RSC sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Lanthanide-based metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs): synthesis, properties and applications","authors":"Kankan Patra and Haridas Pal","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00271G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00271G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Micro- and meso-porous solid materials based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been gaining significant attention for the last three decades as they offer diverse applications in a large number of areas. An advantage of these materials is that they can be rationally designed with desired characteristics using several metal ions belonging either to the s-, p-, d-, or f-block elements of the periodic table, in combination with suitable polytopic organic linkers (multidentate ligands), resulting in various structural and application aspects. Among the MOFs, those composed of lanthanide ions {Ln(<small>III</small>)}, commonly referred to as Ln-MOF systems, have attracted enormous attention because they display favorable characteristics, like large structural diversity, tailorable structural designs, tunable porosity, large surface area, high thermal stability, and immense chemical stability. All these characteristics are very useful for their widespread applications in diverse areas. Since Ln(<small>III</small>) ions possess higher coordination numbers compared to transition metal (TM) ions, Ln-MOF materials are generally more porous, offering better applications. Further, hybrid MOF systems consisting of both Ln(<small>III</small>) and TM ions (Ln–TM-MOF systems) can introduce additional features to these mixed metal porous materials for their much wider applications. Luminescence and magnetic properties of Ln(<small>III</small>) ions make these materials ideal for various display and sensing applications, in addition to their porosity-related applications. In this review article, our aim is to discuss the basic aspects, preparation methodologies, important properties, and utilizations of MOF materials with a special emphasis on Ln(<small>III</small>)-based MOF systems. Initially, a short introduction is provided on MOF systems, which is followed by other aspects of these materials as mentioned above. Subsequently, we sequentially highlight the interesting characteristics of these materials, including their structural aspects, porosity, magnetic properties, and luminescence behavior. Finally, some of the potential uses of these systems have been presented with special emphasis on their gas storage, catalysis and luminescence-based chemical sensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 2","pages":" 629-660"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00271g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale characterization, modeling and simulation of packed bed reactor for direct conversion of syngas to dimethyl ether†","authors":"Ginu R. George, Adam Yonge, Meagan F. Crowley, Anh T. To, Peter N. Ciesielski and Canan Karakaya","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00602J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00602J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work presents a multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of direct DME synthesis in a packed bed reactor with physically mixed Cu/ZnO/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> and γ-Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> catalysts. The model accounts for hierarchical transport behavior by coupling a one-dimensional intraparticle subgrid model to a two-dimensional (axial and radial) model for heat and mass transport along the catalyst bed, with fully integrated chemical reaction kinetics. To enhance the predictive accuracy, the model incorporates directly measured critical bed properties. X-ray computed tomography was performed at the scale of the packed bed reactor and the scale of individual catalyst particles to obtain bed properties such as bed porosity, particle diameter and permeability, as well as catalyst characteristics including intraparticle porosity and pore size. Experiments were conducted in a lab-scale reactor to validate the model, and the model predictions show good agreement with experimental data for the investigated process conditions. The validated model is further exercised to study the influence of process variables such as feed temperature, feed rate, and wall temperature. The results indicate that the pattern of hot spot formation and magnitude of hot spot temperature are sensitive to processing conditions, mainly the feed rate and reactor wall temperature. It has also been found that internal mass transport limitations exist even in smaller particles (∼215 μm), particularly in the hot spot region.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 2","pages":" 856-874"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00602j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of industry wastewater treatment plant: a case study in Vietnam","authors":"Hung Van Tran, Hao Anh Phan and Ha Manh Bui","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00511B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00511B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study employs Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of wastewater treatment systems in industrial zones of Vietnam. Focusing on two treatment technologies—Anoxic–Oxic (OA) and Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)—as well as different electricity production methods and sludge management strategies, the research aims to identify opportunities for enhancing sustainability and reducing environmental footprints. Utilizing the ReCiPe v1.13 method and SimaPro 9.6.0.1 software, the study assesses key impact categories: climate change, freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity. The results showed that the OA system resulted in 30% lower climate change impacts than the SBR system (0.61 <em>vs.</em> 0.87 kg<small>_{CO<small>₂</small> eq}</small>) but 24% higher freshwater eutrophication (6.17 × 10<small>⁻⁴</small><em>vs.</em> 4.69 × 10<small>⁻⁴</small> kg<small>_{P eq}</small>). Utilizing electricity produced from natural gas resulted in an 8.4% reduction in climate change impacts compared to using electricity from the local grid (0.6 <em>vs.</em> 0.66 kg<small>_{CO<small>₂</small> eq}</small>) and an 81% reduction in freshwater ecotoxicity (1.29 × 10<small>⁻³</small><em>vs.</em> 2.18 × 10<small>⁻⁵</small> kg<small>_{1,4-DB eq}</small>). Additionally, endpoint analysis of Scenario 0 highlights that the AAO biological and coagulation tanks are the main contributors to Human Health and Resource impacts, with respective scores of 13.8 mPt and 11.5 mPt, demonstrating areas for targeted improvement. The utilization of sewage sludge as fertilizer reduces the impact on climate change by 80% (0.036 <em>vs.