RSC sustainability最新文献

{"title":"A nickel(ii) complex of a naphthaldehyde-derived bis-imine ligand for sunlight-driven dye remediation: mechanistic, intermediate identification, and recyclability studies","authors":"Nilotpal Goswami, Diganta Kumar Bharali, Nabajit Barman and Pranjit Barman","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00958H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00958H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Dyes have been proven to act as persistent organic pollutants in both freshwater bodies and the marine environment. Thus, suitable dye remediation measures have become obligatory to save aquatic biosystems and maintain human health. This work presents a study on the photocatalytic remediation of cationic dyes using a nickel(<small>II</small>) complex (<strong>NiL<small>₁</small>Et</strong>). The <strong>NiL<small>₁</small>Et</strong> complex was synthesized using the ONS donor ligand (<strong>L<small>₁</small></strong>) and confirmed using spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The Ni(<small>II</small>) complex <strong>NiL<small>₁</small>Et</strong> adopts a square planar geometry, which was envisioned through a computational study. The experimentally estimated direct band gap of 2.19 eV is in agreement with the HOMO–LUMO energy obtained in the computational study. This establishes the semiconductor-like property of the <strong>NiL<small>₁</small>Et</strong> complex. Moreover, the slower electron–hole recombination rate of the excited complex, as inferred from the emission intensities, further demonstrates the potential of <strong>NiL<small>₁</small>Et</strong> as a photocatalyst. Methylene blue (MB) was used as the model dye, and a maximum degradation efficiency of 80.15% was achieved using <strong>NiL<small>₁</small>Et</strong> within 60 min under natural sunlight and without any artificial light source. The effects of various parameters, including the catalyst amount, dye concentration, reaction time, pH, and H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> dose, were analyzed. It was observed that the complex could be efficiently used as a photocatalyst for 5 catalytic cycles. Furthermore, insights into the mechanistic pathway of MB degradation were obtained. The path of MB degradation was predicted by determining the intermediate species generated during the degradation process using LC-MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1949-1963"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00958h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colourful chemistry of anthocyanins: a tutorial review of applications of anthocyanins in school and university teaching","authors":"Iain A. Smellie, Isobel Everest and Iain L. J. Patterson","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00933B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00933B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The flowers, fruits and vegetables that we encounter in everyday life provide an opportunity for discussion of key chemistry concepts in school and university level chemistry. The rich variety of colours we see in the natural world are often due to anthocyanins present in flower petals, and the skins of fresh fruit and vegetables. The chemistry of anthocyanins has been studied for over 100 years, and throughout this period, chemistry educators have employed anthocyanin sources in a range of experiments and classroom activities. Anthocyanins are readily available from inexpensive renewable sources, such as flower petals, fruit peelings, foraged fruit and various vegetables. Anthocyanins are often accessible simply by soaking plant tissues in warm water, this allows simple equipment to be used and generation of large quantities of hazardous waste can often be avoided. In this tutorial review, a survey of a wide variety of example uses of anthocyanins in chemistry teaching is presented. Selected exemplar activities, developed by the authors, for use by school and university educators are also described.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1760-1777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00933b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting the reactivity of crystalline cellulose by a cold base treatment for catalytic hydrolysis with a carbon-based catalyst","authors":"Naomi Nishimura, Yoichi Masui, Ryo Shimane, Shunsaku Yasumura, Tomohiro Iwai, Masaru Ogura and Hirokazu Kobayashi","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00951K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00951K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose is an essential step in the second-generation biorefinery. However, the robust structure of cellulose I, the predominant crystalline allomorph in nature, has hampered this reaction. Increasing the reactivity of cellulose in an efficient manner alleviates this issue. This work demonstrates that treating cellulose I with an 18 wt% NaOH aqueous solution at low temperatures improves its reactivity. The treatment below −28 °C, liquidus temperature of the solution, elevated the yield of glucose 2.2 times in its hydrolysis reaction with a carbon-based catalyst developed for crystalline cellulose hydrolysis. Characterization of the cellulose samples has indicated that the NaOH treatment not only transforms the crystalline form into cellulose II but also, particularly at low temperatures, disrupts the hydrogen-bonding network of cellulose without affecting the macro-scale order of cellulose molecules in the cellulose II structure. This is a facile method to increase the reactivity of cellulose.