Polymer Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Issues of polymer used in coating, coating rheology and hybrid coatings","authors":"Shun Xing Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05686-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05686-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The reaction mechanisms and structure–performance correlations of polymers used in coatings can be used to derive coating performance and promote innovation of coatings, but they are scattered in references. The paper first summarizes them. There are four important rheological issues in coating industry: one-point rheological test, how to select coating components, how to control application process, and correlations of rheological methods to coating performance. The paper provides solutions to the issues based on rheological references. Since it is not easy to prepare qualified phosphate films, inorganic–organic hybrid coatings have been developed and applied on metal surface without phosphating film, but the hybrid coatings usually use a large amount of solvents. The paper proposes a way to prepare VOC-compliant hybrid coatings composed of tetraethoxysilane sol below its critical gelation point and liquid prepolymers by dual-cure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4157 - 4180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous media via acrylic acid grafted Guggul gum-based hydrogel","authors":"Shabnum Saleem,&nbsp;Sonal Choudhary,&nbsp;Kashma Sharma,&nbsp;Vishal Sharma,&nbsp;Vaneet Kumar,&nbsp;Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05711-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05711-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, acrylic acid (AA) was graft copolymerized onto Guggul gum (GgG) using N, N-methylenebisacrylamide, and ammonium persulfate as the crosslinker-initiator system for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The as-prepared and dye-adsorbed hydrogel samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, rheological studies, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted with cationic MB dye to evaluate the adsorption capabilities of the synthesized hydrogel. Various parameters, such as solution pH, adsorbent mass, dye concentration, contact time, and temperature, were varied to determine their effects on removal efficiency. The pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm also provided a good fit for the adsorption process with a maximum adsorption capacity of 59.4884 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic, spontaneous, and accompanied by increased randomness. The hydrogel maintained 98% adsorption efficiency after 10 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. Therefore, the higher swelling rate, improved adsorption capacity, environmental friendliness, low cost, and regeneration capability of the GgG-cl-poly(AA) hydrogel make it a promising material for removing MB dye from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4099 - 4119"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maillard reaction products between chitosan/alginate: antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential","authors":"Mounira Mamache,&nbsp;Meriem Elkolli,&nbsp;Asma Chetouani,&nbsp;Chawki Bensouici,&nbsp;Mahmoud Bounekhel","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05714-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05714-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from Chitosan (Cs) and Alginate (Alg) have gained attention for their potential bioactivity, yet their antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and photoprotective properties remain under explored. This study aims to investigate the formation and bioactivity of Cs/Alg MRPs, focusing on their structural characteristics and functional properties. Chitosan and alginate solutions (1:1 v/v) were heated at 100 °C for 3 and 6 h at pH 4.5 to produce MRPs (Cs/Alg (3 h) and Cs/Alg (6 h)). Structural changes were confirmed using FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, and zeta potential measurements. Remarkably, the MRPs demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with Cs/Alg (3 h) and Cs/Alg (6 h) showing ABTS⁺ scavenging activity (IC50 = 27.27 and 29.85 µg mL⁻¹, respectively) and Cs/Alg (6 h) exhibiting the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50 = 484.73 µg mL⁻¹). In the FRAP assay, both chitosan and Cs/Alg (3 h) displayed comparable reducing power (IC50 = 38.21 and 38.39 µg mL⁻¹, respectively), while Cs/Alg (6 h) was most effective in the phenanthrolin assay (IC50 = 92.47 µg mL⁻¹). Chitosan alone showed the highest H₂O₂-scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.88 µg mL⁻¹). Additionally, Cs/Alg (6 h) demonstrated notable photoprotective activity, achieving an SPF index of 44.89. The MRPs also exhibited significant inhibition of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and α-amylase, with Cs/Alg (6 h) showing superior α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 139.17 µg mL⁻¹). These findings highlight the potential of Cs/Alg MRPs as multifunctional agents with applications in food preservation, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, owing to their potent antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and photoprotective properties.