Advances in Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Nutritional Needs, Dietary Knowledge, and Culinary Skills in Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review","authors":"Jorge Casaña Mohedo ,&nbsp;María Teresa Murillo-Llorente ,&nbsp;Alma Palau Ferre ,&nbsp;María Faus ,&nbsp;Barbara Gómez Taylor ,&nbsp;Francisca Esteve Claramunt ,&nbsp;Sara Morales Palomares ,&nbsp;Elena Sandri","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dietary management is a cornerstone of diabetes mellitus (DM) care. However, a persistent disconnect remains between theoretical nutritional knowledge, what individuals are advised to eat, and the practical culinary skills required to translate these recommendations into daily practice. This gap is frequently compounded by socioeconomic constraints and cultural determinants. To map the available evidence on dietary knowledge, culinary skills, and food-related practices among people with DM, with particular attention to barriers and facilitators in daily-life settings. A scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for scoping reviews guidelines. Major databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched for studies published between 2014 and 2025. Extracted variables were mapped deductively to the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, distinguishing self-care and dietary management (d5) from domestic-life competencies related to meal preparation (d6). Forty-six studies were included. The evidence base was heterogeneous and focused largely on dietary self-management, whereas comparatively few studies explicitly assessed instrumental cooking skills (<em>n</em> = 8). Across studies, structural barriers, particularly food insecurity and the cost and availability of healthier foods, frequently limited the feasibility of recommended diets. Skills-based interventions, including culinary medicine and hands-on cooking programs, were associated with improvements in culinary self-efficacy and, in some studies, clinically meaningful hemoglobin A1c reductions. Family dynamics, peer support, and culturally shaped practices (including religious observances) emerged as important determinants of adherence. Current diabetes education strategies risk achieving conceptual adequacy without practical applicability. Effective dietary management in DM requires a shift from predominantly prescriptive nutritional advice toward skills-based approaches grounded in culinary medicine. Future interventions should be culturally responsive and explicitly address environmental and social barriers to bridge the gap between clinical recommendations and real-world implementation.</div><div>This systematic review followed a protocol registered prospectively on Open Science Framework available at: <span><span>https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J9PHQ</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 100627"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioavailability of and US Infant Exposure to Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyls from Human Milk and Infant Formula: Results from a Series of Systematic Reviews","authors":"Lauren E O’Connor ,&nbsp;Rachel C Thoerig ,&nbsp;Cassi N Leta ,&nbsp;Arin A Balalian ,&nbsp;Shailesh M Advani ,&nbsp;Trish Bosse ,&nbsp;Margaret J Foster ,&nbsp;Kyle M Holland ,&nbsp;Kathryn G Dewey ,&nbsp;Mandy M Fisher ,&nbsp;Aubrey L Galusha ,&nbsp;Carin A Huset ,&nbsp;Amanda J MacFarlane ,&nbsp;Maureen K Spill","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infants may be exposed to contaminants from environmental and food sources, including human milk (HM) or infant formula (IF). The objective of this series of systematic reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42024530332, CRD42024530336, CRD42024530339, and CRD42024530344) was to <em>1</em>) assess infant exposure to contaminants from HM and/or IF in the United States and <em>2</em>) assess the bioavailability of these contaminants from HM and IF when consumed by infants. The protocol was developed with a technical expert panel (TEP). Through 2 April, 2025, CAB Abstracts, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, and MEDLINE databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English. Another TEP critically appraised sample collection and contaminant assessment methods for included articles. Studies needed to report contaminant concentrations of biospecimens based on infant feeding (HM only, IF only, or HM and IF). Results were narratively described. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-E. From 6799 unique records, 7 articles from 4 studies were identified. The New Hampshire birth cohort reported infant urinary concentrations of arsenic (<em>n</em> = 4 articles), cadmium (<em>n</em> = 2), lead (<em>n</em> = 1), and mercury (<em>n</em> = 1) between 2009 and 2019. Three other studies reported infant blood lead concentrations between 1975 and 1994. All articles had acceptable contaminant assessment methods, and most (<em>n</em> = 6 articles) had low risk or some concerns of bias. Collectively, most evidence was from 1 cohort or published 30+ y ago and lacked demographic and geographic diversity. Therefore, conclusions could not be made about exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, or mercury from HM and/or IF for infants in the United States. No evidence was found that reported on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in infant biospecimens or bioavailability of any of the contaminants from HM or IF. These findings highlight the need for research about infant exposure to and bioavailability of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from HM or IF in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 