Polymer Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles reinforced PHB/PEG nanocomposite film for active packaging of Indian gooseberry and bread","authors":"Koushika Saravanan,&nbsp;Preethi Kathirvel","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05945-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05945-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanocomposite films are rapidly evolving into the material choice for food packaging owing to their exceptional mechanical, thermal, and barrier qualities. This research investigates the development of novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) nanocomposite film blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for active food packaging. The solvent-cast films including neat PHB, PHB/PEG, and PHB/PEG/ZnO NPs, were characterized for its structural, mechanical, thermal, and antimicrobial properties. The incorporation of PEG into the PHB matrix resulted in notable enhancement of mechanical strength and barrier performance, primarily due to the increased hydrophilicity and the plasticizing effect of PEG, which facilitated greater polymer chain mobility and flexibility. PEG also accelerated biodegradation by enhancing moisture uptake and enzymatic accessibility, thereby improving the composite's environmental sustainability. Notably, the ZnO NPs incorporated PHB/PEG film exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against various food-borne pathogens. Moreover, shelf life of bread and Indian gooseberry was extended devoid of microbial spoilage by 10 and 21 days, respectively. In the case of Indian gooseberry, important quality parameters such as pH, weight, texture, and nutritional content were effectively maintained throughout the storage period. These findings underscore the potential of PHB/PEG/ZnO NPs nanocomposite films as sustainable, biodegradable, and functional materials for active food packaging solutions, addressing both food safety and environmental concerns.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10415 - 10451"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopolymer-based carbon conductive inks for printed electronics: a comprehensive review","authors":"Nisha Naik,&nbsp;Dhanya Sunil,&nbsp;Ashok Rao,&nbsp;Ramakrishna Nayak","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05947-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05947-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The soaring use of electronic products driven by technological advancements is one of the major environmental concerns due to the growing accumulation of E-waste. Printed electronics (PE), known for their lower environmental impact, serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional electronics manufacturing, especially in response to the growing demand for low-cost, flexible devices. The expanding field of PE facilitates the use of different printing technologies and conductive inks that incorporate metal, polymer, and carbon-based fillers. Among various strategies, the production of environmentally friendly conductive ink focuses on carbon-based inks, even though its electrical conductivity is less when compared to that of metals. The increased interest in the development of carbon-based inks is mainly due to their natural abundance, production from renewable biomass sources, low toxicity, and attractive mechanical properties. The use of biopolymers influences the stability, dispersion, viscosity, surface tension, and adhesiveness of conductive carbon inks, like other synthetic binders. However, their distinct advantage lies in being derived from renewable sources and their inherent biodegradability, making them an ideal choice. This review explores the role of various biopolymers like cellulose and its derivatives, chitosan, sodium alginate, PLA, and other biopolymers as additives and binders in carbon-based inks and examines their influence on ink properties. Moreover, the review addresses the current challenges in utilizing biopolymer-based carbon inks and explores potential future research toward improving them.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"9721 - 9746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00289-025-05947-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites reinforced with calcined clamshells (Mactra chinensis) and their influence on physico-mechanical properties","authors":"Soo-Tueen Bee,&nbsp;Mew-Ting Chong,&nbsp;Lee Tin Sin,&nbsp;Soo-Ling Bee","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05942-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05942-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study is aimed to examine the impacts of incorporating increasing amount of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into PVOH nanocomposites with different amounts of calcined clamshell. The samples of CNTs- and calcined clamshell-added PVOH nanocomposites were produced via solution casting method. The elongation at break and tensile strength for the CNTs/calcined clamshell-added PVOH nanocomposites had demonstrated a gradual increment up to 54% corresponding to higher levels of CNTs (2–3 phr) and 1 phr of calcined clamshell. However, the introduction of higher amounts of both CNT (≥ 0.4 phr) and calcined clam shells (3 phr) has adversely impacted the tensile strength of samples to drop from ~ 38 to ~ 33 MPa because the presence of CNT particles in higher amounts tended to severely agglomerate into larger aggregate particles within the polymer matrix of PVOH, as observed in SEM analysis. Additionally, the increase of CNTs amount