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1943-1948"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00951k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing ketones as hydrogen acceptors for atom-efficient upgrading of oxygenates to fuels over H/ZSM-5","authors":"Jacob H. Miller, Caleb A. Coatney, Udishnu Sanyal, Karthikeyan K. Ramasamy, Hieu A. Doan, Rajeev S. Assary, Anh T. To and Cody J. Wrasman","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00817D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00817D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Heterogeneous mixtures of bio-derived oxygenates are promising feedstocks for synthetic aviation fuel (SAF), but conversion strategies for one common component—short-chain (C<small>_5–7</small>) internal ketones—are lacking. Previous work has shown that cyclization of ketones over H/ZSM-5 is limited by its high productivity of light paraffins. We study 4-heptanone upgrading over H/ZSM-5 and show that aromatics and olefins can be formed at high carbon yield when operating at up to 90% conversion. The yield of desirable products is not impacted by the introduction of a recycle stream of the unconverted 4-heptanone and other products with similar boiling points. We hypothesize, based on first-principles calculations, that the higher olefin yield is driven by the ease of hydrogen transfer to unreacted ketones as opposed to hydrogenating olefin products. We demonstrate how this ease of hydrogen transfer to ketones can be leveraged to enhance olefin selectivity in the conversion of methanol to olefins as well by co-feeding ketones. Olefinic products of the cyclization reaction are then oligomerized to a SAF blendstock to demonstrate an end-to-end ketone-to-SAF process facilitated by upgrading ketones over H/ZSM-5 at partial conversion with a recycle stream. The results of this work demonstrate a strategy to improve the carbon yield from bio-derived acids to SAF to over 75%, representing a relative improvement of more than 50% compared to previously reported data.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1901-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00817d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable from the start-an exploration of green chemistry utilizing second-year inorganic principles","authors":"Greg Bannard, Jaelyn Bjornerud-Brown, Megan Fitzgerald, Kristen Perry, Emma C. Davy, Connor S. Durfy, Gagan Daliaho, Jasmine Hong and Marissa L. Clapson","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00967G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00967G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Inorganic chemistry plays a large role in the development of chemical methodologies targetting sustainable development goals such as clean energy (7), responsible consumption and production (12), and climate action (13). Catalysis, one of the 12 green chemistry principles, is ubiquitous across industry. Green chemistry developments in catalysis focus on the utilization of base metals or main group species in place of current precious metal systems. Research in this area requires a holistic approach, balancing ligand design, additives, solvent, and energy consumption in order to improve the sustainability of the system while maintaining high efficiency. The inquiry-based and gamified activities described herein are designed to integrate individuals into the green chemistry community, build confidence in green chemistry content, and explore discipline-specific applications. The activities were applied at the 2025 Canadian Chemistry Conference and Exhibition across two symposia, “<em>Peering into the Mist</em>” and “<em>Exploring Green Catalysis</em>”. Similarly, two activities were implemented into a third-year inorganic chemistry course exploring green chemistry. Activity outcomes and insights are described, including commentary on challenges such as classroom silence and its relationship with student motivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1886-1900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00967g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond molecular mastery: reimagining chemistry education for sustainability through knower-aware pedagogy","authors":"Margaret A. L. Blackie and Lausanne Olvitt","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00969C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00969C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This paper argues that chemistry education for sustainability requires explicit attention to the person of the chemist and the contexts in which chemical knowledge is produced and applied. We term this a ‘knower-aware pedagogy’. We begin by introducing UNESCO's sustainability competences and highlight the centrality of the education of the particular person in a particular context. We then show the ways in which chemistry education has tended to focus on knowledge and has a tendency towards ‘knower blindness’. We proceed to illustrate one way in which a knower-aware pedagogy can be developed. Using the metaphor of the suspension bridge, we demonstrate that transformative chemistry education requires not only robust disciplinary knowledge and understanding of the nature of chemistry, but also development of evaluative judgment and explicit