NeuroSci最新文献

{"title":"Deficits in cerebellum-dependent learning and cerebellar morphology in male and female BTBR autism model mice.","authors":"Elizabeth A Kiffmeyer,&nbsp;Jameson A Cosgrove,&nbsp;Jenna K Siganos,&nbsp;Heidi E Bien,&nbsp;Jade E Vipond,&nbsp;Karisa R Vogt,&nbsp;Alexander D Kloth","doi":"10.3390/neurosci3040045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci3040045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, there has been increased interest in the role of the cerebellum in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To better understand the pathophysiological role of the cerebellum in ASD, it is necessary to have a variety of mouse models that have face validity for cerebellar disruption in humans. Here, we add to the literature on the cerebellum transgenic and induced mouse models of autism with the characterization of the cerebellum in the BTBR T+Itpr3^tf/J (BTBR) inbred mouse strain, which has behavioral phenotypes that are suggestive of ASD in patients. When we examined both male and female BTBR mice in comparison to C57BL/6J (C57) controls, we noted that both sexes of BTBR mice showed motor coordination deficits characteristic of cerebellar dysfunction, but only the male mice showed differences in delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent learning task that is also disrupted in ASD patients. Both male and female BTBR mice showed considerable expansion of and abnormal foliation in the cerebellum vermis--including significant expansion of specific lobules in the anterior cerebellum. In addition, we found a slight but significant decrease in Purkinje cell density in both male and female BTBR mice, irrespective of lobule. Furthermore, there was a marked reduction of Purkinje cell dendritic spines density in both male and female BTBR mice. These findings suggest that, for the most part, the BTBR mouse model successfully phenocopies many of the characteristics of the subpopulation of ASD patients that have a hypertrophic cerebellum. We discuss the significance of strain differences in the cerebellum as well as the importance of this first effort to identify both concordances and difference between male and female BTBR mice with regard to the cerebellum.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"3 4","pages":"624-644"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10292658/pdf/nihms-1905975.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9718033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power Spectrum and Connectivity Analysis in EEG Recording during Attention and Creativity Performance in Children","authors":"D. Mateos, Gabriela Krumm, Vanessa Arán Filippetti, Marisela Gutiérrez","doi":"10.3390/neurosci3020025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci3020025","url":null,"abstract":"The present research aims at examining the power spectrum and exploring functional brain connectivity/disconnectivity during concentration performance, as measured by the d2 test of attention and creativity as measured by the CREA test in typically developing children. To this end, we examined brain connectivity by using phase synchrony (i.e., phase locking index (PLI) over the EEG signals acquired by the Emotiv EPOC neuroheadset in 15 children aged 9- to 12-years. Besides, as a complement, a power spectrum analysis of the acquired signals was performed. Our results indicated that, during d2 Test performance there was an increase in global gamma phase synchronization and there was a global alpha and theta band desynchronization. Conversely, during CREA task, power spectrum analysis showed a significant increase in the delta, beta, theta, and gamma bands. Connectivity analysis revealed marked synchronization in theta, alpha, and gamma. These findings are consistent with other neuroscience research indicating that multiple brain mechanisms are indeed involved in creativity. In addition, these results have important implications for the assessment of attention functions and creativity in clinical and research settings, as well as for neurofeedback interventions in children with typical and atypical development.","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"122 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72375754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long COVID and the Autonomic Nervous System: The Journey from Dysautonomia to Therapeutic Neuro-Modulation through the Retrospective Analysis of 152 Patients.","authors":"Joseph Colombo, Michael I Weintraub, Ramona Munoz, Ashish Verma, Ghufran Ahmad, Karolina Kaczmarski, Luis Santos, Nicholas L DePace","doi":"10.3390/neurosci3020021","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci3020021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The severity and prevalence of Post-Acute COVID-19 Sequela (PACS) or long-COVID syndrome (long COVID) should not be a surprise. Long-COVID symptoms may be explained by oxidative stress and parasympathetic and sympathetic (P&S) dysfunction. This is a retrospective, hypothesis generating, outcomes study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From two suburban practices in northeastern United States, 152 long COVID patients were exposed to the following practices: (1) first, they were P&S tested (P&S Monitor 4.0; Physio PS, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA) prior to being infected with COVID-19 due to other causes of autonomic dysfunction; (2) received a pre-COVID-19 follow-up P&S test after autonomic therapy; (3) then, they were infected with COVID-19; (4) P&S tested within three months of surviving the COVID-19 infection with long-COVID symptoms; and, finally, (5) post-COVID-19, follow-up P&S tested, again, after autonomic therapy. All the patients completed autonomic questionnaires with each test. This cohort included 88 females (57.8%), with an average age of 47.0 years (ranging from 14 to 79 years), and an average BMI of 26.9 #/in².</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More pre-COVID-19 patients presented with sympathetic withdrawal than parasympathetic excess. Post-COVID-19, these patients presented with this ratio reversed and, on average, 49.9% more autonomic symptoms than they did pre-COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Both parasympathetic excess and sympathetic withdrawal are separate and treatable autonomic dysfunctions and autonomic treatment significantly reduces the prevalence of autonomic symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SARS-CoV-2, via its oxidative stress, can lead to P&S dysfunction, which, in turn, affects the control and coordination of all systems throughout the whole body and may explain all of the symptoms of long-COVID syndrome. Autonomic therapy leads to positive outcomes and patient quality of life may be restored.