Open research Europe最新文献

{"title":"Tagus River microbial profile through nanopore sequencing on samples gathered from Prainha do Braco de Prata, Lisbon.","authors":"Cristiano Pedroso-Roussado, Mariana Pestana, Ricardo Dias, Mónica Nunes, Pedro Pascoal, Marcelo Pereira, Nuno Nunes","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.18072.1","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.18072.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Freshwater ecosystems play a vital role for hosting life, and their study can elucidate their dynamic state throughout time. However, there is not much knowledge about the microbial profiles and their relevance for the ecosystem balance is still unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this Brief Report three freshwater samples collected in the Tagus River north margin were analysed through 16S-targeted nanopore sequencing and by customized bioinformatics pipeline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results revealed a consensual microbial profile with Candidatus <i>Pelagibacter</i>, <i>Egibacter</i>, and <i>Ralstonia</i> as the most abundant genera. Additionally, through a literature review we found that the ecosystem services provided by these genera are mostly related to organic matter decomposition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the need for a more robust sampling and analyses, we conclude that there is potential to use microbial profile approaches to help define the relevant microbial biomarkers to clarify the ecosystem services in the Tagus River freshwater ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"4 ","pages":"155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12015429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The European Open Science Cloud as a common good Potentials and limitations of this endeavour.","authors":"Anna Bertelli, Melania Acciai, Giorgio Rossi","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.19170.1","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.19170.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) is envisioned as a transformative platform for advancing Open Science, aimed at benefiting a diverse array of stakeholders, including researchers, innovators, institutions, and the broader public. To fully harness EOSC's potential as a common good, capable of delivering services to the research community such to potentially transform the way scientific production and communication is done, we address critical barriers that may actually restrict the equitable access and the optimal use of such services. In particular, we emphasize that key resources as required to access and exploit EOSC's advanced FAIR-data services - such as data-processing algorithms - are, in fact, intrinsically limited and the access will be competitive. Governance and funding of EOSC present challenges associated with its effective openness in terms of accessibility to resources for its advanced exploitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"5 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11824896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143434547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the dynamics of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> gametocyte carriage in expectant women under intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Kilifi, study protocol.","authors":"Patience Kerubo Kiyuka, Mark Muricho, Nelson Ouma, Charles Muiruri, Amek Nyaguara, Martin Rono, Isabella Oyier, Mainga Hamaluba","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.19356.1","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.19356.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Malaria in pregnancy remains a public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) to all pregnant women in moderate to high malaria transmission areas. Kenya's Ministry of Health recommends at least three doses of IPTp-SP (IPTp-SP3 +) to pregnant women in regions where malaria is endemic. Although SP remains cost-effective and effective for IPTp, there are two main challenges with the use of SP: i) widespread use of SP can lead to an increase in the prevalence of drug resistance molecular markers, including those encoding for <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> dihydrofolate reductase ( <i>dhfr</i>) and P <i>f</i> dihydropteroate synthase ( <i>dhps</i>) and ii) SP, used either for curative or preventive treatment, is associated with microscopic and sub microscopic gametocytaemia, both of which contribute to sustained malaria transmission. Our study aims to investigate the dynamics of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> gametocyte carriage in pregnant women under intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Kilifi.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This will be a cross-sectional study and will recruit (N=462) expectant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics in four health facilities within the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites: Njunju, Pingilikani, Ngerenya, and Kilifi County Teaching and Referral Hospital (KCTRH). To be recruited into our study, women will need to be in their first or second pregnancy when they are more likely to have malaria and should have had at least one dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.</p><p><strong>Expected application of results: </strong>Our study will provide information on the current status of malaria during pregnancy in Kilifi and the prevalence of gametocytes among expectant mothers on IPT-SP. The results of this study may help inform new interventions to prevent malaria during pregnancy, including adding a third drug to SP with probable gametocytocidal effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"5 ","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The NOMAD mini-apps: A suite of kernels from ab initio electronic structure codes enabling co-design in high-performance computing.","authors":"Isidre Mas Magre, Rogeli Grima Torres, José María Cela Espín, José Julio Gutierrez Moreno","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.16920.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.16920.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article introduces a suite of mini-applications (mini-apps) designed to optimise computational kernels in <i>ab initio</i> electronic structure codes. The suite is developed from flagship applications participating in the NOMAD Center of Excellence, such as the ELPA eigensolver library and the <i>GW</i> implementations of the exciting, Abinit, and FHI-aims codes. The mini-apps were identified by targeting functions that significantly contribute to the total execution time in the parent applications. This strategic selection allows for concentrated optimisation efforts. The suite is designed for easy deployment on various High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems, supported by an integrated CMake build system for straightforward compilation and execution. The aim is to harness the capabilities of emerging (post)exascale systems, which necessitate concurrent hardware and software development - a concept known as co-design. The mini-app suite serves as a tool for profiling and benchmarking, providing insights that can guide both software optimisation and hardware design. Ultimately, these developments will enable more accurate and efficient simulations of novel materials, leveraging the full potential of exascale computing in material science research.