had resulted in a decrement in d-spacing and interchain separation, which indicates the rupturing of the crystallite in the PVOH matrix, as observed in XRD analyses. However, at higher CNTs amount (≥ 0.3 phr), the calcined clamshell in the higher level of 3 phr had resulted in a slight increment in d-spacing and interchain separation, which facilitates the interlocking of CNTs in PVOH matrix. The crystallite size increased with increasing levels in calcined clam shells might be attributed to their capability to encourage an ordered chain arrangement. In FTIR analysis, the O–H stretching wavenumber was observed to reduce with the increasing amount of CNTs and calcined clamshell. This is because the lower wavenumber indicated the weakening of O–H stretching due to the presence of stronger hydrogen bonding within the polymer matrix of PVOH samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10389 - 10413"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the creep behavior of thermoset polymers using machine learning techniques","authors":"Yuksel Cakir","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05934-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05934-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Creep, the time-dependent deformation of materials under constant stress, is a critical factor in assessing material performance under long-term mechanical loading. Accurate prediction of creep behavior is essential across fields such as structural engineering and materials science. This study explores the use of machine learning (ML) techniques—specifically Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) networks and regression methods—for predicting creep deformation, considering key variables like stress, temperature, and time. To enhance prediction accuracy, a hybrid model is proposed, combining nonlinear regression to capture the overall exponential trend in strain with an MLP network to model residual deviations. Experimental data on the creep behavior of epoxy resin (Araldite LY 564) at various stress levels and temperatures, provided by Bakbak et al. (Polym Bull 79:1–17, 2022) and Birkan et al. (J Compos Mater 57(22):3449–3462, 2023), were used, supplemented by interpolated artificial data to improve model training. Results show that both regression and MLP models yield satisfactory predictions, while the hybrid model offers improved accuracy and robustness in capturing creep behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10341 - 10358"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tunable physicochemical and biocompatibility properties of PCL/HAp/BN composite films through γ-irradiation","authors":"S. Monica Susai Mary,&nbsp;S. Raja,&nbsp;S. Narayana Kalkura,&nbsp;S. Moorthy Babu","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05941-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05941-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explains the effects of γ-irradiation on the physical and biological properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite/boron nitride (PCL/HAp/BN) composite films with fluences of 25, 50, 75, and 100 kGy. SEM micrographs revealed a distinct microporous surface morphology in the composite film treated at 75 kGy, indicating significant structural modifications induced at this irradiation dose. AFM result showed that surface roughness was attained twice that of the pristine. Crystallinity and crystallite size were found to decrease with irradiation, and the predominant (110) peak of PHB was slightly shifted from 21.5 to 21.7° at 50 kGy. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements demonstrated increased hydrophilicity, with values rising from 83 to 89° up to 50 kGy. The composite film irradiated at 75 kGy exhibited the lowest hemolytic activity, higlighting its superior hemocompatibility than that of pristine and other irradiated samples. Cell viability assays revealed that fibroblast proliferation reached its maximum at 75 kGy, outperforming both the pristine and other irradiated composite films. These results highlight the ability of γ-irradiation to tune key properties of PHB composite films, including crystallinity, surface roughness, hydrophobicity, hemocompatiblity, and cell proliferation. By enhancing the morphological, structural, and biological performance, γ-irradiated PHB composites show great promise for tissue engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10319 - 10340"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of controlling the molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol) via cobalt mediated radical polymerization on printability and degradation behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) scaffolds","authors":"Arman Ramezanpour,&nbsp;Alireza Sabzevari,&nbsp;Mojtaba Ansari,&nbsp;Hossein Eslami,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Mohammadi Tazehabadi","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05927-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05927-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) is the best technique to obtain polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and PVAc derivatives such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Therefore, controlled synthesis of PVA via CMRP of vinyl acetate (VAc) can be a helpful technique to address the limitations related to the poor printability and rapid degradation rate of pure PVA for biomedical applications. In this research, PVAc was synthesized under controlled conditions using CMRP of VAc. The polymerization was performed with