IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Quantification of Flow Rates and Flow Volumes in Valve Regurgitation Using 3-D High Frame-Rate Ultrasound","authors":"Stefano Fiorentini;Erik Andreas Rye Berg;Hans Torp;Svend Aakhus;Jørgen Avdal","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3259941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3259941","url":null,"abstract":"Valve regurgitation is a cardiac condition caused by the incomplete closure of a cardiac valve. Untreated, this condition may result in cardiac failure. Regular monitoring of this condition is essential in guiding the decision process for surgical intervention. Current guidelines recommend a multi-parametric assessment of valve regurgitation using echocardiography, which is both time consuming and heavily dependent on the experience of the examiner. Several methods have been proposed to provide quantitative markers to facilitate the assessment of valve regurgitation, most notably the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) method and methods based on the quantification of the total Regurgitant Volume (RVol) from the power of backscattered blood signal. In this work, we propose a framework based on trans-thoracic 3-D high frame-rate acquisitions for the simultaneous estimation of the jet cross-sectional area and jet velocity directly at the jet core, which are then combined to estimate the instantaneous flow rate and RVol patients with aortic or mitral insufficiency. We compare two methods for the segmentation of the jet cross-sectional area from the power Doppler signal. Validation on simulated data indicates good segmentation accuracy for the best method (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.97, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">${R}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.91). Validation on recordings from a flow phantom shows good agreement (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 1.2, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">${R}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.88) with an external flow rate meter. Clinical feasibility of the method is also shown in a patient with mitral regurgitation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10077387.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Scale Sparse Spiral Array Design for 3D Ultrasound Imaging in Air","authors":"Gianni Allevato;Christoph Haugwitz;Matthias Rutsch;Raphael Müller;Marius Pesavento;Mario Kupnik","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3303132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3303132","url":null,"abstract":"Sparse array designs are a promising approach to improve the beam pattern and imaging quality, especially for applications, where hardware resources are severely limited. In particular, spiral sunflower arrays become increasingly popular due to their excellent point-spread-function (PSF) characteristics and their simple, deterministic and scalable design. Therefore, several sunflower modifications for further improvement have been investigated, e.g. density tapering based on window functions adapted from apodization techniques. In this article, we introduce a two-scale spiral array design concept, which exploits the specific PSF structure of the sunflower geometry, instead of relying on window functions. The modification proposed combines two nested sunflower sub-arrays featuring two different spatial element densities such that the locations of their respective main, side and grating lobe zones differ, resulting in a balanced and improved composite one-way PSF in terms of main lobe width (MLW) and maximum side lobe level (MSLL) under far-field and narrow-band conditions. First, we provide an analysis of the unmodified classic sunflower geometry, describe its PSF zones and show how their locations in the PSF can be estimated based on the array design parameters, which finally leads to the two-scale concept. Second, we examine a specific well-matching combination of nested sub-arrays to discuss the advantages and limitations of the resulting PSF. Third, we benchmark the respective optimum arrays of the classic sunflower and density tapering strategies with the two-scale method, where the latter shows an improved performance of the one-way PSF in terms of MLW and MSLL. Fourth, the two-scale design strategy is validated using a real-world 64-element prototype for narrow-band ultrasound imaging in air. We conduct two experiments to analyze the resulting PSF and angular resolution. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed flexible four-parameter concept is particularly valuable for high frame rate imaging as well as for transmit-only and receive-only applications.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"113-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10210599.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3-D High Frame Rate Imaging With Motion Compensation (3-D HFR With MoCo): An Experimental Evaluation","authors":"Sebastien Salles;François Varray;Damien Garcia;Hervé Liebgott;Barbara Nicolas","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3308486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3308486","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the image quality of 3D high-frame-rate (HFR) echocardiography has become an important research focus. Diverging Waves techniques have already shown promising results in 3D ultrasound imaging. However, phase delays induced by large tissue displacements between ultrasound transmission can deteriorate the compounding process. Motion compensation (MoCo) approaches have been introduced and integrated into the compounding process in 2-D and in 3-D simulated ultrasound volume. Here, we propose to investigate the influence of the MoCo approach on different scenarios, including several 3-D diverging wave strategies and configurations of virtual sources. First, we proposed to formalize the placement of virtual sources according to different scenarios. Then the proposed method has been tested on numerical simulations using Field II, and in vitro experimentations with a homemade rotating phantom. The nine approaches were compared quantitatively by estimating the contrast to noise (CNR) and contrast ratio (CR). The results confirmed that MoCo increased the CNR and CR for each case. On average, the MoCo algorithm increased the CNR/CR by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">${mathcal {C}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>3.2/8.4 dB in silico, and of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">${mathcal {C}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>1.4/1.8 dB in vitro, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10230272.