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"4 ","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11224708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of personas in the construction industry.","authors":"Fausto Javier Sainz Salces, Marja Liinasuo, David Martin-Moncunill","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.15061.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15061.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study on the use of personas was carried out during a building trade related software development EU project. Participants were introduced to the personas tool and encouraged to use it in their work in technical development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire about the possible usage of personas was delivered three months after remote tool presentation and explanation has been delivered afterwards, inquiring about benefits, drawbacks, intention of using personas in the future, and the role of usage related information as a whole in technical development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Previous knowledge about the tool, perceptions of the tool and its actual use seemed to influence developers in their decision to use it or not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Almost half of the organizations in our study use real user-centric design methods in their technical development; this can ease the path for wider adoption of the methods when needed. One possible solution to strengthen the understanding and adoption of the user-centric methods is to spread information among technical developers, by identifying and using efficient communication channels, such as tailored training. User-centric methods seem to have gained followers in the technical development arena, indicating that this may be a feasible way for further adoption of user centricity in product development.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"3 ","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12009476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elastically induced phase-shift and birefringence in optical fibers.","authors":"Elisabeth Steininger, Thomas Mieling, Piotr T Chruściel","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.19414.1","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.19414.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Light propagation in optical fibers is known to be sensitive to ambient conditions such as changes in temperature and pressure. Building on a model for elastic deformations of optical fiber spools derived in previous work, the induced effects on phase and birefringence are investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We use a perturbative scheme to solve, to first order, the Maxwell equations in deformed and anisotropic fibers using a multiple-scales approximation scheme. Specifically, we consider differences in wave-guiding properties of straight fibers subject to different external temperatures, pressures, and gravitational fields.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We obtain propagation equations for the Jones vector along optical fibers. This results in phase shifts and birefringence effects, for which we derive explicit expressions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The phase shift can be expressed in terms of the average radial pressure, longitudinal tension, and change in temperature, while birefringence depends on the quadrupole of the external pressure distribution and the stresses on the axis of the fiber. Our result provides stringent constraints on the environmental control needed for sensitive fiber interferometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"5 ","pages":"99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12203310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO ₂ sequestration potential in Depleted Hydrocarbon fields - A geochemical approach.","authors":"Eleni Gianni, Pavlos Tyrologou, Dounya Behnous, Márton Pál Farkas, Paula Fernández-Canteli Álvarez, Jesús García Crespo, Ricardo Chacartegui Ramirez, Nikolaos Koukouzas, Júlio Carneiro","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.19280.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.19280.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The CO ₂ emissions reduction is crucial for the energy transition. New technologies for CO ₂ capture and storage are under development, such as CEEGS ^{1, 2}. Porous media and rock caverns are geological formations of high interest for such technology. Among them, depleted hydrocarbon fields (DHF) gain ground due to existing reservoir knowledge and already established infrastructure which decreases the cost. However, one of the major problems caused during CO ₂ storage in DHF is the interactions between the injected CO ₂ and the remaining fluids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the potential CO ₂ storage in DHF was investigated. Marismas 3 was used as a hypothetical model area for the examination of CO ₂ interactions with a carbonate-silisiclastic reservoir. PHREEQC software ¹ was used to investigate reservoir rock/water/remained gas (CH ₄) interactions followed by interactions taking place after the CO ₂ injection. Different scenarios were used for the CO ₂ concentration and behaviour in the reservoir. To make the system more complex and generic, the CMG-GEM software ³ was utilized to examine the long-term sequestration of CO ₂ through dissolution trapping, residual trapping, and lateral migration in a reservoir analogue to the Marismas field, but at higher depth, compatible with the CEEGS technology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the CO ₂ injection, carbonic acid was formed, causing a dissolution of several minerals, leading to siderite and clay minerals precipitation, which may cause problems to the permeability of the system. The colloidal nature of siderite and the Ca-montmorillonite swelling properties are of high concern for pore throat clogging. The other newly formed mineralogical phases are not threatening the reservoir quality. CMG-GEM validated the critical phase of CO ₂ plume establishment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed DHF is promising for real-world underground applications fitting to CEEGS technology as the newly formed minerals that could cause failures can be easily controlled by anthropogenic changes in the reservoir parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"5 ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12166356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a practical methodology for the selection of suitable value chains to produce circular fertilisers from secondary raw materials.","authors":"Lidia Paredes, Elisa Gambuzzi, Rita Gentili, Jessica Pérez-García, Ambrogio Pigoli, Inès Verleden, Pedro Villanueva-Rey, Werner Vogt-Kaute, Wim Moerman, Lucía González-Monjardin","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.19506.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.19506.