</em> 0.3 kg<small>_{CO<small>₂</small> eq}</small>) and nearly eliminates freshwater eutrophication (5.01 × 10<small>⁻⁶</small><em>vs.</em> 1.77 × 10<small>⁻⁴</small> kg<small>_{P eq}</small>) compared to landfill. These findings provide detailed insights into different treatment processes and resource utilization strategies, offering a robust framework for enhancing sustainability in developing countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1415-1423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00511b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a bio-based adhesive by polymerization of Boc-protected vinyl catechol derived from caffeic acid†","authors":"Shiho Tanizaki, Tomohiro Kubo, Yosuke Bito, Shigeki Mori, Hiroyuki Aoki and Kotaro Satoh","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00629A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00629A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Catechol is a functional group that is versatile and abundant in nature, exhibiting various functions. In this report, a <em>tert</em>-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected vinyl catechol (VC) monomer was synthesized from caffeic acid, which is a bio-abundant molecule found generally in coffee beans, in order to develop a bio-based adhesive. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of the Boc-protected VC afforded well-defined, bio-based catechol-containing polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Specifically, it was facile to deprotect the pendent Boc groups quantitatively under acidic or thermal conditions to provide the desired P(VC) without requiring further purification. Consequently, the catechol-containing polymer as a primer showed highly strong adhesion against aluminum when coupled with a commercially available polyurethane adhesive.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1714-1720"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00629a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorisation of citrus waste for sustainable synthesis of carbon-supported copper nanoparticles active in CO2 electroreduction†","authors":"Federica De Luca, Palmarita Demoro, Izuchica Nduka, Cristina Italiano, Salvatore Abate. and Rosa Arrigo","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00463A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00463A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study describes a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to synthesise carbon-supported Cu-based electrocatalysts for CO<small>₂</small> conversion using citrus peels as both the carbon precursor and the reducing agent for Cu cations. XPS, TEM, and XRD analyses reveal the structural heterogeneity of the samples, resulting from a complex chemistry influenced by both the type of citrus peel used and the Cu salt precursor. As a result, mixed Cu/Cu<small>₂</small>O nanoparticles form, which are immobilized on the surface or embedded within the carbon matrix. Orange peel-derived systems exhibit an optimal graphitic-to-defective carbon ratio, resulting in an optimal porosity, electron conduction, and Cu stabilisation, leading to superior CO<small>₂</small> reduction performance. A Cu sulphate-derived catalyst supported on orange peel-derived carbon yields the best performance for CO and methane production, shedding light on specific structural characteristics of the catalysts precursor state able to generate in situ an active phase with improved performance. This work demonstrates the potential of orange peel waste as a sustainable feedstock for the production of CO<small>₂</small> reduction electrocatalysts, offering a green strategy for waste valorisation and clean energy technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1136-1148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00463a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Shape selective cracking of polypropylene on an H-MFI type zeolite catalyst with recovery of cyclooctane solvent","authors":"Tomohiro Fukumasa, Yuya Kawatani, Hiroki Masuda, Ikuto Nakashita, Ryusei Hashiguchi, Masanori Takemoto, Satoshi Suganuma, Etsushi Tsuji, Toru Wakihara and Naonobu Katada","doi":"10.1039/D4SU90067G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU90067G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Shape selective cracking of polypropylene on an H-MFI type zeolite catalyst with recovery of cyclooctane solvent’ by Tomohiro Fukumasa <em>et al.</em>, <em>RSC Sustainability</em>, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4su00484a.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 2","pages":" 1019-1019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su90067g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing waste lithium-ion batteries for the production of graphite-carbon nanotube composites as oxygen electrocatalysts in zinc–air batteries†","authors":"Reio Praats, Jani Sainio, Milla Vikberg, Lassi Klemettinen, Benjamin P. Wilson, Mari Lundström, Ivar Kruusenberg and Kerli Liivand","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00526K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00526K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The increasing global demand for energy has led to a rise in the usage of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which ultimately has resulted in an ever-increasing volume of related end-of-life batteries. Consequently, recycling has become indispensable to salvage the valuable resources contained within these energy storage devices. While various methods have been developed for the recovery of valuable cathode metals from spent LIBs, the anode's active material, graphite, is mostly lost from circulation. This study introduces an innovative method to valorize black mass leach residue, a waste product from industrial hydrometallurgical LIB recycling processes. Predominantly composed of graphite and minor metal residues, this material can be converted into a valuable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst. This transformation is achieved by doping the leach residue with nitrogen and through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into the modified matrix, to enhance the surface area and conductivity of the produced electrocatalyst. These novel catalyst materials can enhance the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in zinc–air batteries (ZAB). The best catalyst material exhibited a commendable power density of 97 mW cm<small>⁻²</small> in ZAB, demonstrating stable performance over 70 hours of continuous charge–discharge cycling. This research represents a significant advancement in the shrewd utilization of LIB recycling waste, which further enhances the goal of closed-loop materials circularity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 1","pages":" 546-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00526k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully biobased and biodegradable oxygen barrier coating for poly(lactic acid)†","authors":"Sarah G. Fisher, Armaghan Amanipour, Maya D. Montemayor, Ethan T. Iverson, Edward Chang, Alexandra V. Moran, Reza Ovissipour and Jaime C. Grunlan","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00714J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00714J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Concerns regarding single-use petroleum-based plastic have led to a push toward bioplastic packaging. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the most utilized bioplastics, suffers from poor oxygen barrier that limits its application as a packaging material. In this work, layer-by-layer nanocoatings consisting of chitosan, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and cellulose nanocrystals are applied to PLA to improve its barrier performance. These coatings decrease the oxygen transmission rate of PLA by up to 30× at just 120 nm of thickness, placing them among the best-performing fully biobased barriers ever reported. Combinations of coating materials are investigated to provide the best performance in both dry and humid conditions. The effect of humidity on the barrier performance is found to depend heavily on the presence of cellulose nanocrystals in the film. Additionally, the biobased coatings do not impede the biodegradability of the PLA substrate. The barrier technology and deposition process fulfill the principles of green chemistry and represent a significant improvement in sustainable gas barrier films.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 1","pages":" 557-564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00714j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards flexible large-scale, environmentally sustainable methanol and ammonia co-production using industrial symbiosis†","authors":"Joshua Magson, Thérèse G. Lee Chan, Akeem Mohammed and Keeran Ward","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00647J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00647J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >As industries face increasing societal and governmental pressures to adopt sustainable practices, the methanol (MeOH) and ammonia (NH<small>₃</small>) sectors, significant contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, are seeking innovative solutions to transition toward net-zero emissions. Here, we report on the use of industrial symbiosis (IS) as a transformative strategy to facilitate the cleaner co-production of MeOH and NH<small>₃</small> by integrating green hydrogen (H<small>₂</small>) within a carbon capture and utilisation (CCUS) flowsheet. We examined the environmental assessment of various co-production pathways across a system boundary, which includes three (3) leading technologies – Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), Autothermal Reforming (ATR) and Gas Heated Reforming (GHR), considering both business-as-usual (BAU) and hybrid IS integration (Hyd). MeOH flowsheets utilised all three technologies, while NH<small>₃</small> production employed SMR and ATR systems. This comprised six (6) BAU MeOH and NH<small>₃</small> co-production schemes (GHR–SMR<small>_BAU</small>, SMR–SMR<small>_BAU</small>, ATR–SMR<small>_BAU</small>, GHR–ATR<small>_BAU</small>, SMR–ATR<small>_BAU</small>, ATR–ATR<small>_BAU</small>) and six (6) Hyd (GHR–SMR<small>_Hyd</small>, SMR–SMR<small>_Hyd</small>, ATR–SMR<small>_Hyd</small>, GHR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small>, SMR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small>, ATR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small>) cases, utilising cradle-to-gate life cycle assessments (LCA). Results show that IS-integrated flowsheets reduced GHG emissions by 12–28% compared to BAU operations, with GHG impacts improving in the order GHR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small> &gt; ATR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small> &gt; SMR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small> &gt; GHR–SMR<small>_BAU</small> &gt; ATR–SMR<small>_BAU</small> &gt; SMR–SMR<small>_BAU</small>, in agreement with energy and resource efficiency results. Notably, the GHR–ATR<small>_Hyd</small> configuration outperformed all other cases, reducing natural gas consumption by 11% and heating requirements by 8.3%. Furthermore, sustainability results support IS as a pathway to environmental benefits-with ATR-based NH<small>₃</small> operations achieving up to 31% improved impacts linked to both ecosystem quality and human health. Ultimately, our study underscores the critical role of IS in advancing resilient, low-carbon practices, promoting sustainable technologies for net-zero emissions and defossilisation, thereby supporting a transformative shift towards sustainable industrial operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1157-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00647j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of designable deep eutectic solvents for green fabrication of advanced functional materials","authors":"Zheng Wang, Xinhui Zhao, Yu Chen, Cong Wei and Jingyun Jiang","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00560K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00560K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have become emerging green solvents within sustainable development and environmental protection. Characterized by their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and versatility, DESs are increasingly utilized across diverse sectors. Notably, in materials synthesis, these solvents offer the advantages of biodegradability and recyclability, bypassing high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis conditions, thus reducing environmental hazards and energy consumption while enhancing material performance. Consequently, adopting DESs as reactive or nonreactive media in nanomaterial synthesis has attracted significant attention. However, there are still knowledge gaps addressing the roles of DESs in developing and functionalizing advanced materials. This review regards these gaps by elucidating the unique chemical, thermal, and electrochemical properties of DESs. It then explores their recent applications in nanomaterial fabrication and discusses how DESs regulate material synthesis using three typical strategies, including chemical, thermal, and electrochemical processes. Additionally, it outlines the potential, key challenges, and limitations of using DESs in materials science. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this review aims to deepen understanding of DESs, broaden their use, and enhance their integration into materials synthesis practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 2","pages":" 738-756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00560k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}