"Amy McMackin and Sébastien Cardinal","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00364K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00364K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microplastics in the environment threaten ecosystems around the world. Primary microplastics, including porous spherical particles known as microbeads, are actively produced by industry for use in cosmetics, exfoliants, household cleaning supplies, biomedical applications, and more. Not only do microbeads persist in the environment, leading to significant problems, but traditional plastic microbeads are commonly sourced from non-renewable resources and produced using toxic manufacturing processes. For these reasons, there is a push to develop environmentally friendly alternatives, notably from carbohydrate biopolymers. This paper reviews the carbohydrates used to prepare pure bioplastic microbeads. The results also compare the environmental impact, versatility, and capacity of these beads to perform the same functions as those of traditional plastic microbeads. Although we demonstrate that carbohydrate-based plastic microbeads pose a lesser environmental threat than conventional petroleum- or biobased synthetic options, this work concludes that the specific ecological impacts and potential applications vary widely. Among the biopolymers discussed within this review, we conclude that cellulose, chitin, or chitosan-based varieties hold considerable potential to provide an eco-friendly microbead for industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1629-1651"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00364k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}