recognition of the learner as the agent. We conclude with a comprehensive self-assessment tool enabling instructors to evaluate whether their courses develop the sustainability competences essential for preparing ethical, socially responsible chemistry practitioners capable of contributing to global sustainability transitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1822-1832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00969c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eichhornia crassipes-derived biochar via slow pyrolysis for the removal of Reactive Yellow 176 dye from aqueous media: adsorption isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies","authors":"Nawshin Farzana, Rayhan Bin Masud, Tahzib Rayhan Himadry and Md. Shahinoor Islam","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00918A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00918A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Biochars (300BC, 500BC, and 700BC) were produced from water hyacinth at pyrolysis temperatures of 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C. The adsorption capacities were evaluated using Reactive Yellow 176 dye. Characterization of the resultant biochar was conducted using proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, BET surface area, and TGA-DTG analysis. Increasing pyrolysis temperature enhanced pore formation and surface heterogeneity, facilitating the mass transfer of dye molecules. FTIR analysis indicated hierarchical aromaticity and graphitization with increasing temperature, complemented by the confirmation of carbonaceous structures in XRD analysis. The specific surface area of the biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C (211.3 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>) increased nearly 59-fold and 7-fold compared to the 300 °C (3.6 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>) and 500 °C (30.9 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>) counterparts, promoting pore filling, electrostatic interactions and π–π interactions. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, while the equilibrium isotherm analysis revealed a perfect agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model (<em>R</em><small>²</small> = 0.99 for each biochar species, low RMSE values from 0.23 to 0.39, and reduced <em>χ</em><small>²</small> values ranging from 0.06 to 0.35), indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The intraparticle diffusion model confirmed that the initial film diffusion was limited by the subsequent intraparticle diffusion. 700BC demonstrated the best dye adsorption capacity (19.68 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>) attributed to its microporous structure, elevated specific surface area (211.3 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>), highest point of zero charge (10.3), and highest aromaticity. The spontaneity and exothermic nature of the adsorption mechanism were validated using Δ<em>G</em> (−24.71 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small> to −30.42 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>) and Δ<em>H</em> (−27.59 to −45.73 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>) values. The proposed adsorption pathway aligns with existing literature, suggesting that pore filling, electrostatic attractions, hydrophobic interactions, H–H bonding, ion exchange, and π–π interactions drive the adsorption mechanism. The study demonstrated that the water hyacinth-derived biochar can emerge as a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for reactive anionic dyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2288-2307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00918a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A group contribution approach for predicting the environmental impacts of imidazolium-based ionic liquids","authors":"Mirco Volanti, Piya Gosalvitr, Carlos Avendaño, Adam J. Greer, Christopher Hardacre, Fabrizio Passarini and Rosa M. Cuéllar-Franca","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00658A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00658A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, the environmental impacts of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are estimated and predicted by combining life cycle assessment (LCA) and a linear group contribution (GC) model to make this information readily available and accessible at early stages of ILs design and selection. This study has resulted in the development of predictive models for global warming, human toxicity and eco-toxicity impacts of imidazolium-based ILs with high accuracy. The validated models are based on the environmental impact data of a sample of 30 ILs with the same cation head group, which was estimated as part of this study using the LCA methodology. The sample considered variations in the cation's hydrocarbon chains, <em>e.g.