100628"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Multiomic Signatures to Predict Body Composition","authors":"Sri Lakshmi S Devarakonda ,&nbsp;David A Hughes ,&nbsp;Christian Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Marcus D Goncalves ,&nbsp;Steven B Heymsfield","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obesity, sarcopenia, malnutrition, and cachexia all include assessment of body composition in their respective clinical guidelines, although patient evaluations frequently require hardware that may not be available. Body mass index often fills this void, but its accuracy as a body composition phenotyping method is limited. Recent advances suggest a new option for assessing patient body composition: omics-derived circulating blood biomarkers applied in combination with demographic information or alone to estimate the mass or volume of clinically relevant body components. The origin of this movement has its roots, among other factors, in 2 longstanding observations: that serum concentrations of the metabolite creatinine are associated with total body skeletal muscle mass and that serum concentrations of the protein leptin are associated with total body adipose tissue mass. The first section of this review demonstrates how body composition prediction models can be developed that exploit these kinds of observations by adding serum metabolite and protein measurements to conventional equations designed to estimate components that include demographic covariates such as weight, height, sex, and body circumferences. The second section of this review then broadens the number of potential circulating blood metabolites and proteins examined by reviewing advances in omics technology that offer the potential to improve conventional body composition prediction models that include demographic data or to create models solely based on blood biomarker measurements. The final section of the review presents a perspective on this rapidly advancing area of human body composition assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 5","pages":"Article 100626"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charting a New Era to Modernize United States Infant Formula Regulation","authors":"Douglas G Burrin ,&nbsp;Amy B Hair ,&nbsp;Sharon M Donovan","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146208430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guiding Principles for Science-Based Food Classification Systems Focused on Processing and Formulation","authors":"Jodi T Bernstein ,&nbsp;Andrew W Brown ,&nbsp;Britt Burton-Freeman ,&nbsp;Mario Estevez ,&nbsp;Julie M Hess ,&nbsp;Patrice A Hubert ,&nbsp;Marie E Latulippe","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food classification systems that focus on food formulation &amp; processing classification (FF&amp;PC systems) have gained traction in research and dietary policies. Yet, their utility and scientific foundations are debated. To address criticisms and identify paths forward, the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences convened a Working Group comprising government, industry, and academic scientists to conceptualize a project to meet the needs of the scientific community in addressing recurring concerns about FF&amp;PC systems in the literature. Born from this, an independent public sector Writing Team with expertise in food science, nutrition research and methodology, dietary guidance, and sensory science led the development of guiding principles for researchers to consider when developing, refining, and applying FF&amp;PC systems for public health. The principles emphasize the need for transparent documentation; distinguishable versioning; strong, and ideally causal, evidence of a putative effect of specific processing steps and formulation components with health-related endpoints; evolution over time in response to scientific advances and changes to the food supply; and consideration of current scientific consensus, validation contexts, and the probative value of research questions and new FF&amp;PC systems. These principles are intended to provide a shared foundation and standardized approach to guide researchers in this area without endorsing or advocating for the creation or use of FF&amp;PC systems. These aspirational principles can be used to identify future research priorities and areas for investment while also providing guidance on cautionary action in the absence of complete data. Adherence to these principles is also intended to limit the continued expenditure of resources critiquing or defending new FF&amp;PC systems. These principles can serve as a foundation to support impactful research on FF&amp;PC systems and, through this, public health policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100577"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147710400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula “Operation Stork Speed” June 2025: Part 3, Marketing of Infant Formulas, Breastfeeding Support, Hypoallergenic Formulas, and Nutrition for Preterm Infants","authors":"Steven A Abrams ,&nbsp;James Thomas Brenna ,&nbsp;Roger Clemens ,&nbsp;Valeria C Cohran ,&nbsp;Nan Du ,&nbsp;Andrea Gilbaugh ,&nbsp;Michael I Goran ,&nbsp;Analeise Guild ,&nbsp;John A Kerner Jr. ,&nbsp;Thomas B Knudsen ,&nbsp;Sushma Krishna ,&nbsp;Timothy Sentongo","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The United States formula industry uses aggressive marketing strategies that exploit parental anxieties, undermine breastfeeding, and violate ethical international standards, all of which contribute to early formula introduction and disparities in breastfeeding. In addition, misleading or complex labeling contributes to caregiver and provider confusion regarding the content