Polymer Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Porphyrin-based porous organic polymer synthesized via AlCl₃-catalyzed Scholl coupling for efficient Cr(VI) adsorption","authors":"Wei Cao,&nbsp;Yiquan Dong,&nbsp;Jun Liu,&nbsp;Yali Luo,&nbsp;Jie Liu,&nbsp;Jiuli Ruan,&nbsp;Lihua Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06666-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06666-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) poses a severe risk to ecosystems and human health due to its high toxicity and non-biodegradability. In this work, a porphyrin-based porous organic polymer (PPOP) was synthesized via a simple one-step AlCl₃-catalyzed Scholl coupling of tetraphenylporphyrin to construct a robust microporous network. The resulting PPOP exhibits a high specific surface area of 815 m² g^− 1, as calculated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and abundant porphyrin macrocycles that provide coordination and redox-active sites for metal ions. Batch adsorption experiments showed excellent Cr(VI) removal performance, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 399.8 mg g^− 1 at 25℃ and pH 1.0. The adsorption kinetics were well described by both the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models, suggesting heterogeneous adsorption behavior. The equilibrium adsorption data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model, with K_F and 1/n values of 160.3 and 0.214 at 25℃, respectively, indicating adsorption affinity and favorable adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic analysis (ΔH⁰ = +118.0 kJ mol-1, negative ΔG⁰ values) suggested that the process is spontaneous and endothermic, with adsorption capacity increasing with temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the coexistence of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on the PPOP surface, evidencing a coupled adsorption-reduction mechanism mediated by electron-rich porphyrin nitrogen sites. Compared with many reported porous and carbon-based adsorbents, PPOP shows competitive or superior Cr(VI) uptake, highlighting porphyrin-based porous polymers as promising candidates for efficient heavy metal removal from wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic reinforcement of lignin–chitosan hydrogels using vanillin as a sustainable green crosslinker","authors":"Moses Ayitey-Adjin Junior,&nbsp;Mohammad Jahid Hasan,&nbsp;Jeremy Erb,&nbsp;Kishore Chand,&nbsp;Garry S. Crosson,&nbsp;Kenya M. Crosson,&nbsp;Esteban E. Urena-Benavides,&nbsp;Erick S. Vasquez-Guardado","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06625-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06625-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While bio-based hydrogels derived from lignin and chitosan are promising sustainable adsorbents, their practical application is hindered by poor mechanical stability. This study addresses this limitation by synthesizing lignin-chitosan hydrogels using vanillin as a green, bio-derived crosslinker via a facile solution-casting method. The formation of imine (Schiff base) linkages between the aldehyde groups of vanillin and the primary amines of chitosan was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy (C = N stretching at ~ 1602 cm^− 1). SEM and TGA results demonstrated a reduction in the pore size of the crosslinked hydrogel and an enhanced residual thermal mass. Rheological and tensile testing revealed robust network reinforcement, with a 32.3% increase in tensile strength compared to non-crosslinked analogs. Despite a slight decrease in swelling capacity due to a denser network, the crosslinked hydrogels exhibited versatile, dual-functional adsorption, effectively sequestering both cationic and anionic dyes. These achieved ~ 95% removal of methylene blue, ~ 94% removal of rhodamine 590 chloride, and ~ 92% removal of methyl orange. The adsorption adhered to the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetics, suggesting a controlled, monolayer chemisorption process. These findings highlight the potential of vanillin-mediated crosslinking to produce high-performance, fully bio-based adsorbents for sustainable wastewater remediation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-026-06625-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catechol modified sodium alginate/gelatin films reinforced with bio-mediated HNTs for enhanced wound healing applications","authors":"Anishia Ambrose,&nbsp;Kalaivizhi Rajappan","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06658-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06658-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing prevalence of wounds caused by various causes that can cause complications in the everyday activities of humans is a significant worldwide health issue. Despite recent progress, there remains a substantial demand for efficient wound healing materials, especially for persistent and challenging wounds. The objective of the present work is to design a feasible, viable and efficient wound healing material. Sodium Alginate (SA) has been adopted for its remarkable cell viability and effectiveness in promoting wound healing. It is modified using catechol to enhance cell adhesion and to improve healing. Catechol modified sodium alginate is then blended with gelatin and leucas aspera leaf extract coated halloysite nano