Polymer Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic effects of glycerol plasticization on the structural, electrical and electrochemical characteristics of MC:NaNO3 solid polymer electrolytes","authors":"Shujahadeen Bakr Aziz,&nbsp;Abubakr Wsu Muhammed,&nbsp;Karukh Ali Babakr,&nbsp;Peshawa H. Mahmood,&nbsp;Pshdar Ahmed Ibrahim,&nbsp;Ibrahim Nazem Qader,&nbsp;Hazhar Hamad Rasul,&nbsp;Safar Saeed Mohammed,&nbsp;Sleman Yousif Omar,&nbsp;Dlshad Aziz Hamid,&nbsp;Ibrahim Luqman Salih,&nbsp;Rebaz Anwar Omer,&nbsp;Dana S. Muhammad,&nbsp;Samir Mustafa Hamad,&nbsp;Peyman Aspoukeh,&nbsp;Sarbast Mamnd Hussein","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05900-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05900-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polymer electrolytes have emerged as vital materials in electrochemical applications, including batteries and fuel cells, due to their ionic conductivity, flexibility, and environmental compatibility. However, their limited ionic conductivity compared to liquid electrolytes remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the effect of glycerol as a plasticizer on the ionic conductivity and structural properties of methyl cellulose (MC)-based polymer electrolytes doped with sodium nitrate (NaNO₃). Polymer electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting, incorporating varying glycerol concentrations (0–36 wt%). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize the samples. The addition of glycerol significantly enhanced ionic conductivity, increasing from 1.15 × 10^–5 S/cm for the glycerol-free sample to 3.54 × 10^–4 S/cm for the sample with 36 wt% glycerol. This improvement is attributed to the plasticizing effect of glycerol, which reduced crystallinity and increased the amorphous content of the polymer matrix, as confirmed by XRD analysis. FTIR revealed that glycerol facilitated hydrogen bonding, enhancing ion solvation and mobility. Dielectric studies further supported the role of glycerol in improving ion transport, with higher dielectric constants and reduced relaxation times observed for samples with increased glycerol content. These findings highlight glycerol’s critical role in improving the ionic conductivity of MC-NaNO₃ polymer electrolytes by reducing intermolecular forces and enhancing polymer flexibility. This study demonstrates the potential of plasticized MC-based electrolytes as efficient and sustainable materials for electrochemical applications, paving the way for further optimization in green energy technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9423 - 9443"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol for controlled release of levodopa: synthesis, characterization and RSM optimization","authors":"Atena Kasaeian,&nbsp;Amir Heydarinasab,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Mahdavijalal,&nbsp;Homayon Ahmad Panahi,&nbsp;Rabea Khoshneviszadeh,&nbsp;Elham moniri","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05910-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05910-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Levodopa (L-DOPA), an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease, increases dopamine levels in the brain and improves the life quality of patients. This research presents a novel drug nanocarrier for the controlled release of L-DOPA using magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with polyethylene glycol. This strategy optimizes the nanocarrier’s capacity to load L-DOPA efficiently, transfer it precisely, and improve clinical efficacy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, this paper indicates that the coating process of Fe₃O₄ NPs can lead to a sustained and slow release of L-DOPA and enhance the dispersibility of the proposed carrier. The final polymer-coated carrier is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis devices. Three influential experimental variables, including pH (4), contact time (7 min), and temperature (25°C), are optimized using the RSM/CCD approach. The polymer-coated Fe₃O₄ particles produced indicated in vitro release values of 42.15%, 62.18%, and 88.53% for L-DOPA in simulated intestinal fluid (pH = 7.4) after 0.5, 6, and 72 h, respectively. The results of nonlinear models for both kinetic and adsorption isotherms showed a good match with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. The thermodynamic study confirmed the spontaneity and feasibility of the proposed strategy by confirming the exothermic and entropy-driven nature of L-DOPA adsorption. Computational modeling of the results suggested Higuchi and Fickian diffusion mechanisms for the kinetics of L-DOPA release from the carrier. The findings suggest that the proposed approach could be a promising option for functional L-DOPA delivery in therapeutic applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9391 - 9422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver-casein composite films: towards a new antibacterial coating","authors":"Nedjma ElHouda Hadj Kaddour,&nbsp;Nadia Iles,&nbsp;Suzan Biran Ay,&nbsp;Hakim Blekhalfa,&nbsp;Abdelkader Khalil Belalem,&nbsp;Fouaz Lekoui,&nbsp;Khaldoun Bachari","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05913-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05913-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the solution casting method was used for casein-based polymer films synthesis. For this purpose, different amounts of 0.1 M silver nitrate were added to casein (Cas) solution to obtain 1% Ag:Cas, 2% Ag:Cas, 3%Ag:Cas, 4% Ag:Cas, and 5% Ag:Cas films. Silver particles were formed in the Casein-mediated solution by temperature-induced reduction. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the emergence of two distinct peaks for composite films with compositions below 3% Ag. According to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images, an optimal homogeneity of Ag particles on the film surface was observed for 2% Ag:Cas composition. The mechanical tests revealed a maximum increase of the tensile strength for the 2% Ag:Cas film compared to the pure casein film. The measured absorption coefficient exhibited a proportional increase with Ag composition of the films. The thermal analysis demonstrated that the thermal resistance is enhanced in 1% Ag:Cas and 3%Ag:Cas films. The water vapor permeability of the Ag:Cas films is reduced in comparison to pure casein film. In addition, all Ag:Cas films demonstrated an antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Therefore, the fabricated Ag:Cas films can be suitable for antibacterial coating applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9335 - 9357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable hybrid epoxy composites with natural fillers for radiation shielding applications","authors":"Ugochukwu C. Okonkwo,&nbsp;Christian Emeka Okafor,&nbsp;Ufuk Perişanoğlu,&nbsp;Esra Kavaz Perişanoğlu,&nbsp;Sevda Saltık,&nbsp;Imhade P. Okokpujie,&nbsp;Christopher Igwe Idumah,&nbsp;Michael E. Aronu,&nbsp;Christopher C. Ohagwu,&nbsp;Nelson N. Chukwu,&nbsp;Christian E. Chukwunyelu","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05901-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05901-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents the systematic development and in-depth characterization of novel, sustainable, and lightweight hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with mahogany wood, periwinkle shell, and granite particles. These composites were specifically engineered for dual-function gamma-ray and fast neutron shielding applications. The materials were synthesized using varying filler mass fractions (10–20 wt%) and particle sizes (100 µm and 700 µm) under a Taguchi L4 orthogonal design to ensure optimized performance. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that the chemical treatment of mahogany wood successfully removed organic compounds such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, thereby enhancing the interfacial bonding between fillers and the epoxy matrix. SEM and EDX analyses showed uniform filler distribution with minimal voids and revealed elemental contributions from high-Z elements like calcium and silicon, which are critical for radiation attenuation. Gamma-ray shielding performance was evaluated using a calibrated Ba-133 radioactive source covering energies from 81 to 383 keV. Among all tested samples, the A4 composite (700 µm, 20 wt%) displayed the best performance, achieving mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) ranging from 0.1939 to 0.0984 cm²/g. This composite also demonstrated the lowest half-value layer (HVL) and buildup factors, along with the highest effective atomic number (<i>Z</i>_eff), confirming its superior photon attenuation efficiency. These results highlight the impact of both high-Z content and optimized particle size on enhancing photon interaction probabilities and reducing secondary radiation hazards. In addition, neutron shielding capability was assessed using a 4.5 MeV Am-Be neutron source. The removal cross sections (ΣR) for composites A3 and A4 were found to be 0.08313 cm⁻¹ and 0.0758 cm⁻¹, respectively, values that approach those of standard materials like graphite (0.07773 cm⁻¹) and water (0.1023 cm⁻¹). Furthermore, absorbed neutron dose measurements demonstrated a significant increase from 5.92% in A1 to 22.08% in A4, indicating enhanced neutron attenuation due to the synergistic effects of hydrogen-rich wood and calcium-rich shell fillers. These findings suggest that integrating both organic and inorganic bio-based fillers yields environmentally friendly composites with excellent gamma and neutron shielding properties. The combination of radiation attenuation efficiency, lightweight nature, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability makes these composites attractive candidates for practical applications in nuclear medicine, aerospace systems, radiological protection, and industrial shielding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9359 - 9389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-025-05901-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of hydrogel-kaolin intercalation composite material and investigation of its use in Allura red adsorption: experimental and theoretical approaches","authors":"Zeynep Mine Şenol,&nbsp;Selçuk Şimşek,&nbsp;Yasmine Fernine","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05892-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05892-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The presence of industrial dyes in wastewater poses a threat to human health and life. One of the dyes commonly found in industrial wastewater is Allura red (AR). Developing efficient and cost-effective adsorbents to remove AR dye from wastewater is a critical advance in this field. This study evaluated the synthesis of polyacrylamide-kaolin (PAA@K) composite and the investigation of its adsorbent properties. The structural properties of the PAA@K composite adsorbent were investigated using FT-IR, SEM, and EDX analyses. The maximum adsorption capacity for AR dye was determined as 383 mg g⁻¹ using the Langmuir model. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process for AR dye followed the pseudo second order model. According to its thermodynamic properties, AR dye was found to adsorb spontaneously and endothermally on the PAA@K composite. Complementary theoretical studies using density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided information on the molecular interactions between the AR dye and the PAA@K composite. Accordingly, DFT calculations provided convincing evidence for robust binding interactions such as hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between AR dye molecules and PAA@K composite. Experimental findings also agree with theoretical observations, confirming a significant relationship between them. This study highlights the importance of combining experimental data with theoretical models to advance the development of eco-friendly materials for treating colored pollutants in industrial wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9253 - 9273"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-025-05892-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing sustainable biocomposites: a review of advances in greener materials and manufacturing strategies","authors":"Muhammad Faheem,&nbsp;Kamran A. Khan","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05916-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05916-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable biocomposites, comprising natural fibers (NFs), biofillers, and biodegradable polymer matrices, are gaining traction as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic composites. This review critically assesses recent progress in material development, surface modifications, and fabrication methods aimed at enhancing mechanical performance, biodegradability, and environmental compatibility. The synthesis presented aims to accelerate the shift away from petroleum-based systems and contributes to the global pursuit of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Special focus is placed on out-of-autoclave (OoA) processing, which offers scalable, low-emission, and energy-efficient manufacturing routes aligned with circular economy principles. Comparative analysis of OoA techniques highlights their benefits in process simplification, reduced energy demands, and lower volatile emissions. However, challenges such as moisture absorption and weak fiber–matrix interfaces persist, limiting broader adoption. The review identifies these technical gaps and emphasizes the integration of life cycle assessment, biodegradability metrics, and multi-criteria decision-making frameworks like the analytical hierarchy process to inform sustainable material and process choices. Future directions are explored, including intelligent biocomposites design, renewable energy integration in curing processes, end-of-life management through recycling innovations, and addressing scalability challenges in additive manufacturing. This review provides a cohesive framework combining materials science, green manufacturing, and environmental evaluation, offering strategic guidance for advancing biocomposites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"8827 - 8870"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentials of gum arabic (Acacia senegali) and zinc oxide nanoparticles in the creaming and preservation of field natural rubber latex","authors":"Felix C. Ibeh,&nbsp;Elias E. Elemike,&nbsp;Ismail Hossain,&nbsp;Khairia M. Al-Ahmary,&nbsp;Saedah R. Al-Mhyawi,&nbsp;Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05906-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05906-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The low dry rubber content (DRC) of about 30% and high non-rubber solids (NRS) contents of field natural rubber latex (FNRL) have limited its uses. It is therefore expedient to significantly increase the DRC of latex to a minimum of 60% for novel applications, hence the study. In this research work, the potentials of gum arabic (GA) (<i>Acacia Senegalese</i>) as a creaming agent in combination with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as antifungal agent in FNRL medium were examined. The GA was annexed in the FNRL and evaluated to determine its characteristics. It was found to possess the following: 60.1 ± 0.1% DRC, TSC 61.1 ± 0.1%, 1.1 ± 0.1% NRS, 10.1 ± 1% pH and 113.0 ± 0.5 psc viscosity. The ZnONPs of particle size 65.19 nm made using mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) leaves extract showed 65% fungi inhibition when 