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbubble Identification Based on Decision Theory for Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"Alexandre Corazza;Pauline Muleki-Seya;Adrian Basarab;Barbara Nicolas","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3274512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3274512","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) enables the evaluation of the vascular microstructure by detecting, localizing, and tracking microbubbles (MBs) in the vascular network. ULM provides a vascular map of the network with improved spatial resolution but with an acquisition time of several minutes. Thus, it is of great importance to increase the number of MBs detected in order to limit the acquisition time. The standard MB detection method in ULM assumes that the contrast agents are the highest-intensity structures on the ultrasound images. However, in vivo data show that MB intensity may be lower than residual tissue or even noise. Thus, to facilitate the detection of these MBs, an MB detector based on decision theory is proposed in this paper. In this study, the proposed method based on the Neyman–Pearson criterion is compared with the standard intensity-based and the normalized cross-correlation detection methods on simulated and in vivo rat brain and kidney data. The new detection method makes it possible to control the false positive detection rate without degrading the MB detection rate on simulated data, to enhance the ULM vessel map resolution on in vivo brain data and to detect more vessels on in vivo kidney data.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"41-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10122512.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsing and Detection Strategies for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: A Narrative Review","authors":"Sapna R. Bisht;Vishwas V. Trivedi;Rohit Bhardwaj;Chandan K. Jha;Debabrata Ghosh;Himanshu Shekhar","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3275936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3275936","url":null,"abstract":"Contrast-enhanced imaging has grown significantly in the past two decades. Technology has evolved from imaging based on linear principles to elaborate pulsing and microbubble-specific detection strategies. This review provides a broad overview of the research published on these topics, emphasizing the progress made, current challenges, and future research considerations. We cover the physical and conceptual underpinnings of imaging based on ultrasound contrast agents, focused on pulsing and detection strategies. The techniques proposed are categorized according to the underlying fundamental physical and signal processing principles. We revisit methods that were previously only of academic interest and may now be clinically feasible with advances in computation and hardware. We discuss unmet challenges and opportunities originating from developments in other sub-fields of ultrasound imaging to enable wider clinical adoption of contrast-enhanced ultrasound.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"56-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10124036.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Formation of a Chip Scale Atomic Clock Ensemble Using Software Defined Radios","authors":"Christopher Flood;Penina Axelrad;Joanna Hinks","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3285204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3285204","url":null,"abstract":"Low size, weight, and power (SWaP) clocks are expected to play a key role in new positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems, providing augmentations or alternatives to conventional global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Distributing high-quality PNT services from payloads with more limited resources than GNSS satellites requires signal generation from low SWaP hardware. This paper describes stable signal synthesis based on a low cost clock ensemble using software defined radio (SDR) metrology techniques and clock ensemble algorithms. First, the capacity to accurately characterize the stability of different clocks using the SDR is demonstrated. Experimental results then establish the ability to steer an oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), initially to a single reference clock signal, and then to the implicit ensemble mean (IEM) of three chip scale atomic clocks (CSACs). This steered output signal has noise comparable to the short term stability of the OCXO and long term stability similar to the best clock in the ensemble.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"77-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10147872.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrode Design Based on Strain Mode Shapes for Configurable PMUTs","authors":"Amirfereydoon Mansoori;Lars Hoff;Hamed Salmani;Einar Halvorsen","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3289169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3289169","url":null,"abstract":"Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) with multiple electrodes can be utilized as multi-frequency transducers by exciting selected vibration modes of the diaphragm providing configurability that may be beneficial in modern ultrasound imaging and therapeutic techniques. This requires judicious arrangement of the electrode configuration to excite the desired modes or combination of modes. Optimization of the electrode pattern can be done using full electroacoustic Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, but this is computationally intensive and gives limited insight into the underlying physics. This paper presents a simple and efficient approach based on the in-vacuum strain mode shapes of the PMUT diaphragm to optimize the electrode configurations for an arbitrary PMUT cell resonating at any flexural mode. Strain mode shapes are obtained both from an analytical model as well as FEM. The proposed method is compared to and verified by full electroacoustic FEM simulations of PMUTs radiating into water. The optimal electrode patterns for the first few flexural modes are found for rectangular PMUTs with three different length-to-width aspect ratios, and examples of configurable PMUTs are given by combining the optimal electrodes at two different modes.