tubes (HNT). Leucas aspera is chosen for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The Modified-HNT@catechol-SA/gelatin film is formulated by adopting the solvent casting technique. The resultant films were characterized for functional group changes using FT-IR, crystallinity by XRD, elemental composition by XPS, thermal stability via TGA and hydrophilicity and swelling ratio. The Modified-HNT@catechol-SA/gelatin film showed higher ZOI of about 18 mm and 19 mm against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (&gt; 50%), MTT assay showed &gt; 90% of cell viability against L929 cell lines and in-vitro scratch assay revealed 89.5 <i>±</i> 1.27% of wound closure using L929 cell lines. Based on the findings, it is evident that the developed polymeric nanocomposite thin film will be considered for wound healing applications. Furthermore, the implementation in in-vivo wound healing studies is essential for the validation of the material in clinical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable edible films and coatings for improved fruit preservation: recent advances and emerging applications","authors":"Simranjeet Kaur,&nbsp;Sunakshi Gautam,&nbsp; Hamid,&nbsp;Swarup Roy,&nbsp;Somesh Sharma,&nbsp;Pallvi Yaduvanshi","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06660-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06660-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Post–harvest management and preservation have gained prominence in fruits and vegetables, addressing post-harvest losses up to 50% in developing countries. To address post-harvest losses, edible films and coatings have emerged as a sustainable alternative to standard non-biodegradable polyethylene packaging. These biodegradable materials not only enhance sustainability but also act as protective barriers that help reduce post-harvest losses, delay ripening and enhance preservation by regulating gas exchange and moisture transfer, thereby enhancing food security. Recent developments in the application of nanoencapsulation technologies in edible films and coatings have significantly increased the functional efficacy of these matrices, improving the bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds and their broad-spectrum protective qualities against microbial spoilage. This is achieved by incorporating various herbal extract-infused natural phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial additives into biopolymer matrices, offering a viable and environmentally sustainable method. This review summarises the physicochemical properties, modes of action and recent advancements in formulations enriched with plant–derived bioactive components from fresh horticulture produce. Crucial issues include long–term safety assessment, industrial scalability, and standardised efficacy evaluation, which are essential to expediting commercial implementation and effectiveness in preserving fruits and vegetables. However, it is still necessary to eliminate the gap between laboratory-scale innovation and commercial development.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis on the recycling performance of bio-based and petroleum-based polyethylene","authors":"Mert Yücetürk,&nbsp;Mehmet Özgür Seydibeyoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06672-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06672-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study comparatively examines how multiple extrusion recycling cycles impact the mechanical, thermal, rheological, and optical properties of bio-based and petroleum-based polyethylene under identical processing conditions. The results indicate that bio-based polyethylene initially has a higher elastic modulus (157.3 MPa) than petroleum-based polyethylene (112.0 MPa); this value significantly increases to 203.9 MPa by the fourth cycle due to crystallization-induced hardening, followed by a decline in the fifth cycle due to thermal degradation. The tested petroleum-based polyethylene grade exhibited a more stable elastic modulus across the five reprocessing cycles. Gel permeation chromatography revealed an 18.6% molecular weight loss in bio-based polyethylene, while petroleum-based polyethylene experienced an 8.5% loss. The melt flow index of bio-based polyethylene decreased by 14%, while petroleum-based polyethylene showed only a 6% reduction. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the crystallization temperature of bio-based polyethylene increased slightly overall, while crystallinity exhibited non-monotonic fluctuations across the reprocessing cycles. Optical analysis showed increased yellowing and haze in both grades. The yellowness index increased from 8.49 to 13.10 for bio-based polyethylene and from 11.43 to 14.88 for petroleum-based polyethylene; because their initial colors differed, these changes were interpreted relative to each grade’s own baseline. These findings are specific to the two commercial grades examined and do not establish that bio-based origin itself causes lower recycling stability. The results also highlight the importance of additive formulation and molecular structure in determining recycling stability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of catalyst type on the structural and thermal properties of poly (ethylene 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylate)","authors":"Seba