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4121 - 4156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of natural polymer-based films for food preservation and packaging application: characteristic assessment of ultra-low graphene content","authors":"Saurav Kumar Maity,&nbsp;Uplabdhi Tyagi,&nbsp;Ritesh Kumar,&nbsp;Krishna Kumar,&nbsp;Gulshan Kumar,&nbsp;Sidhharth Sirohi","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05707-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05707-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Embracing bio-based materials for food packaging as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics aims to reduce environmental impact, enhance food preservation, and encourage the use of renewable resources in the packaging industry. The synergy between bio-based chitosan polymer and graphene nanofiller in food packaging preserves the delicate balance of the environment and results in elevated properties that harmonize with modern technological advancements. Herein, nanocomposite films containing chitosan (CS) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) with different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6% w/w CS) were fabricated by solvent casting technique. The formation of the nanocomposite was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, which revealed that the amine groups of chitosan have interacted with the carboxylic groups of GNPs. XRD results showed significant enhancement in the crystallinity of nanocomposite film with the GNP concentrations. Furthermore, adding GNP significantly enhanced the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of the fabricated films. The 0.6% GNP-containing nanocomposite film showed a significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) decrease in oxygen permeability and water vapor transmission rate by ~ 73% and ~ 60%, respectively. The film with 0.6% GNP concentration exhibited excellent antibacterial behavior against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (Gram-negative) bacteria compared to <i>Cellulosimicrobium aquatile</i> (Gram-positive) bacteria. Additionally, the radical scavenging activity, as measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, significantly increased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) with the concentrations of GNP. Moreover, the optimized nanocomposite film (0.6% GNP) effectively prolonged the shelf life of high-moisture green chilies with a promising biodegradability rate (12 days), showcasing the potential as sustainable packaging compared to traditional plastics for food preservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4075 - 4097"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production and characterization of agricultural waste natural fiber-filled polylactic acid composites","authors":"İbrahim Şen,&nbsp;Kutlay Sever","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05698-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05698-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to obtain new composites containing polylactic acid (PLA) with artichoke stem (AP) at concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% by weight using a twin-screw extruder. The composites were created using biodegradable PLA and postharvest agricultural waste AP. The study aimed to determine whether these composites could be used. Thermal, mechanical, and morphological characterization of AP and these composites were performed. The findings of the study revealed that AP particles exhibited chemical and physical properties similar to other natural fibers. When incorporated into composites, these materials showed increased density and elastic modulus. However, decreases in tensile strength, elongation at break, and unnotched Izod impact were observed. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that PLA exhibited higher storage modulus (<i>E′</i>) values compared to AP-filled composites at 40 °C. In the differential scanning calorimetry analysis, while there was a slight fluctuation in the glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g) in the AP-filled composites, significant increases in the crystallinity degree (<i>X</i>_c) were observed when looking at the values of PLA. The results of the thermal gravimetric analysis showed that both <i>T</i>_max and <i>T</i>_s values of the composite decreased as the AP content in PLA increased. Furthermore, SEM imaging of the composites containing P5AP clearly demonstrated the presence and distribution of AP particles within the PLA matrix.