Ophthalmology and eye diseases最新文献

{"title":"Common Eye Diseases in Children in Saudi Arabia (Jazan)","authors":"A. Darraj, Walid Barakat, Mona Kenani, Reem M. Shajry, Abdullah A. Khawaji, S. Bakri, A. Makin, Azza Mohanna, Abuobaida Yassin","doi":"10.4137/OED.S39055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S39055","url":null,"abstract":"Background The rise in childhood eye diseases has become a matter of concern in Saudi Arabia, and hence a study has been conducted on the residents of Jazan. The aim of the research was to find out the root cause of such issues and provide a solution to prevent such circumstances for it may affect the vision of children. In this study, therefore, we aimed to determine the types of childhood eye diseases in Jazan and to discuss the best ways to prevent them or prevent their effect on the vision of our children. Our institutions are working toward the longevity and welfare of the residents, and healthcare is one of the important aspects in such a field. Methods This is a retrospective review of all patients less than 18 years of age who presented to the pediatric ophthalmology clinic of Prince Mohammed Bin Nasser Hospital, Jazan, between October 2014 and October 2015. The data, collected on 385 cases, included the age at first presentation, sex, clinical diagnosis, refractive error (RE) if present, and whether the child had amblyopia. If the child did not undergo complete ophthalmic examination with cycloplegic refraction, he/she was excluded. All data were collected and analyzed using the software SPSS. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We reviewed the files of 385 children, with a male/female ratio of 1.1:1.0. The group aged 0–6 years made up the largest group (P = 0.01), and the ratio is an expression to define the credibility of the study using a chi-squared test. Strabismus (36.9%), RE (26.5%), ocular trauma (7.5%), infection of cornea and conjunctiva (7.3%), and keratoconus (6.2%) were the most common conditions. There was no significant difference in presentation by age group and sex among children with REs and squint. Trauma was seen more commonly among males and in the group aged 12–18 years. Conclusion In this retrospective study, the focus was on the common childhood eye diseases that were considerably high. Hypermetropia was the predominant RE, which is in contrast to other studies where myopia was more common. However, it is important to promote public education on the significance of early detection of strabismus, REs, and amblyopia and have periodic screening in schools. The discussion of the various issues is aimed at increasing the awareness and building a support for the cause by creating the knowledge base to treat things on time and acknowledging the severity of the issues.","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"8 1","pages":"33 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S39055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70712983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What was Glaucoma Called Before the 20th Century?","authors":"Christopher T Leffler,&nbsp;Stephen G Schwartz,&nbsp;Francesca M Giliberti,&nbsp;Matthew T Young,&nbsp;Dennis Bermudez","doi":"10.4137/OED.S32004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S32004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma involves a characteristic optic neuropathy, often with elevated intraocular pressure. Before 1850, poor vision with a normal eye appearance, as occurs in primary open-angle glaucoma, was termed amaurosis, gutta serena, or black cataract. Few observers noted palpable hardness of the eye in amaurosis. On the other hand, angle-closure glaucoma can produce a green or gray pupil, and therefore was called, variously, glaucoma (derived from the Greek for glaucous, a nonspecific term connoting blue, green, or light gray) and viriditate oculi. Angle closure, with palpable hardness of the eye, mydriasis, and anterior prominence of the lens, was described in greater detail in the 18th and 19th centuries. The introduction of the ophthalmoscope in 1850 permitted the visualization of the excavated optic neuropathy in eyes with a normal or with a dilated greenish-gray pupil. Physicians developed a better appreciation of the role of intraocular pressure in both conditions, which became subsumed under the rubric \"glaucoma\". </p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S32004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34101857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye Injuries Among Primary School Children in Enugu, Nigeria: Rural vs Urban.","authors":"Nonso Ejikeme Okpala, Rich Enujioke Umeh, Ernest Nnemeka Onwasigwe","doi":"10.4137/OED.S18659","DOIUrl":"10.4137/OED.S18659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence of eye injuries among primary school children in two noncontiguous local government areas of Enugu State of Nigeria was undertaken. One of the local government areas was urban, while the other one was rural. Children who were <15 years in two randomly selected primary schools in the urban area and three randomly selected schools in the rural area were interviewed and examined with Snellen chart, pen torch, head loupe, and direct ophthalmoscope. The findings were recorded using a semi-structured questionnaire and the World Health