Nassif","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06655-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06655-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of the global trend toward developing sustainable and high-performance polymeric materials, heterocyclic aromatic-based polyesters have emerged as a promising class due to their superior physical and mechanical properties compared to their aliphatic counterparts. In this study, the novel use of 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid as a monomer for polyester synthesis was investigated. Polycondensation with ethylene glycol was carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide at 120 °C using homogeneous (sulfuric acid) and heterogeneous (magnesium oxide) catalysts. The progress of the reaction was monitored by measuring the acid number as a function of reaction time. The polyester prepared in the presence of magnesium oxide exhibited a higher conversion (76.28%) than that obtained using sulfuric acid (61.53%). FTIR and ¹H NMR analyses confirmed the successful formation of the polyester structure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed enhanced thermal behavior for the polymer synthesized in the presence of MgO. Compared with the polymer prepared using sulfuric acid, which exhibited a melting peak at 57 °C, the MgO-catalyzed polymer showed a glass transition at 115 °C followed by a melting peak at approximately 140 °C, indicating a more ordered and semi-crystalline polymer structure. These findings suggest that magnesium oxide promotes stronger intermolecular interactions between polymer chains, resulting in improved structural organization and thermal stability. The results demonstrate that magnesium oxide is an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of poly (ethylene 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylate) and highlight the potential of this heteroaromatic polyester for advanced polymeric applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-reinforced polysaccharide–protein composite hydrogels: synthesis, structural integrity, and sustained release behavior","authors":"Youssra Ben Azaza,&nbsp;Suming Li,&nbsp;Moncef Nasri,&nbsp;Rim Nasri","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06664-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06664-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Designing bio-nanocomposite hydrogels that combine structural performance with controlled bioactive release remains a key challenge in functional polymer science. In this work, we developed a crosslinked nanocomposite hydrogel system based on chitosan-tuna protein interactions, in which chitosan nanoparticles (CsNP) and phycocyanin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Ph-CsNP) were incorporated as reinforcing nanoparticle agents. The nanoparticles were first prepared by ionotropic gelation and thoroughly characterized in terms of colloidal properties such as particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, as well as encapsulation efficiency. The resulting Ph-CsNP were then incorporated into the matrix of a glutaraldehyde crosslinked composite, and the effect of nanoparticle loading on the viscoelastic, mechanical, structural and thermal properties of the hydrogel network was systematically explored. The results revealed that both CsNP and Ph-CsNP are reinforcing agents, enhancing the network integrity and swelling capacity, and thus emphasizing the interactions between the polysaccharide and the protein at the interface, which define the composite architecture. Release kinetics analysis revealed that phycocyanin release from both formulations followed a diffusion-controlled Fickian mechanism, whereas incorporation into the hydrogel matrix further prolonged release and improved bioactive retention in the HG-20(Ph-CsNP) formulation. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of incorporating nanoparticle reinforcement with biopolymer composite engineering to develop tunable polymeric matrices exhibiting programmable release behavior. Such systems represent promising candidates for functional biomaterials and controlled bioactive delivery, although additional biological studies are needed to validate their biomedical potential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional stable thermochromic composites with low loading of Ag₂HgI₄ inclusions exhibiting thermal and electric percolation","authors":"José Abraham Chan-Espinoza,&nbsp;Adriana Paola Franco-Bacca,&nbsp;Mónica Monserrat Martínez-García,&nbsp;Armando Ramos-Corona,&nbsp;Juan José Alvarado-Gil,&nbsp;Rubén Arturo Medina-Esquivel,&nbsp;Fernando Cervantes-Alvarez","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06642-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06642-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The design of multifunctional composites with tunable thermal, electrical, and optical properties, offering a broad range of possible applications, is a key challenge in the search for next-generation innovative materials. In this work, we present the thermal and electrical characterization of polymer-based composite materials incorporating low-weight fractions of thermochromic silver iodomercurate (Ag₂HgI₄) as inclusions. The electrical and thermal properties of the composites were characterized over a temperature