Polymer Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of electrical conductivity of in situ polymerized polyaniline based composite and its application as an ammonia vapour sensor","authors":"Arshia Akhtar,&nbsp; Haroon,&nbsp;Qazi Inamur Rahman","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06436-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06436-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An electrically conductive polyaniline-tin(IV) tungstophosphate hybrid cation exchanger was successfully synthesized via in situ chemical polymerization. The hybrid material exhibits a high ion-exchange capacity, semiconducting electrical conductivity, and good isothermal stability, as evidenced by the retention of direct current conductivity under ambient and moderate temperature conditions. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements confirm thermally activated charge transport behavior consistent with a semiconducting system, while metal-ion doping studies reveal tunable electrical properties of the hybrid exchanger. Optical investigations further indicate strong interfacial interactions between the organic and inorganic components. When fabricated as a sensing material, the polyaniline-tin(IV) tungstophosphate hybrid cation exchanger shows a pronounced and reproducible electrical response toward ammonia vapors, with good sensitivity and linearity in the concentration range of 0.1 M to 0.8 M. The sensing mechanism is governed by reversible protonation-deprotonation processes of the polyaniline backbone, leading to measurable changes in conductivity upon ammonia exposure. Although reduced sensitivity is observed at higher ammonia concentrations due to saturation of active sites, the results demonstrate that the polyaniline-tin(IV) tungstophosphate hybrid cation exchanger is a stable and effective material for ammonia sensing applications under ambient conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A flexible carboxymethyl cellulose aerogel fiber dressing with sustained copper ion release: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory efficacy for accelerated full-thickness wound repair","authors":"Jiaxin Lu,&nbsp;Haoyong Fan,&nbsp;Jing Liu,&nbsp;Jiaxin Feng,&nbsp;Mei Niu,&nbsp;Yongzhen Yang,&nbsp;Baoxia Xue,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06449-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06449-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The core role of sustained copper ion release in medical dressings lies in achieving long-acting, mild, and multi-functional wound repair. Combining biomaterial science with textile technology, this paper proposes a novel strategy for constructing multifunctional carboxymethyl cellulose/copper (CMC/Cu) composite aerogel-fiber dressing and systematically investigates their wound repair efficacy. In vitro assays verified that the dressing exhibited exceptional long-lasting antibacterial activity, with an inhibition rate of &gt; 99% against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> for over 72 h, as well as favorable cytocompatibility (92% HUVEC cell viability), superior water absorption and retention capacities for efficient exudate management, and excellent hemocompatibility (hemolysis rate of 1.7%, far below the 5% safety limit). In a rat full-thickness wound model, histological analysis confirmed that the dressing could stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration, enhance collagen deposition and remodeling, accelerate granulation tissue maturation, and facilitate neovascularization. It also exerts significant time-dependent anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) expression. Benefiting from these integrated functionalities, the dressing achieved a high wound healing rate of 97.93 ± 1.12% within 14 days. This work provides valuable insights for the rational design of advanced aerogel-based wound dressings with great potential for clinical translation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybridization effects in jute-ramie epoxy composites: mechanical-thermal study and deep neural modeling","authors":"M. S. Srinivasa Rao,&nbsp;Hazari Naresh,&nbsp;P. Raghunathapandian,&nbsp;K. Geetha","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06435-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06435-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural fiber composites tend to experience the problem of unpredictable mechanical strength, poor thermal stability and improper predictive modelling, which does not allow them to be used in high-tech applications. The overall aim of the proposed research is to produce and optimize the hybrid jute/ramie epoxy composites by using state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms, namely the Multi-Directed Differentiated Attention Parallel Dual-Channel Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (ADD-BiLSTM) model to forecast and enhance the mechanical, thermal and moisture resistance characteristics of the composite. The research examines hybrid jute/ramie epoxy composites made in 5 weight ratios through hand lay-up. Sample A (3:1) demonstrated the best tensile (34.5 MPa) and flexural strength (54 MPa), which is followed by Sample E (0:4) with the best impact