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4051 - 4074"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-025-05698-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on fire risk of typical thermal insulation materials based on pyrolysis, combustion and flame spread experiments","authors":"Wenlong Zhang,&nbsp;Qingsheng Zhang,&nbsp;Rongkun Pan,&nbsp;Jiangkun Chao,&nbsp;Hui Yu,&nbsp;Yanming Ding","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05695-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05695-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermal insulation materials are widely installed in buildings, but they are greatly flammable and have caused many fires. Therefore, it is essential to estimate their fire risk. There are several significant stages in the combustion process of solid combustibles. They will produce gas at the pyrolysis stage. If the concentration of pyrolysis gas is high enough, pyrolysis gas can be burned after mixing with air. Finally, the burning flames spread, causing a large-scale fire. Thus, the combustion characteristics of solid combustibles can be understood through the parameters from multiple stages. The characteristics of expanded polystyrene (EPS) were comprehensively studied using thermogravimetry, cone calorimeter and flame spread experiments, and its fire risk was characterized using the analytic hierarchy process method. The results showed that EPS had stable activation energy during the pyrolysis, ranging from 203 to 235 kJ/mol. Ignition time was short (7–19 s), and peak heat release rate was 102–166 kW/m² and smoke production rate (SPR) was 0.06–0.13 m²/s. Furthermore, flame spread performance displayed that because of the different flame spread rates of wall fire and pool fire, there were regular fluctuations in flame temperature. The flame height of the pool fire was greater than that of the wall fire. Flame spread rate, flame temperature and SPR had the greatest impact on the fire risk. This study helps to understand fire risk from multiple stages and determine the weight of different factors, so as to take appropriate measures to reduce the fire risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4005 - 4029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF6]/Pebax mixed matrix membranes and CO2 separation","authors":"Chengpeng Zhang,&nbsp;Pengzhi Bei,&nbsp;Hongjing Liu,&nbsp;Xu Zhao,&nbsp;Meiling Shi,&nbsp;Xiaochun Jing,&nbsp;Zhao Li,&nbsp;Hui Yao","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05696-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05696-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel porous liquid, M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆], has been synthesized using zirconium-based metal–organic framework (UiO-66-OH), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMim][PF₆]) and polyetheramine M2070. To enhance the CO₂ separation performance, M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] was incorporated as a filler into a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) using polyether block amide (Pebax-1657) as the membrane matrix. The properties of the synthesized M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] and the resulting MMMs have been characterized through FTIR, TGA, DSC, and SEM analyses. The results of porous liquid stability revealed that grafting polyetheramine M2070 onto the surface of UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] significantly increased the steric hindrance, thereby preventing agglomeration within the membrane. Additionally, the functional groups (amino and ether) present in M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] contributed to an increased number of active sites for CO₂ adsorption, facilitating enhanced CO₂ transport through the membrane. Compared to the Pebax membrane, the MMM containing 3% M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] exhibited significantly improved CO₂ permeability of 104.07 Barrer (an increase of 73.22%) and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 92.37 (an increase of 148.95%) at 30 °C and 0.3 MPa, surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bound. These findings suggest that M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] is a highly promising additive for the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes with superior CO₂ separation performance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div><p>A porous liquid, (M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆]) has been prepared using UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] as the core and polyetheramine M2070 as the canopy. Afterwards, M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆] has been added to the Pebax matrix to prepare M2070-UiO-66-OH@[BMim][PF₆]/Pebax mixed matrix membranes, which have been subjected to gas separation studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"4031 - 4050"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of rapid self-healing thermoset polymer by the encapsulation of low-viscosity unsaturated vinyl ester resin and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide for the corrosion protection improvement","authors":"Abed Khavand,&nbsp;Shadi Hassanajili","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05691-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05691-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The encapsulation of vinyl ester resin and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide into poly(methyl methacrylate) for the fabrication of anti-corrosion rapid self-healing microcomposites has been done. The effect of stirring speed, emulsifier type and its concentration, core material viscosity, and core/shell ratio on the encapsulation efficiency and core content were evaluated. The core/shell morphology was reported via scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared investigations. Thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical investigations were conducted on the fabricated dual-component microcomposites to estimate the effect of microcapsule content and low-viscosity