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"3 2","pages":"300-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Implicit Memory in the Development and Recovery from Trauma-Related Disorders.","authors":"Louis F Damis","doi":"10.3390/neurosci3010005","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci3010005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a chronic condition that occurs following a traumatic experience. Information processing models of PTSD focus on integrating situationally triggered sensory-emotional memories with consciously accessible autobiographical memories. Review of the nature of implicit memory supports the view that sensory-emotional memories are implicit in nature. Dissociation was also found to be associated with the development and severity of PTSD, as well as deficits in autobiographical memory. Moreover, disorganized attachment (DA) was associated with greater degrees of dissociation and PTSD, and like the defining neural activation in PTSD, was found to be associated with basal ganglia activity. In addition, subcortical neuroception of safety promotes a neurophysiological substrate supportive of social engagement and inhibition of fear-based responses. Furthermore, activation of representations of co-created imagined scenes of safety and secure attachment are associated with increases in this neurophysiological substrate. Repeated priming of secure attachment imagery was associated with modification of internal working models of DA along with reductions in dissociation and recovery from complex PTSD. In conclusion, it is posited that adequate recovery from extensive trauma experiences requires more than conscious elaboration of traumatic autobiographical memories and that the application of implicit nonconscious memory modification strategies will facilitate more optimal recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"3 1","pages":"63-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Study of the Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Auditory Function: From a Clinical Perspective.","authors":"Mira White, Fauve Duquette-Laplante, Benoît Jutras, Caryn Bursch, Amineh Koravand","doi":"10.3390/neurosci3010004","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurosci3010004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The main purpose of this retrospective study was to identify auditory dysfunctions related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in individuals evaluated in an Audiology clinic.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Peripheral and central auditory evaluations were performed from March 2014 to June 2018 in 26 patients (14 males) with TBI. The age of the participants ranged from 9 to 59 years old (34.24 ± 15.21). Six participants had blast-related TBI and 20 had blunt force TBI. Sixteen experienced a single TBI event whereas ten experienced several. Correlation analyses were performed to verify the relationship, if any, between the number of auditory tests failed and the number, type, and severity of TBIs.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>All participants failed at least one auditory test. Nearly 60% had abnormal results on degraded speech tests (compressed and echoed, filtered or in background noise) and 25% had a high frequency hearing loss. There was no statistically significant correlation between the number of auditory tests failed and the number, type, and severity of TBIs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results indicated negative and heterogenous effects of TBI on peripheral and central auditory function and highlighted the need for a more extensive auditory assessment in individuals with TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"3 1","pages":"52-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11523697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Fluid Intelligence via Naturalistic Functional Connectivity Using Weighted Ensemble Model and Network Analysis","authors":"Xiaobo Liu, Su Yang, Zhengxian Liu","doi":"10.3390/neurosci2040032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040032","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Functional connectivity triggered by naturalistic stimuli (e.g., movie clips), coupled with machine learning techniques provide great insight in exploring brain functions such as fluid intelligence. However, functional connectivity is multi-layered while traditional machine learning is based on individual model, which is not only limited in performance, but also fails to extract multi-dimensional and multi-layered information from the brain network. Methods: In this study, inspired by multi-layer brain network structure, we propose a new method, namely weighted ensemble model and network analysis, which combines machine learning and graph theory for improved fluid intelligence prediction. Firstly, functional connectivity analysis and graphical theory were jointly employed. The functional connectivity and graphical indices computed using the preprocessed fMRI data were then all fed into an auto-encoder parallelly for automatic feature extraction to predict the fluid intelligence. In order to improve the performance, tree regression and ridge regression models were stacked and fused automatically with weighted values. Finally, layers of auto-encoder were visualized to better illustrate the connectome patterns, followed by the evaluation of the performance to justify the mechanism of brain functions. Results: Our proposed method achieved the best performance with a 3.85 mean absolute deviation, 0.66 correlation coefficient and 0.42 R-squared coefficient; this model outperformed other state-of-the-art methods. It is also worth noting that the optimization of the biological pattern extraction was automated though the auto-encoder algorithm. Conclusion: The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art reports, also is able to effectively capture the biological patterns of functional connectivity during a naturalistic movie state for potential clinical explorations.","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82070493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GSK3β