</em> alkyl, aromatic, multiple side chain and chain length variations, and the commonly used anions chloride (Cl<small>⁻</small>), tetrafluoroborate ([BF<small>₄</small>]<small>⁻</small>) and hexafluorophosphate ([PF<small>₆</small>]<small>⁻</small>), and it was assumed that the ILs were synthesised <em>via</em> alkylation and salt metathesis reactions. Both LCA and GC models results show a clear distinction between the environmental impacts of imidazolium chloride, imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ILs in the order Cl<small>⁻</small> &lt; BF<small>₄</small><small>⁻</small> &lt; PF<small>₆</small><small>⁻</small>, thus indicating the large influence of the anion when it comes to their environmental sustainability performance. For example, the global warming potential of the ILs per kg are 2 and 3 times higher when substituting the chloride anion with [BF<small>₄</small>]<small>⁻</small> and [PF<small>₆</small>]<small>⁻</small> anions, respectively. It is recommended that the sample be expanded to include ILs from other head groups, compare alternative synthesis routes and include purification steps to extend the analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1867-1885"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00658a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high power, low temperature molten sodium battery","authors":"Michael E. Ureña, Amanda S. Peretti, Stephen J. Percival, Philip S. Mantos, Erik D. Spoerke and Leo J. Small","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00070C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU00070C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Low temperature molten sodium batteries promise low-cost, grid-scale energy storage using earth-abundant materials. To be economically viable, they must demonstrate high current (power) at relevant discharge times. Here a low temperature (135 °C) molten sodium battery with a NaI–AlCl<small>₃</small> molten salt catholyte and NaSICON separator is explored, minimizing cell ohmic resistances and avoiding precipitation reactions in the molten salt catholyte. Operating currents were increased by as much as 100× compared to the energy-dense baseline design (197 Wh kg<small>⁻¹</small> and 248 mAh cm<small>⁻²</small>). Cells were cycled 100 times at 50 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> (150 mW cm<small>⁻²</small>), averaging 99.8% coulombic efficiency and 79.7% energy efficiency for 30% of the theoretical capacity. Charging currents up to 250 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> (1070 mW cm<small>⁻²</small>) are demonstrated for 10% of the theoretical capacity. Toward extending the accessible capacity in these high current systems, the volume ratio of catholyte molten salt to a graphite felt current collector was varied, altering (1) the local current density in the graphite felt and (2) the discharge time at a fixed current density. Optimizing the catholyte : felt ratio dramatically increased capacity utilization to 60% (102 mAh cm<small>⁻²</small>) at 50 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> (150 mW cm<small>⁻²</small>) charge and 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> discharge. This catholyte : felt ratio of 1.4 significantly decreased the cell impedance, minimizing electrode blocking effects seen previously in NaI–AlCl<small>₃</small> catholytes. Together, these high areal loadings and impressive power outputs demonstrate how low temperature molten sodium batteries can compete with commercialized sodium systems operating at more than twice the temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1846-1856"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00070c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXenes and MOFs for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2)","authors":"Elham Momtaz, Masoomeh Amoozadeh, Atefeh Zarepour, Arezoo Khosravi, Ali Zarrabi and Siavash Iravani","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00740B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00740B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO<small>₂</small>) represents a pivotal strategy for addressing climate change, and the integration of MXenes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in this domain is garnering significant attention. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging roles of MXenes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as advanced materials for the electrochemical reduction of CO<small>₂</small>. Recent advances highlight the synergistic integration of MXenes' exceptional electrical conductivity and MOFs' tunable porosity and active sites, leading to enhanced catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. Innovative composite architectures, including heterojunctions and hybrid structures, have shown improved conversion efficiencies toward valuable products such as carbon monoxide and formic acid. Despite these promising developments, critical challenges remain in catalyst stability, durability, and scalability, alongside economic and environmental constraints related to complex synthesis methods and material costs. Future perspectives emphasize material design optimization through surface functionalization, machine learning-guided discovery, and environmentally benign scalable production, coupled with integration into renewable-powered electrolyzed systems. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the state-of-the-art MXene/MOF systems, identify bottlenecks, and outline research directions that facilitate the practical and sustainable implementation of electrochemical CO<small>₂</small> conversion technologies. This work aims to guide the development of efficient, durable, and economically viable next-generation catalysts for carbon-neutral fuel and chemical production, contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1731-1759"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00740b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}