Organization Programme for Prevention of Blindness (WHO/PBL) eye examination form. Training on visual acuity measurement was done for each of the class teachers. A total of 1,236 children <15 years of age were studied and analyzed. Slightly more females, 652 (52.8%), than males, 584 (47.2%), constituted the sample population giving a female/male ratio of 1.1:1. A total of 98 (7.93%) children had evidence of injury to the eye or its adnexa. Eyelid scar was the commonest (5.34%) followed by eyebrow scar (2.10%). Canthal scar was the next (0.32%). Two girls had monocular blindness from eye trauma (0.16%). One had leucoma, while the other had a dislocated lens. All the monocular blind children of this study were from the urban area. The home was the commonest environment for an eye injury (69.39%) followed by the school (20.41%). The farm was next in frequency (7.14%), especially among boys in the rural area. The church and the road/street constituted the remainder. Regarding persons causing the injury, the child's playmate was the commonest (55.10%) followed by self (27.55%). Parents and guardians were the next (9.18%). These were injuries associated with corporal punishment. Corporal punishment-related eye injury, according to this study, appears to be common in the rural area and affects boys predominantly. Other human intermediary agents that cause an eye injury include passersby (2.04%), RTA (2.04%), siblings (2.04%), and others (1.02%). The primary agents that caused an eye injury were sticks/wood, 29 (29.60%); stone, 21 (21.43%); pieces of metal, 19 (19.39%); fall, 10 (10.20%); fight/fist blow, 9 (9.918%); plastic, 2 (2.04%); fingernails, 2 (2.04%); farm tools/fruits, 2 (2.04%); and RTA, glass, and headbutt, each 1.02%. Farm implements/fruits as well as fingernails appear to be fairly common primary agents that cause an eye injury in the rural Enugu, Nigeria. In terms of prevalence, there was no significant difference between the urban and rural areas. The findings from this study showed a high prevalence of eye injury among primary school children. In terms of treatment, 58.16% of the children with an eye injury had no form of treatment for it. The children from this study with monocular blindness did not receive adequate medical treatment. Treatment of an eye injury, according to this study, was sought from chemists (19.39%), at hospital/health centers (16.33%), at hom","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"13-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S18659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33432399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Alterations through Music in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery in Greece.","authors":"Kyriakoula Merakou,&nbsp;Georgia Varouxi,&nbsp;Anastasia Barbouni,&nbsp;Eleni Antoniadou,&nbsp;Georgios Karageorgos,&nbsp;Dimitrios Theodoridis,&nbsp;Aristea Koutsouri,&nbsp;Jenny Kourea-Kremastinou","doi":"10.4137/OED.S20960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S20960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Music has been proposed as a safe, inexpensive, nonpharmacological antistress intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients undergoing cataract surgery while listening to meditation music experience lower levels of blood pressure and heart rate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred individuals undergoing cataract surgery participated in the study. Hundred individuals listened to meditation music, through headphones, before and during the operation (intervention group) and 100 individuals received standard care (control group). Patients stress coping skills were measured by the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC Scale). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were defined as outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the SOC Scale, both groups had similar stress coping skills (mean score: 127.6 for the intervention group and 127.3 for the control group). Before entering the operating room (OR) as well as during surgery the rise in systolic and diastolic pressures was significantly lower in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Among patients receiving antihypertensive therapy, those in the intervention group presented a lower increase only in systolic pressure (P < 0.001) at both time recordings. For those patients in the intervention group who did not receive antihypertensive treatment, lower systolic blood pressure at both time recordings was recorded (P < 0.001) while lower diastolic pressure was observed only during entry to the OR (P = 0.021). Heart rate was not altered between the two groups in any of the recordings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Meditation music influenced patients' preoperative stress with regard to systolic blood pressure. This kind of music can be used as an alternative or complementary method for blood pressure stabilizing in patients undergoing cataract surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S20960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33413458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycosaminoglycans in the human cornea: age-related changes.","authors":"Elena Pacella, Fernanda Pacella, Giulio De Paolis, Francesca Romana Parisella, Paolo Turchetti, Giulia Anello, Carlo Cavallotti","doi":"10.4137/OED.S17204","DOIUrl":"10.4137/OED.S17204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate possible age-related changes in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the human cornea. The substances today called GAGs were previously referred to as mucopolysaccharides.