Activity in Reward Circuit Functioning and Addiction","authors":"Jakub Turlik, Ewa Wąsikiewicz, Aleksandra Domaradzka, Gabriela Chrostek, Weronika Gniadzik, Mikołaj Domagalski, Przemysław Duda","doi":"10.3390/neurosci2040033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040033","url":null,"abstract":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), primarily described as a regulator of glycogen metabolism, is a molecular hub linking numerous signaling pathways and regulates many cellular processes like cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. In neurons, the kinase is engaged in molecular events related to the strengthening and weakening of synapses, which is a subcellular manifestation of neuroplasticity. Dysregulation of GSK3β activity has been reported in many neuropsychiatric conditions, like schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we describe the kinase action in reward circuit-related structures in health and disease. The effect of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of addiction in the context of GSK3β activity is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75605676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A National Survey Evaluating the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Students Pursuing Careers in Neurosurgery.","authors":"Roxanna M Garcia,&nbsp;Rebecca A Reynolds,&nbsp;Hannah K Weiss,&nbsp;Nathan A Shlobin,&nbsp;Lola B Chambless,&nbsp;Sandi Lam,&nbsp;Nader S Dahdaleh,&nbsp;Gail Rosseau","doi":"10.3390/neurosci2040023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted medical education and the residency application process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a descriptive observational study in April 2020 of medical students and foreign medical graduates considering or pursuing careers in neurosurgery in the United States to examine the impact of the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 379 respondents from 67 medical schools completed the survey. Across all participants, 92% (n = 347) stopped in-person didactic education, and 43% (n = 161) experienced basic science and 44% (n = 167) clinical research delays. Sixty percent (n = 227) cited a negative impact on academic productivity. Among first year students, 18% (n = 17) were less likely to pursue a career in neurosurgery. Over half of second year and third year students were likely to delay taking the United States Medical Licensing Examination Steps I and II. Among third year students, 77% (n = 91) reported indefinite postponement of sub-internships, and 43% (n = 53) were unsatisfied with communication from external programs. Many fourth-year students (50%, n = 17) were graduating early to participate in COVID-19-related patient care. Top student-requested support activities included access to student-focused educational webinars and sessions at upcoming conferences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Medical students pursuing careers in neurosurgery faced unique academic, career, and personal challenges secondary to the pandemic. These challenges may become opportunities for new initiatives guided by professional organizations and residency programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"2 4","pages":"320-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9457230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10111340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status Epilepticus and Neurosyphilis: A Case Report and a Narrative Review","authors":"G. Giovannini, S. Meletti","doi":"10.3390/neurosci2040031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040031","url":null,"abstract":"Neurosyphilis is a rare but life-threatening complication of syphilis that can develop even decades after the primary infection and can be unrecognized. Seizures and status epilepticus (SE) may represent the first manifestation in a previously undiagnosed syphilitic patient. We present an exemplification case of a new onset refractory status epilepticus caused by neurosyphilis and we reviewed the existing literature. We selected all studies reporting cases of SE in the context both of patients with a known diagnosis of syphilis and as the first manifestation of neurosyphilis. We identified 50 patients, mostly composed of immunocompetent, middle-aged males. Thirty-nine patients (83%) presented a new onset SE. A history of subtle and rapidly progressive mood and/or cognitive impairment suggesting a limbic encephalitis-like presentation was frequently observed. Focal frontal or temporal SE was reported in 26. Brain MRI frequently showed T2/FLAIR hyperintensities widely involving the medial temporal structures and the frontal lobes. This review should increase the clinician’s awareness of neurosyphilis as a possible etiology of a new onset SE of unknown etiology, especially in the context of a “limbic encephalitis”-like clinical presentation. Prompt recognition and treatment for neurosyphilis partially or completely reverse neurologic sequelae, changing the natural history of the disease.","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74024550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Case for Octopus Consciousness: Unity","authors":"J. Mather","doi":"10.3390/neurosci2040030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci2040030","url":null,"abstract":"Birch et al. suggest that consciousness in any animal group must involve four aspects—perceptual richness, evaluative richness (affectivity), integration at one time (unity), and integration across time (temporality). This review will evaluate integration at one time in cephalopods, an area that offers many challenges. First, like most animals with a bilateral nervous system, cephalopods have laterality of brain function, and this challenges unity of function. Second, unlike most mammals, cephalopods have a heavy allocation of both neural and behavioural control to the periphery, especially in the case of octopuses. Third, like all animals, cephalopods gather information through several senses and there can be both unity within and competition between such information, challenging unity. Information gained across all these areas needs to be evaluated both in terms of the methodology used to gather information and the results of the investigation.","PeriodicalId":74294,"journal":{"name":"NeuroSci","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75736398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}