different initiator ratios at different temperatures using cobalt(II) acetylacetonate (Co(acac)₂) as the controlling agent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator. Also, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as the ligand. The increase in the initiator ratio and temperature led to an accelerated polymerization process. For instance, the polymerization finished after 110 and 80 min for 0.75 and 1 initiator ratio, respectively. It is important to highlight that each experiment was repeated at three distinct time intervals after obtaining maximum viscosity of the polymerization system. The conversion rate of monomer to polymer and ln[M]₀/[M] ratio increased over time, demonstrating the controllability of the polymerization. The Co(acac)₂ complex successfully acted as the controlling agent in the polymerization process. Homopolymerization of VAc was then optimized, and optimum PVAc samples were successfully hydrolyzed to PVA homopolymers, which was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) analysis. PVA homopolymers were synthesized with controlled molecular weight (M_n), which was illustrated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test. Furthermore, the polymers showed suitable printability using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. According to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, pore size in PVA scaffolds increased with an increase in M_n. The swelling ratio after 24 h decreased from 97.413% to 84.215% by increasing the M_n from 8840 to 12,266. Also, the degradation ratio after 28 days decreased from 85.113% to 74.118% for the same M_n. This phenomenon was attributed to the higher chain entanglements in higher M_n. Therefore, the swelling capacity and the degradation of the PVA scaffolds were successfully controlled by controlling the M_n. Hence, using CMRP method, pure PVA scaffolds can be obtained and widely used in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery as they are controllably degradable and biocompatible.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10279 - 10299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unidirectional drug release controlled by a PLA/mesoporous bioactive glass/PVA polymer composite","authors":"Lijun Ji,&nbsp;Chendi Wang,&nbsp;Fengjuan Chen,&nbsp;Chunyu Xie,&nbsp;Xiang Qin,&nbsp;Xiaojun Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05954-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05954-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A polymer composite based on PLA/MBGs-LVFX/PVA with unidirectional drug release property was prepared with mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) as a drug-loading layer, polylactic acid (PLA) as a barrier layer, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a controlled release layer. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and small-angle X-ray scattering were employed to characterize the composition and structure of the PLA/MBGs-LVFX/PVA unidirectional drug release system. Nitrogen absorption characterization confirmed that the specific surface area of MBGs reached 485.6 m²/g with an average pore diameter of 6 nm. The PLA/MBGs-LVFX/PVA polymer composite exhibited a levofloxacin hydrochloride (LVFX) loading capacity of 41.17%, an encapsulation efficiency of 66.5%, and a cumulative release rate reaching 61.28% within 24 h, demonstrating excellent drug loading and release capabilities. The mechanism by which PVA controlled the release of LVFX was discussed. The biodegradation of the drug release system in PBS led to a certain increase in pH, which is conducive to bactericidal efficacy. In vitro bioactivity assessment confirmed that this drug release system had no significant cytotoxicity at a reasonable dosage. This unidirectional drug release film is expected to achieve targeted drug delivery to focal sites rich in sensitive nerves, thereby improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects on the nervous system.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10301 - 10317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethyleneimine nanocomposite with silver nanoparticles for enhanced dye adsorption and antimicrobial properties","authors":"Zeineb Hamden,&nbsp;Hussain Alenezi,&nbsp;Jehan S. Albrahim,&nbsp;Ahmed K. Saleh","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05933-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05933-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study demonstrated a novel nanocomposite conducted with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) hydrogel decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) (CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs) was synthesized to improve the removal efficiency of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The resulting CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs nanocomposite was characterized through infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm successful Ag-NPs incorporation with the CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs. The TEM images reveal that the Ag-NPs within the CMC/PEI matrix have an average diameter of approximately 100 nm​. The instrumental analysis confirms the successful synthesis of CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs nanocomposite, highlighting the chemical interaction between CMC, PEI, and Ag-NPs. Batch adsorption experiments assessed the capacity of the composite to adsorb methyl orange (MO) under varying parameters conditions. Under optimal conditions including pH 3, an incubation time