promoted healing agent. The results displayed 4.9%, 5.9%, and 12.2% reductions in glass transition temperature, tensile, and flexural moduli with the incorporation of 10 wt% microcapsules. The healing efficiency was obtained at 91.1%, while the uncured enthalpy intensified by 57.7% at this concentration. The healing process has been tracked by measuring the increasing trend of electrochemical impedance. Based on the electrochemical analyses, the synthesized self-healing coatings are able to heal quickly with remarkable protective performance during the immersion into seawater. According to the selected materials and method, this study is able to recommend the manufacturing of vinyl ester self-healing thermoset composites with significant corrosion protection, high compatibility, and low production costs.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"3963 - 3989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of block-brush terpolymer via one-step RAFT-ROP and grafting to \"click\" chemistry methods","authors":"Melahat Göktaş,&nbsp;Cengiz Aykaç","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05688-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05688-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this contribution, well-defined poly(ɛ-caprolactone-<i>b</i>-4-vinylbenzyl-<i>g</i>-ethyleneglycol) [poly(ɛ-CL-<i>b</i>-VB-<i>g</i>-EG)] block-brush terpolymer was prepared via reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and grafting to “click” chemistry methods. For this purpose, in the first part, a RAFT agent was obtained by the reaction of 3-chloro-1-propanol and ethylxanthic acid potassium salt for the one-step RAFT-ROP polymerization. In the second part, the poly(ɛ-caprolactone-<i>b</i>-4-vinyl benzyl chloride) [poly(ɛ-CL-<i>b</i>-VBC)] block copolymer was prepared by RAFT polymerization of 4-vinyl benzyl chloride, and ROP of ɛ-caprolactone in the presence of RAFT agent in the one-step. In the third part, the poly(ɛ-caprolactone-<i>b</i>-4-vinyl benzyl-N₃) (azide-terminated) was obtained from reaction of the poly(ɛ-CL-<i>b</i>-VBC) block copolymer and NaN₃. Finally, the poly(ɛ-CL-<i>b</i>-VB-<i>g</i>-EG) block-brush terpolymer was prepared from the reaction PEG-propargyl, which obtained by the reaction of polyethylene glycol (PEG-3000) with propargyl chloride, and poly(ɛ-CL-<i>b</i>-VB-N₃) via the grafting to \"click\" chemistry method. The structure of the final products was characterized by methods such as GPC, ¹H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC, and SEM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"3991 - 4004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-025-05688-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance biocomposites: leveraging lotus fiber and waste Kigelia pinnata fruit shell biochar for enhanced mechanical and fire-retardant properties","authors":"Velmurugan Ganesan,&nbsp;Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan,&nbsp;Arunkumar Damodharan,&nbsp;Prabhu Paramasivam,&nbsp;Ramya Maranan","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05702-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05702-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of naturally derived biomass-based material has gained more attention in the current scenario. Among these, biochar is a promising filler material with its potential to replace commonly used inorganic fillers. The main objective of the present research is to determine the mechanical, thermal, dielectric, and flammability properties of hybrid composites made up of lotus fiber mate and waste biomass-based biochar from the <i>Kigelia pinnata</i> fruit shell (<i>K. pinnata</i>). The hybrid composites were fabricated using a hand layup process followed by compression molding, selected for their ability to enhance bonding and ensure uniform fiber and filler dispersion. Before fabrication, lotus fiber mats were chemically pretreated with 5 wt% of oxidant sodium chlorite (NaClO_₂) solution for 60 min. With varying the weight proportions of <i>K. pinnata</i> biochar and a constant weight proportion of lotus fiber, six types of composites were fabricated, such as A (pure epoxy), B (30 wt% of lotus fiber), C (fiber/2 wt% of biochar), D (fiber/4 wt% of biochar), E (fiber/6 wt% of biochar), and F (fiber/8 wt% of biochar) types. The results of the E-type composite sample reveal the highest mechanical properties. These included a tensile strength of 201 MPa and a modulus of 8.01 GPa; a flexural strength of 254 MPa and a modulus of 8.69 GPa; and an interlaminar shear strength of 41.1 MPa. The fire-retardant results showed that the inclusion of biochar greatly decreased the PHRR (356 kW/m² for B type and 154 kW/m² for F type) and the THR values (91 MJ/m² for B type and 70 MJ/m² for F type). The composite with the higher biochar concentration (8 wt%) exhibited an enhanced thermal conductivity of 0.46 W/mK. On the other hand, the dielectric constant and loss factor significantly rise when biochar and lotus fiber are mixed into an epoxy matrix. Based on the obtained results, there are several industries that might benefit from the conversion of waste biomass into biochar and composites, such as the aviation, automobile, and military industries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"3927 - 3961"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}