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"88-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10160009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation Anisotropic Constants From Sonic Data Acquired While Drilling","authors":"Bikash K. Sinha;Qingtao Sun","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3289783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3289783","url":null,"abstract":"Formation anisotropic constants play an important role in the determination of formation stresses, fractures, lithology, and mechanical properties. These formation characteristics provide critical inputs to wellbore stability during drilling and optimal completion designs of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. However, there are no available techniques for the estimation of a sub-set of formation anisotropic constants using Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) sonic data. Inversion of LWD-sonic data for anisotropic constants is rather challenging because of a strong coupling between the collar-flexural and formation-flexural modes propagating along the borehole. The influence of a strong coupling between the collar and formation flexural modes on LWD-sonic data are significantly different in fast and slow formations. Consequently, frequency dependent sensitivities of the measured collar and formation flexural dispersions to changes in the formation anisotropic constants are significantly different as well. New inversion algorithms provide estimates of a sub-set of Transversely-Isotropic (TI)-constants from measured collar and formation flexural dispersions in both fast and slow formations. Computational results confirm validity of the proposed algorithms using synthetic dispersion data obtained in a fast Bakken shale and slow Austin chalk TI-formations in the presence of a drill-collar to account for the LWD sonic tool in a liquid-filled borehole.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"101-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10164270.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mean Radiation Force of Shear Plane Waves on a Sphere in an Elastic Medium","authors":"F. G. Mitri","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3308553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3308553","url":null,"abstract":"The mean (time-averaged) longitudinal force component (i.e. acting along the direction of wave propagation) arising from the interaction of linearly-polarized plane progressive shear elastic waves, incident upon a sphere embedded in an elastic medium, is considered. Exact partial-wave series expansions are derived based on the integration of the radial component of the time-averaged elastodynamic Poynting vector in spherical coordinates. The method is verified stemming from the law of energy conservation applied to elastic scattering. The analytical modeling is useful and provides improved physical understanding of shear-to-compressional (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> P) mode conversion, as well as shear-to-shear (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> S) and transverse-to-transverse (T <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> T) mode preservation in the context of the mean elastic force. The elastic wave scattering formulation based on Debye’s shear and transverse potentials is solved first, and used subsequently to derive the mathematical expression of the mean force efficiency. Numerical computations illustrate the analysis with particular emphasis on the components related to mode preservation, coupling and conversion separately. It is shown here that the total force originates from individual interactions of scattering terms between the scattered pure shear (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> S) and transverse (T <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> T) waves, in addition to shear-to-transverse (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$rightleftarrows $ </tex-math></inline-formula> T) coupling, and a shear-to-compression (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> P) mode conversion that contributes negligibly to the total mean force. The benchmark solution presented in this analysis for the time-averaged elastic force of shear plane progressive waves can be utilized to validate numerical methods (such as the FEM, BEM, FDTD or other). The results can provide a priori information for the optimization and design of experimental setups in various applications in biomedical ultrasound, elastography and elasticity imaging, shear-wave activation of implantable devices, characterization of biological tissue, seismology and other related applications in elastic wave scattering and radiation force.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"128-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10233021.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Anatomically Realistic Simulation Framework for 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"Hatim Belgharbi;Jonathan Porée;Rafat Damseh;Vincent Perrot;Léo Milecki;Patrick Delafontaine-Martel;Frédéric Lesage;Jean Provost","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3235766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3235766","url":null,"abstract":"The resolution of 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) is determined by acquisition parameters such as frequency and transducer geometry but also by microbubble (MB) concentration, which is linked to the total acquisition time needed to sample the vascular tree at different scales. In this study, we introduce a novel 3D anatomically-realistic ULM simulation framework based on two-photon microscopy (2PM) and in-vivo MB perfusion dynamics. As a proof of concept, using metrics such as MB localization error, MB count and network filling, we quantify the effect of MB concentration and PSF volume by varying probe transmit frequency (3-15 MHz). We found that while low frequencies can achieve sub-wavelength resolution as predicted by theory, they are also associated with prolonged acquisition times to map smaller vessels, thus limiting effective resolution (i.e., the smallest vessel that can be reconstructed). A linear relationship was found between the maximal MB concentration and the inverse of the point spread function (PSF) volume. Since inverse PSF volume roughly scales cubically with frequency, the reconstruction of the equivalent of 10 minutes at 15 MHz would require hours at 3 MHz. We expect that these findings can be leveraged to achieve effective reconstruction and serve as a guide for choosing optimal MB concentrations in ULM.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10013486.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}