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Samples of human cornea were taken from 12 younger (age 21 ± 1.2) and 12 older (age 72 ± 1.6) male subjects. Samples were weighed, homogenized, and used for biochemical and molecular analyses. All the quantitative results were statistically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The human cornea appears to undergo age-related changes, as evidenced by our biochemical and molecular results. The total GAG and hyaluronic acid counts were significantly higher in the younger subjects than in the older subjects. The sulfated heavy GAGs, such as chondroitin, dermatan, keratan, and heparan sulfate, were lower in the younger subjects than in the older subjects.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>GAGs of the human cornea undergo numerous age-related changes. Their quantity is significantly altered in the elderly in comparison with younger subjects. GAGs play an important role in age-related diseases of the human cornea.</p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33047850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified Small Incision Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lens Implantation in HIV Patients","authors":"Kagmeni Giles, C. Domngang, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Ebana Mvogo Côme, P. Wiedemann","doi":"10.4137/OED.S31013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S31013","url":null,"abstract":"Aim To describe a surgical technique suitable for cataract surgery in regions with a high prevalence of HIV infection. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 20 consecutive AIDS patients with cataract who underwent modified small-incision cataract surgery (mSICS) with posterior chamber lens implantation. Classic extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) was compared to mSICS. The number of potentially risky steps for contamination during surgery and duration of surgery were analyzed. A risky step was defined as any time when the surgeon had to use a sharp instrument. Student's paired t-test was carried out to compare continuous variables, and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Twenty patients were included in the study, 13 males (65%) and seven females (35%). The mean age was 46.3 ± 13.6 years (range 22–70 years). The number of potentially risky steps for contamination was significantly higher in the classical ECCE than in mSICS (P < 0.001). The mean duration of cataract surgery with mSICS was significantly shorter as well (P < 0.001). Conclusion Conversion to mSICS is essential in order to reduce accidental injuries during cataract surgery in sub-Saharan countries. Sharp instruments should be passed through a neutral zone to ensure that the surgeon and nurse do not touch the same instrument at the same time.","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":"35 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S31013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70712136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-dependent Gene Profiling Indicates the Presence of Different Phases for Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Retina.","authors":"Kalina Andreeva,&nbsp;Meixia Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Fan,&nbsp;Xiaohong Li,&nbsp;Yinlu Chen,&nbsp;Jovan D Rebolledo-Mendez,&nbsp;Nigel G Cooper","doi":"10.4137/OED.S17671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S17671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury has been associated with several retinal pathologies, and a few genes/gene products have been linked to IR injury. However, the big picture of temporal changes, regarding the affected gene networks, pathways, and processes remains to be determined. The purpose of the present study was to investigate initial, intermediate, and later stages to characterize the etiology of IR injury in terms of the pathways affected over time. Analyses indicated that at the initial stage, 0-hour reperfusion following the ischemic period, the ischemia-associated genes were related to changes in metabolism. In contrast, at the 24-hour time point, the signature events in reperfusion injury include enhanced inflammatory and immune responses as well as cell death indicating that this would be a critical period for the development of any interventional therapeutic strategies. Genes in the signal transduction pathways, particularly transmitter receptors, are downregulated at this time. Activation of the complement system pathway clearly plays an important role in the later stages of reperfusion injury. Together, these results demonstrate that the etiology of injury related to IR is characterized by the appearance of specific patterns of gene expression at any given time point during retinal IR injury. These results indicate that evaluation of treatment strategies with respect to time is very critical. </p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"43-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S17671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32659683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of