1% concentration of ZnONPs was used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9245 - 9252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial chitosan nanocomposite films incorporating with eco-friendly silver nanoparticles synthesized with Arabic gum","authors":"Sarra Benaissa,&nbsp;Kamal Benmansour,&nbsp;Chaimaa Zenagui,&nbsp;Meryem Bouchenak Khelladi,&nbsp;Larbi Belyagoubi","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05898-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05898-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via an eco-friendly method using Arabic gum extract, with particle sizes ranging from 32 to 141 nm depending on the volume of extract used (1–10 mL). Zeta potential measurements confirmed negative surface charges across all samples, indicating good colloidal stability. UV–VIS analysis showed a surface plasmon resonance peak around 450 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. Among the synthesized AgNPs, those with a 32 nm diameter exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (71.22%) in DPPH assays. These were incorporated into chitosan films at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mM via solvent casting. FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as CO stretching (primary amide), NH₂ (secondary amide), CN (tertiary amide), and COC linkages. SEM, EDX, and XRD confirmed the spherical morphology and successful integration of AgNPs. Antioxidant activity increased with nanoparticle content, reaching up to 96% for films with 0.3 mM AgNPs. Only AgNP-doped films exhibited antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones (mm) against <i>B. subtilis</i> (9–11.5), <i>S. aureus</i> (10.5–11.5), <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (10–12), and <i>E. faecalis</i> (11.5–12.5), while no inhibition was observed for <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, or <i>C. albicans</i>. These results demonstrate the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs as functional additives in biopolymer films with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties, suitable for applications in food packaging, medical devices, and surface hygiene, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9275 - 9301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol-based polyesters derived from 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and aliphatic diacids with odd carbons","authors":"Guoqiang Wang,&nbsp;Yiheng Yu,&nbsp;Mengke Zhang,&nbsp;Longqing Shi,&nbsp;Hongliang Hu,&nbsp;Yujie Jin,&nbsp;Jing Hu","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05887-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05887-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol-based polyesters were synthesized from 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and a variety of aliphatic diacids with odd carbons. Differential scanning calorimetric analyzer (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), universal testing machine, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and rotational rheometer were used for the characterization. Number-average molecular weight of CHDM-based polyesters is 12,000–37,000 g/mol. All polyesters can crystallize. All CHDM-based polyesters have good thermal stability. The polyesters from aliphatic diacids with long chains (azelaic acid, undecanedioic acid, and tridecanedioic acid) have better crystallization ability and good toughness (elongation at break &gt; 300%). CHDM-based polyesters are potentially bio-based materials with great potential and promise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9317 - 9333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward green polymerization in the presence of copper nanowires: emulsion and suspension polymerization","authors":"Edina Rusen,&nbsp;Alexandra Mocanu,&nbsp;Oana Brincoveanu,&nbsp;Adina Boldeiu,&nbsp;Gabriela Toader,&nbsp;Aurel Diacon,&nbsp;Raluca Somoghi,&nbsp;Cristina Stavarache","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05909-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05909-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to synthesize and conduct a preliminary characterization of particles produced through the emulsion and suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of copper nanowires (CuNWs). These polymerization techniques offer insights into green polymerization methods. The resulting polymeric particles from both emulsion and suspension processes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The particles synthesized via emulsion polymerization measured approximately 605 nm in size, and the emulsion exhibited stability, while the particles resulting from the suspension polymerization process were around 956 nm. GPC analysis indicated that polymerization in a heterogeneous medium maintained a controlled nature in the presence of CuNWs, as evidenced by the polydispersity index and the chain-extension reaction. The structure of PMMA was examined using FTIR and ¹H-NMR analyses, which validated the proposed structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9303 - 9316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-025-05909-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}