of 100 min, a dye concentration of 500 mg/L, and a reaction temperature of 45 °C, the CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs nanocomposite demonstrated outstanding adsorption performance, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 286 mg/g. The adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm and followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The reusability of the CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs nanocomposite was evaluated, and the results demonstrated that after five adsorption–desorption cycles, its adsorption capacity remained at 66 mg/g for MO. These findings confirm its effectiveness and durability for repeated use in the adsorption of anionic dyes. Compared to CMC/PEI, the CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs nanocomposite has excellent and more efficient sterilization efficacy against Escherichia coli (13 ± 0.93 mm), <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (11 ± 0.85 mm), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (12 ± 0.55 mm), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (15 ± 1.02 mm), <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (18 ± 1.14 mm), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (16 ± 1.23 mm). These findings suggest that the CMC/PEI/Ag-NPs nanocomposite holds promise for applications in wastewater treatment, as well as industrial and biomedical fields, providing a sustainable and efficient solution for water purification and microbial control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9011 - 9042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic analysis of the sulfur-driven curing and cross-linking behavior of chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber","authors":"Hossein Roshanaei,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Pourhossaini,&nbsp;Mahmoud Razavizadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Khabiri,&nbsp;Hassan Fattahi","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05936-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05936-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present research investigated the influence of the sulfur concentration on the curing behavior of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) rubber, highlighting its critical role in optimizing the cross-linking efficiency and curing kinetics. The results demonstrated that the formulation containing 2.5 phr of sulfur presented the highest cross-link density (1.56 × 10⁻⁴ mol/cm³) and curing enthalpy (10.9 J/g). However, specific properties were superior for the compound with 2 phr sulfur. With the lowest activation energy (91.48 kJ/mol), the highest reaction rate constant at 150, 160, and 170 °C (0.45, 0.83, and 1.45 min⁻¹), the lowest cross-link density (1.24 × 10⁻⁵ mol/cm³), and the lowest curing enthalpy 3.16 J/g, the sulfur-free sample stood out. Additionally, a strong correlation was detected between the cross-link network, which was determined by swelling tests and rheological measurements. These findings offer valuable insights into the design of sulfur curing systems, enabling the optimal selection of the sulfur concentration in CSM rubber formulations, with significant implications for advanced material applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"10359 - 10388"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanogels as multifunctional platforms: from drug delivery to gene therapy","authors":"Alina Javaid,&nbsp;Nadia Shamshad Malik,&nbsp;Ume Ruqia Tulain,&nbsp;Arshad Mahmood,&nbsp;Muhammad Farhan Ali Khan,&nbsp;Sohail Akram,&nbsp;Asmaa Jabeen,&nbsp;Sajjad Hussain","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05939-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00289-025-05939-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanogels, as three-dimensional nanoscale hydrogels, serve as versatile platforms for biomedical and drug delivery applications. They are designed for precise and controlled drug administration owing to their distinctive characteristics, which include a large surface area, high loading capacity, scalability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Composed of natural or synthetic polymers such as chitosan, poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), nanogels leverage crosslinked polymeric networks to achieve stability, biocompatibility, and tailored functionality. These polymeric systems are particularly promising for next-generation therapies, including CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, cancer treatment, and central nervous system drug delivery. Special emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive nanogels, which leverage environmental triggers (e.g., pH, temperature and redox potential) for site-specific drug release, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Additionally, the integration of theranostic functionalities within nanogels bridges diagnostics and therapy, offering real-time monitoring and treatment. This review also highlights sustainable green chemistry approaches for nanogel synthesis, emphasizing eco-friendly polymeric design to reduce environmental impact. Despite their potential, clinical translation faces challenges such as scalability, stability, and regulatory hurdles. By addressing these limitations, polymeric nanogels hold transformative promise for precision medicine, offering a pathway to personalized and targeted therapeutics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 15","pages":"9683 - 9719"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}