energy (21 J) and hardness (72 BHN). A hybrid neural network model is designed and trained by the Multi-Scenario Chaotic Crested Ibis Algorithm (MSCCIA) in order to increase its predictive power. Python-based simulations demonstrated that the proposed approach achieved a lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) (0.08) and higher accuracy (94%) than particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm approaches. This experimental-intelligent integration enhances predictive reliability and provides a scalable framework for improving the performance and applicability of bio-based composite materials in structural and thermal-critical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of a core-shell structure from boron nitride nanosheets and ammonium polyphosphate (BN@APP) for reducing the fire hazards in waterborne polyurethane","authors":"Deyu Liu,&nbsp;Xuan Ba,&nbsp;Shaoyuan Wu,&nbsp;Jinghan Hu,&nbsp;Jihong Duan,&nbsp;Xingyu Guan,&nbsp;Guoyong Zhou,&nbsp;Kui Wang,&nbsp;Weijiang Huang,&nbsp;Wei Yan","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06461-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06461-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) has the advantage of good flexibility in the coating film, high and low-temperature resistance, and the advantages of environmental protection. Currently, there is a high demand for flame-retardant WPU. Herein, a flame-retardantcomposites (WPU/BN@APP/DIDOPO) is successfully developed by incorporating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) modified boron nitride (BN@APP) and DOPO derivatives into WPU via simple casting technology.The results indicate that BN@APP formed the intended composite structure and was well dispersed in the WPU matrix. This system significantly enhanced the char residue at 700 ℃ from 0.23% to 5.22% and reducing the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 58.9% and 36.9%, respectively, compared to pure WPU. Performance analysis shows that during combustion, a dense and stable expanded carbon layer forms, effectively delaying heat and mass transfer. The mechanical properties of the WPU/0.5BN@APP/5DIDOPO composite material are optimal and its breaking strength and elongation at break are superior to those of components. This work demonstrates the potential of the BN@APP/DIDOPO composite system for enhancing flame retardancy in polymeric materials, providing valuable insights for designing advanced flame-retardant systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized PANI–TiO2 nanofiber heterostructured composites for room-temperature phosgene gas sensing","authors":"Gourishanker Bhure,&nbsp;Ameena Parveen,&nbsp;M. Madesh Kumar,&nbsp;Aashis. S. Roy","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06455-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06455-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyaniline (PANI)–TiO₂ nanocomposites were synthesized via in-situ oxidative polymerization and systematically investigated for room-temperature phosgene (COCl₂) gas sensing. Structural and morphological characterization by FTIR and SEM confirmed the successful incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles within the PANI nanofiber matrix, forming an interconnected heterostructured network. Among the investigated compositions (5–25 wt% TiO₂), the 15 wt% PANI–TiO₂ nanocomposite exhibited optimal sensing performance. The sensor demonstrated a maximum response of 10.46 at 800 ppm and 6.123 at 100 ppm of COCl₂, with a high sensitivity of 0.00331 ppm⁻¹ and excellent linearity (R² = 0.993) over the studied concentration range (100–800 ppm). Rapid sensing kinetics were observed, with a response time of 6.1 s and recovery time of 7.35 s at room temperature (25 °C, ~ 14% RH). The sensor maintained stable performance with only ~ 1.3% signal drift over 60 days, confirming good reproducibility and long-term operational stability. These results demonstrate that the optimized PANI–TiO₂ nanocomposite is a promising candidate for efficient and reliable room-temperature phosgene gas detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering of sesamol-integrated polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer and cerebral ischemia","authors":"Niyaz Ahmad,&nbsp;Mohammad Rashid,&nbsp;Zabih Ullah,&nbsp;Naseem Akhtar,&nbsp;Md Makhmur Ahmad,&nbsp;Md Tanwir Athar,&nbsp;Shamshir Khan,&nbsp;Mohd Faiyaz Khan,&nbsp;Sarfaraz Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06428-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06428-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this research was to improve the brain bioavailability of Sesamol (SAL) via formulating novel-chitosan (CHIT)-coated PLGA-nanoparticles and quantifying SAL using a novel LC-MS/MS analytical approach. The approach was evaluated for its potential in treating ischemic brain injury and colorectal cancer. PLGA-based nanoparticles encapsulating sesamol (NPs) were produced through the emulsion-based solvent evaporation approach, followed by surface coating with chitosan. The chitosan-coated Sesamol-PLGA NPs were optimized based on characteristics including particle dimensions, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, PDI, and drug encapsulation