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The growing demand for food products, driven by a growing world population, has increased Europe's dependence on conventional fertilisers, which have a high impact on the environment. In the last decade, new circular fertiliser value chains have appeared as promising alternatives to conventional fertilisers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Because of the huge number of alternatives, this study aimed to develop a practical methodology that facilitates the analysis of data related to each value chain to identify and select the most promising circular fertiliser value chains to promote their wide-scale production and use in agriculture, replacing the dependence on conventional fertilisers in Europe. This methodology is based on two stages (funnelling process and scoring system) and considers the 16 criteria (e.g. technical viability, nutrient content, among others) defined in the study. The methodology was tested for 48 value chains identified during the mapping of secondary raw materials in Europe with the potential to be used as circular fertilisers, classifying them into seven different raw materials: urban wastewater (UWW), industrial wastewater (IWW), sewage sludge (SS), biowaste (BW), biological by-products (BBP), treated manure (TM), and digestate (DIG). The funnelling process is based on a GO/NO-GO approach that meets six criteria and allows the discarding of 18 value chains, from 30 to the second stage. The scoring system was a more complete analysis, including ten new scoring criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This system allowed the identification of the potential of the value chains analysed, concluding that struvite from UWW, struvite from IWW, stabilized sludge from SS, composted biowaste from BW, feather meal from BBP, solid fraction from DIG, and spent mushroom substrate from TM are the most promising options for agriculture.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The develop methodology was used to evaluate 48 different value chains with the potential to generate promising circular fertlizers. Seven value chains were finally selected.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"5 ","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11971626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responsible research impact: Ethics for making a difference.","authors":"Eric Allen Jensen, Mark S Reed, James Daybell, Louise Rutt, Aaron M Jensen, Gabriella Arrigoni, Marta Ballesteros, Sadiq Bhanbhro, Bethann G Merkle, Caitlin Hafferty, Philly Iglehart, Sawsan Khuri, Andrzej Klimczuk, Ian D Marder, Daniel Milosavljevic, Josmel Pacheco-Mendoza, Ursula Pool, Simon Robinson, Lindsay C Stringer, Steve Taylor, Anne H Toomey, Daniela Martin, Lisa Louise Taylor-Sayles, Andrew N Makohon-George, Russell T Rodrigo","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.19649.1","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.19649.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The need for ethical guidelines that support and empower researchers who aim to enhance the societal impact of research has become critical. Recognizing the growing emphasis on research impact by governments and funding bodies worldwide, this article investigates the often overlooked ethical dimensions of generating and evaluating research impact. We focus on ethical issues and practices that are specific to the process of intentionally working to develop societal impacts from research. We highlight the complexities and ethical dilemmas encountered when researchers engage with non-academic groups, such as policymakers, industries, and local communities. Through a combination of literature review and insights from participatory workshops, the article identifies key issues and offers a new ethical framework for responsible research impact. This framework aims to guide researchers and institutions through the process of limiting potential harm while delivering societal benefits in a way that is realistic and balanced. The aim is to establish ethical practices for engagement and impact, without making the process so onerous that researchers are less likely to undertake such activities. The article concludes with actionable recommendations for policymakers, research funders, research performing organizations, institutional review boards and/or ethics committees, and individual researchers. Making use of such recommendations can foster an ethically responsible approach to research impact across academic disciplines.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"5 ","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12181762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144478088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the relationship between mobile phone network signal strength and radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: protocol and pilot study to derive conversion functions.","authors":"Nekane Sandoval-Diez, Lea Belácková, Adriana Fernandes Veludo, Hamed Jalilian, Florence Guida, Isabelle Deltour, Arno Thielens, Marco Zahner, Jürg Fröhlich, Anke Huss, Martin Röösli","doi":"10.12688/openreseurope.18285.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/openreseurope.18285.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mobile phones continuously monitor and evaluate indicators of the received signal strengths from surrounding base stations to optimise wireless services. These signal strength indicators (SSIs) offer the potential for assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on a population scale, as they can be related to exposure from both base stations and handset devices. Within the ETAIN (Exposure To electromAgnetic fields and plaNetary health) project, an open-access RF-EMF exposure app for smartphones, named \"ETAIN 5G-Scientist\", has been developed using citizen science. This paper delineates a measurement protocol for deriving formulas to convert the app SSIs into electric field values to estimate RF-EMF exposure. It presents pilot study results from measurements taken at four locations in France (FR), and 14 locations in the Netherlands (NL), using three different phone models and the most common network providers in each country. The measurements were conducted while executing different usage scenarios, such as calls or data transmission. The exposimeter ExpoM-RF4 and on-body electric field probes were used to measure exposure from far-field sources and the handset, respectively. Two-minute aggregates were considered the sample unit for analyses (n=891 in NL, n=395 in FR). Regression analyses showed a positive log-linear relationship between Long Term Evolution (LTE) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and far-field RF-EMF exposure when aggregating data by location (coefficients for normalised RSSI: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.55 - 1.28] in FR, 1.09 [95% CI: 0.96 - 1.22] in NL). Negative log-linear trends were observed for handset-related RF-EMF exposure at the ear (-0.31 [95% CI: -0.46 - -0.16]) and chest (-0.20 [95% CI: -0.37 - -0.03]) during data transmission scenarios. These results demonstrate that the ETAIN 5G-Scientist app can be implemented for smartphone-based RF-EMF estimation. However, uncertainties in individual measurement points highlight the need for further data collection and analysis to improve the accuracy of exposure estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":74359,"journal":{"name":"Open research Europe","volume":"4 ","pages":"206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12032521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}