range of 20–75 °C, revealing percolative behavior in both cases. Our results show that, unlike the pristine powder, the composites remain thermally stable after multiple heating and cooling cycles. Phonon band analyses of Ag₂HgI₄, comparing the pristine powder, pelletized powder, and powder embedded as an inclusion, provided insights into the observed differences in thermal-conductivity behavior. Furthermore, color changes associated with the phase transition (≈58 °C) were documented. Overall, our findings demonstrate that polymer encapsulation is an effective strategy for stabilizing Ag₂HgI₄, resulting in a robust, multifunctional material with strong potential for thermal sensing and actuation applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical, and creep performance of krill shell chitin biopolymer-toughened boehmerianivea fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites","authors":"Rajkumar Subburathinam,&nbsp;R. Ashok Raj,&nbsp;B. Kumaragurubaran,&nbsp;C. Chanakyan","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06649-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06649-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for sustainable structural materials has driven interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites; however, limited studies have explored the use of marine-derived chitin as a bio-based toughening agent in Boehmerianivea fiber reinforced vinyl ester systems. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of krill shell chitin biopolymer on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and creep behaviour of Boehmerianivea fiber–vinyl ester composites. A neat vinyl ester resin served as the baseline system, while composites were fabricated with a fixed fiber content of 30 vol% and chitin loadings ranging from 5 to 20 vol%.The results demonstrated that the incorporation of 5 vol% chitin (V1) produced the optimum mechanical performance, achieving tensile and flexural strengths of 135 MPa and 156 MPa, respectively, an impact energy of 5.2 J, and a hardness of 83 Shore-D. These improvements were attributed to enhanced interfacial adhesion, effective stress transfer, and crack-arresting mechanisms promoted by the chitin particles. In contrast, increasing the chitin content beyond 5 vol% led to a slight reduction in strength but significantly enhanced thermomechanical stability. The composite containing 20 vol% chitin (V4) exhibited the highest storage modulus of 3.5 GPa at 98 °C, the lowest loss factor of 0.61 at 88 °C, and a degradation onset temperature of 351 °C, indicating improved stiffness and thermal resistance. Furthermore, V4 showed superior creep resistance with stabilized creep strains of 0.0048, 0.0056, and 0.0069 at 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 s, respectively, demonstrating enhanced resistance to long-term viscoelastic deformation.The findings reveal a clear performance trade-off, where moderate chitin loading maximizes mechanical strength while higher chitin content optimizes stiffness, thermal stability, and creep resistance. Consequently, these bio-based composites offer significant potential for lightweight structural, automotive, and engineering applications requiring tailored mechanical and thermomechanical performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic evaluation of reactive polymer and crumb rubber synergy in bituminous mixtures: performance-based comparison with SBS modification","authors":"Baha Vural Kök,&nbsp;Furkan Yıldırım,&nbsp;Erkut Yalçın","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06652-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06652-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the mechanical performance of hot mix asphalt mixtures modified with crumb rubber (CR) and B2Last^®, an MDI-based reactive polymer, was evaluated and compared with that of conventional SBS-modified mixtures. Mixtures prepared with pure bitumen, 8% CR-modified bitumen (8CR), 8% CR +2% B2Last^®-modified bitumen (8C2B), and 4% SBS-modified bitumen (4SBS) were investigated. Marshall stability and flow, indirect tensile strength (ITS), indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM), indirect tensile fatigue, and dynamic creep tests were conducted to assess strength, moisture sensitivity, stiffness, fatigue life, and permanent deformation resistance. Comparable performance was generally observed for the 8CR and 4SBS mixtures, whereas the most pronounced improvement was obtained with 8C2B. Marshall stability was increased by 36% and 47% in the 8C2B mixture compared with 8CR and 4SBS, respectively. With the incorporation of 2% B2Last^® into 8CR, wet and dry ITS values were increased by 24% and 20%, respectively, and the tensile strength ratio was increased to 86%. The stiffness modulus of 8C2B was found to be 134% higher than that of the pure mixture and 68% higher than that of 8CR. The fatigue life was increased from 914 cycles for the pure mixture to 10,408 cycles for 8C2B. Superior rutting resistance was further confirmed by the dynamic creep results, as 8C2B exhibited 7,088 µε permanent deformation after 14,400 cycles and a flow number 14.9 times higher than that of the pure mixture. Overall, the CR–B2Last^® system was shown to offer a promising alternative to SBS modification for asphalt pavement applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}