efficiency. Characterization was conducted along with in vitro release of the drug and its permeation through the nasal membrane studies to assess their potential for enhancing brain bioavailability. Additionally, neurobehavioral assessments, biochemical analyses, and histopathological evaluations were performed. The anticancer potential of CHIT-SAL-PLGA NPs was further tested against HT-29, a human Colorectal-cancer cell line. The optimized CHIT-SAL-PLGA NPs exhibited a particle-size of 56.02 ± 2.74 nm, PDI of 0.233 ± 0.008, zeta potential of − 15.4 ± 1.04 mV, drug loading of 29.65 ± 3.64%, and entrapment efficiency of 80.09 ± 6.03%. They demonstrated sustained, controlled drug release (84.97 ± 7.08%) and high permeation efficiency (&gt; 84.21%). Sesamol showed a retention-time of 1.650 min with m/z 137/109, and the LC-MS/MS method displayed excellent linearity (0.50–1900 ng/mL), with intra- and interday CV values of 1.10–2.04% and 1.08–1.97%, and accuracy of 96.83–98.39% and 96.63–98.87%, respectively. Intranasal administration of CHIT-SAL-PLGA NPs significantly increased AUC₀–₂₄ and Cmax (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) compared to controls. In ischemic MCAO rat models, these nanoparticles produced marked improvements in biochemical, neurobehavioral, and histopathological parameters. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed enhanced anticancer activity against HT-29 colorectal cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 695.28 µM) compared to pure Sesamol (IC₅₀ = 1391.26 µM). The study demonstrated that CHIT-SAL-PLGA NPs significantly improved the brain bioavailability of Sesamol through intranasal transport in rats, enabling efficient targeting to the brain for cerebral ischemia treatment. This approach improved neuroprotection while requiring only a minimal dose of Sesamol. Moreover, the optimized CHIT-SAL-PLGA NPs exhibited markedly greater anticancer activity (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) against HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells compared to free Sesamol.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biowaste-derived pectin–lignin hydrogels as controlled-release biostimulant carriers for enhanced drought tolerance","authors":"Antonio Di Martino,&nbsp;Kadir Ozaltin,&nbsp;Maya Ismayati,&nbsp;Eko Budi Santoso,&nbsp;Syahidah Syahidah,&nbsp;Widya Fatriasari,&nbsp;Sri Suhartini,&nbsp;Lee Seng Hua","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06442-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06442-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable strategies are urgently needed to enhance crop performance while reducing environmental impacts from conventional fertilizers. Humic acid is an effective biostimulant, but rapid leaching limits its utility. In this study, pectin-lignin biohydrogels derived from biowaste were developed to deliver humic acid efficiently and improve soil water retention. The physically crosslinked hydrogels exhibit 42% porosity, 600% swelling, strong mechanical stability, and biodegrade in soil within two months. Humic acid release is pH-responsive, with faster release under neutral and alkaline conditions. Experiments conducted using rapessed plants under water-deficit conditions with rapeseed, clearly indicate the use of hydrogels led an increase of the plants water content, up to 87%, and a reduction of TBARS, anthocyanin and proline content, which indicate the response of the plant to the stress. The use of hydrogel application partially restored plant water status, reduced biomass loss, and enhanced soil moisture retention. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of controlled biostimulant delivery and improved water-holding capacity. This work establishes pectin-lignin hydrogels as a sustainable, multifunctional platform for enhancing crop resilience and mitigating drought stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive review of curing methods in polymer composites: trends, challenges, and prospects","authors":"Jitendra Chauhan,&nbsp;Neeraj Kumar Bhoi,&nbsp;Arun Arora,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Suchart Siengchin","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06464-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06464-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composite materials based on polymers are being identified as helping to promote sustainable infrastructure by providing lightweight, durable, and corrosion-resistant solutions. Their applications span construction, transportation, energy, and marine sectors, enabling longer service life, reduced maintenance, and enhanced performance of modern structural systems. The curing process plays an essential role in determining the performance and reliability of polymer composites, influencing their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. This review aims to explore the advances, challenges, and opportunities in curing methods for polymer composites, focusing on both traditional and emerging techniques. Key motivations include the need for faster curing times, improved material properties, and enhanced sustainability in the processing of composite materials. The review covers all forms of curing, ranging from heat, ultraviolet, and