of formulas. A centralized, Food and Drug Administration–maintained database of infant formulas could support caregivers and healthcare professionals in countering misinformation and making evidence-based decisions. Human milk remains the reference standard for infant nutrition, with strong evidence supporting its role in reducing morbidity and mortality, especially in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Despite this, disparities persist in breastfeeding rates, particularly among Black and Hispanic mothers. These are driven by structural barriers, including lack of paid parental leave and inadequate lactation support. Donor human milk (DHM) is the recommended alternative for high-risk infants in the NICU when the mother’s own milk is unavailable. However, due to lack of federal funding and oversight, high cost and inconsistent insurance coverage, the use of DHM is limited, especially in safety-net hospitals. Specialized hypoallergenic and metabolic formulas are essential for managing medical conditions including cow’s milk–protein allergy and inborn errors of metabolism. These are regulated as exempt formulas but must meet rigorous clinical standards. In the NICU, adequate early nutrition for preterm infants is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Human milk fortifiers are composed of similar ingredients to infant formula and are used to improve the nutritional content of feedings given in the NICU and postdischarge. The use of live biotherapeutic products or probiotics as additives to preterm infants has been demonstrated in multiple studies to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, and all-cause mortality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100585"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146020794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study Design Complexity and Participant Completion in Dietary Trials for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Metaresearch Study","authors":"Laura Gregersen ,&nbsp;Caroline Moos ,&nbsp;Zainab Hikmat ,&nbsp;Nathalie Fogh Rasmussen ,&nbsp;Sofie Ronja Petersen ,&nbsp;Berit Lilienthal Heitmann ,&nbsp;þórhallur Ingi Halldórsson ,&nbsp;Vibeke Andersen ,&nbsp;Robin Christensen","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dietary intervention trials in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are difficult to implement due to poor adherence, despite their increasing importance for disease management. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate completion rates of dietary intervention trials recruiting patients with IBD and assess completion rate associations with trial design features. We systematically searched MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCO) databases on 13 May, 2024 for randomized controlled trials examining dietary or macronutrient supplementary intake effects in patients with IBD, excluding enteral and parenteral nutrition trials. The flow of participants and prespecified trial design features were extracted. Completion rates by study arm were estimated using a multilevel mixed-effects model. Covariates were assessed via metaregression and presented as a forest plot. For each study, the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration appraisal tool (RoB2) for randomized trials and randomized cross-over trials. Three main risk of bias (RoB) domains (selection and detection biases) were associated with the completion rate. These were included to explore potential biases in the reported information. In total, 62 trials comprising 122 study arms and 3523 participants were included. The overall pooled completion rate was 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80, 0.87] with lower rates of completion in trials published within the last 10 y. Low completion rates were associated with fecal sampling (0.75, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.00), study duration of 4–8 wk (0.79, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.00), and having a low RoB in the management of missing data (0.74, 95% CI: 0.34, 1.00). Overall, the completion rates of patients with IBD participating in controlled dietary intervention trials was high, and there was &lt;15% variation in completion rates in relation to trial design. No linear correlation with trial duration was found. The most pronounced association with low completion was a comprehensive intervention content, i.e., fecal sampling.</div><div>This study was registered at PROSPERO CRD42022327783.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100614"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147461356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review on the Impact of Donor Characteristics and Donor Milk Handling on Infant Health and Growth","authors":"Daniel Klotz ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura ,&nbsp;Marzia Giribaldi ,&nbsp;Magdalena Babiszewska-Aksamit ,&nbsp;Tanya Cassidy ,&nbsp;Laura Cavallarin ,&nbsp;Serena Gandino ,&nbsp;Karolina Karcz ,&nbsp;Chiara Peila ,&nbsp;Carolyn Smith ,&nbsp;Bartłomiej Walczak ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Wesołowska","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global recommendations advocate the conditional use of donor human milk (DHM), yet evidence on the influence of donor characteristics and DHM treatment on premature infants’ health and growth is lacking. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes of infants fed standard DHM compared with modified DHM-based on predefined variations. We performed a systematic review searching 14 databases alongside clinical trial registries, up to 8 March, 2024. Any study designs, but case or animal studies, conference proceedings, reviews, and gray literature were included. Findings were synthesized narratively and in tables. Of 14,979 screened studies, 14 met inclusion criteria comparing clinical effects of DHM from mothers who gave birth prematurely compared with at term, DHM that was treated with high-temperature pasteurization methods compared with standard holder pasteurization, and concentrated or homogenized DHM compared with standard DHM. Our analysis revealed a significant paucity of clinical data for several interventions and a complete lack of evidence for most of our research questions, indicating insufficient evidence to support the clinical use and efficacy of the aforementioned interventions. We found substantial evidence gaps in understanding how DHM treatments influence health and growth in premature infants. Research prioritizing clinical outcomes is essential to guide milk-banking policies.</div><div>The protocol was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42024522015.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100609"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula “Operation Stork Speed” June 2025: Part 2, Regulatory and Safety Considerations","authors":"Steven A Abrams ,&nbsp;James Thomas Brenna ,&nbsp;Roger Clemens ,&nbsp;Valeria C Cohran ,&nbsp;Nan Du ,&nbsp;Andrea Gilbaugh ,&nbsp;Michael I Goran ,&nbsp;Analeise Guild ,&nbsp;John A Kerner Jr. ,&nbsp;Thomas B Knudsen ,&nbsp;Sushma Krishna ,&nbsp;Timothy Sentongo","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Operation Stork Speed was launched to modernize infant formula oversight after 2022 shortages and other evidence of supply chain and safety issues. Current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) processes to regulate formulas are at times slow and complex, making it difficult for new formulas to enter the market. One key pathway to adding bioactive substances or other compounds to infant formula is via the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) route. GRAS and food additive pathways require safety data, but food additive petitions require more safety information and cannot be marketed until FDA approval is granted. Concern has been expressed about the safety of the formula related to the possible presence of toxic substances in the formula. Heavy metals, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and other toxins can be found in formulas, and infants can be at increased risk of effects. United States lacks enforceable limits, unlike the European Union, Canadian, and Australian counterparts. To enhance the regulatory environment for infant formula, legislative updates, supply chain transparency, and alignment with global safety standards are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146031755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula “Operation Stork Speed” June 2025: Part 1, Nutrient Considerations","authors":"Steven A Abrams ,&nbsp;James Thomas Brenna ,&nbsp;Roger Clemens ,&nbsp;Valeria C Cohran ,&nbsp;Nan Du ,&nbsp;Andrea Gilbaugh ,&nbsp;Michael I Goran ,&nbsp;Analeise Guild ,&nbsp;John A Kerner Jr. ,&nbsp;Thomas B Knudsen ,&nbsp;Sushma Krishna ,&nbsp;Timothy Sentongo","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Operation Stork Speed, launched by the Food and Drug Administration in March 2025, represents a comprehensive initiative to update infant formula regulations that have remained largely unchanged since the 1980s. This expert panel review addresses recommendations for nutrients considering 4 decades of accumulated scientific evidence. Current Food and Drug Administration fatty acid regulations specify only total fat content and minimum linoleic acid requirements, despite substantial international consensus on polyunsaturated fatty acid specifications. Evidence strongly supports establishing maximum linoleic acid concentrations and docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid requirements, reflecting the critical role of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids in neurocognitive development and visual acuity. The panel emphasizes that saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids comprise over 80% of human milk fatty acids, while acknowledging recent concerns about seed oils and supporting balanced PUFA formulations. Carbohydrate composition presents significant concerns, as over half of United States formulas contain glucose polymers (e.g., corn syrup solids) despite lactose being the primary carbohydrate energy source in human milk. Observational studies have linked corn syrup-based formulas to multiple potential health risks, including excess weight gain, warranting reconsideration of the value of non-lactose carbohydrate substitutions in formulas for healthy children. Protein content recommendations support decreasing the upper range of allowable intake, aligning with European standards and addressing concerns about excessive protein intake contributing to later obesity risk. Micronutrient evaluation reveals the need to reduce the iron content in routine formulas, consistent with European Food Safety Authority recommendations and emerging safety data, and a need to set upper limits for the concentration of calcium and phosphorus. Overall, infant formula is a healthy product that has been successfully feeding infants for many decades. These comprehensive updates aim to more closely align United States infant formula regulations with current scientific understanding and international standards while supporting optimal infant growth, development, and long-term health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7349,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Nutrition","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146020739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}