chronic dry eye.","authors":"Clyde Schultz","doi":"10.4137/OED.S16067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S16067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dry-eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Various factors, including age, hormonal status, genetics, sex, immune status, innervation status, nutrition, pathogens, and environmental stress, can alter the cellular and molecular structure or function of components of the ocular surface system. The resulting imbalance increases susceptibility to desiccation and epithelial damage, leading to a vicious circle in which inflammation amplifies and sustains further damage by chronic deregulation of the system. Lubricating agents and steroids have been used as treatment options. However, as the causes of the disease become better elucidated, the more chemically complex cyclosporine A has become an increasingly useful treatment option and in the United States is currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved prescription drug for the treatment of dry eye. The safety and efficacy of cyclosporine have been shown in numerous studies. </p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S16067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32488181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of parental history of myopia on the development of myopia in mainland china school-aged children.","authors":"Lik Thai Lim,&nbsp;Yanhong Gong,&nbsp;Elliott Y Ah-Kee,&nbsp;Gexin Xiao,&nbsp;Xiulan Zhang,&nbsp;Shicheng Yu","doi":"10.4137/OED.S16031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S16031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Myopia is a very common condition and a significant public health problem in China. The objective of the study was to explore the genetic influence on myopia in Mainland China school-aged children in Beijing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In 2008, the data from 15,316 Chinese school students aged 6-18 years from 19 randomized schools in Beijing were analyzed to evaluate genetic influence on myopia in children. Heritability was calculated by mid-parent-offspring regression and parent-offspring regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The estimate of heritability was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.27-0.33) for refractive value (RV). The adjusted mean refractive error was -2.33D (95% CI, -2.45 to -2.21) in children with two myopic parents compared with -1.13D (95% CI, -1.78 to -1.08) in children with no parental myopia. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 2.83 (95% CI, 2.47-3.24) in children with two myopic parents compared with no parental myopia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found a strong association between parental history of myopia and genesis of myopia in the offspring even after adjusting for environmental factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"31-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/OED.S16031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32488180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indications for surgical removal of the eye in rural areas in cameroon.","authors":"Giles Kagmeni, Christelle Domngang Noche, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Peter Wiedemann","doi":"10.4137/OED.S14019","DOIUrl":"10.4137/OED.S14019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the main clinical indications for surgical removal of the eye in rural areas in Cameroon.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective non-comparative case series.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 253 patients presenting to the Manna eye clinic Nkongsamba who underwent destructive eye surgery (DES) between January 2006 and December 2010 were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure: </strong>Age, gender, occupation, prior medication, visual acuity, operation indications, and type of operation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 58.10% (n = 147) men and 41.90% (n = 106) women. Median age was 29 years (interquartile range: 14-69 years); age ranged from 10 to 88 years. A total of 67.19% (n = 170) of participants were farmers and lived in rural zones. In all, 79.05% (n = 200) confessed to have trying a medication before the presentation. Surgical indications included infective causes (perforated corneal ulcer 33.20% (n = 84) and endophthalmitis 18.20% (n = 46)), trauma 17.40% (n = 44), painful blind eyes 11.50% (n = 29), malignancy 10.70% (n = 27), and others 9.10% (n = 23).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The most common causes of DES in this series could be avoided. Therefore, preventive measures including extensive health education of the public and traditional healers on the risks linked to the use of traditional medicines in ophthalmology and the late presentation of eye disease, quality control of the campaigns that offer free cataract operations in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":74362,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and eye diseases","volume":"6 ","pages":"27-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32432545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}