microwave curing to more recent technologies like additive manufacturing. It further addresses existing challenges, including process optimization in curing, enhancement of energy efficiency, and ensuring compatibility across materials. Various research highlights that significant progress has already been made, still there is a need to overcome current challenges and design the full potential of polymer composites for the next-generation market. The review also explores sustainable curing approaches that reduce environmental impact by minimizing energy consumption and incorporating eco-friendly additives, thus advancing the development of green polymer composites for building and construction applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified gum odina as dynamic platform: from source to advanced drug delivery and tissue regeneration","authors":"Dhiman Roy,&nbsp;Ushasi Das,&nbsp;Adarsha Bachhar,&nbsp;Shila Barman,&nbsp;Sanchita Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06462-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06462-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gum Odina, an arabinogalactan-rich polysaccharide from <i>Odina wodier</i>, shows a new era as a multifunctional biomaterial for smart pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. This review is a critical summarization of the quantitative and qualitative information available on the source, purification, physicochemical properties, modification strategies, dosage form performance, and tissue regeneration potential, which is one of the major problems in biomedical engineering, particularly in wounds, bone defects, and periodontal repair. The modified gum Odina was addressed as an all-round biomaterial for the formation of scaffolds and hydrogels according to these requirements. The swelling index, release kinetics, cell viability, and wound contraction were tabulated, and drug release and adsorption profiles were interpreted via zero-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Langmuir, and Freundlich models. Studies have systematically reported porosity 75–95%, swelling indices the range of 250–300% (more in pH 6.5-7 and controlled in 1.2-2 pH), drug entrapment efficiencies often more than 70% and longer drug release periods (up to 24 h), removal efficiencies achieved for dyes &gt; 90%, in vitro cell viability values in the order of 90%, and in vivo results in terms of wound contraction of 98% for 18 days, hydroxyproline of 240 ug/100 mg of tissue, enhanced collagen deposition, and accelerated re-epithelialization. Qualitative findings revealed the intrinsic biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, prebiotic activity, and extracellular matrix-mimetic architecture of the scaffolds as crucial performance drivers. Altogether, the available evidence makes Odina gum a versatile, eco-friendly platform excipient and biomaterial for controlled drug delivery, therapeutic drugs directed towards the gut, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of nutrient release dynamics from a citric acid cross-linked lignosulfonate biopolymer fertilizer and conventional sources under varied soil textures","authors":"Meena Mahalingam,&nbsp;Jegadeeswari Dheebakaran,&nbsp;Sathiya Bama Kaliappan,&nbsp;Boomiraj Kovilpillai,&nbsp;Senthil Alagarswamy,&nbsp;Rajeswari Ramanathan","doi":"10.1007/s00289-026-06456-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-026-06456-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improving nutrient use efficiency while reducing environmental losses is a critical challenge for sustainable agriculture. Conventional fertilizers such as urea and muriate of potash (MOP) dissolve rapidly, resulting in low nitrogen and potassium retention in soils and significant volatilization losses. To address these limitations, this study developed and evaluated a citric acid cross-linked lignosulfonate biopolymer fertilizer as a controlled-release alternative. The formulation was structurally characterized using FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, and BET analyses, which confirmed ester-linked cross-linking, mesoporosity, and uniform nutrient embedding. Soil incubation experiments conducted in contrasting textures—sandy loam and clay loam—demonstrated sustained nitrogen and potassium release over 45 days, with final release values of 92.5% and 97.2% for nitrogen, and 89.6% and 91.7% for potassium, respectively. In contrast, conventional urea and MOP released over 89% of nutrients within 15 days. Kinetic modelling indicated diffusion- and chemisorption-driven release mechanisms, while volatilization assays showed that the biopolymer reduced cumulative ammonia losses by up to one-third relative to urea. These findings demonstrate that lignosulfonate–citric acid cross-linked matrices can synchronize nutrient delivery with soil processes across diverse textures, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and lowering environmental impacts. The study highlights the practical potential of renewable polymer-based fertilizers as scalable, eco-friendly solutions, with field-scale validation identified as the next critical step.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"83 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}