IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Retrieving Pulsatility in Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"Myrthe Wiersma;Baptiste Heiles;Dylan Kalisvaart;David Maresca;Carlas S. Smith","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221354","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is a vascular imaging method that provides a 10-fold improvement in resolution compared to ultrasound Doppler imaging. Because typical ULM acquisitions accumulate large numbers of synthetic microbubble (MB) trajectories over hundreds of cardiac cycles, transient hemodynamic variations such as pulsatility get averaged out. Here we introduce two independent processing methods to retrieve pulsatile flow characteristics from MB trajectories sampled at kilohertz frame rates and demonstrate their potential on a simulated dataset. The first approach follows a Lagrangian description of the flow. We filter the MB trajectories to eliminate ULM localization grid artifacts and successfully recover the pulsatility fraction <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P_{mathrm {f}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.3%. Our second approach follows a Eulerian description of the flow. It relies on the accumulation of MB velocity estimates as observed from a stationary observer. We show that pulsatile flow gives rise to a bimodal velocity distribution with peaks indicating the maximum and minimum velocities of the cardiac cycle. In this second method, we recovered the pulsatility fraction <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P_{mathrm {f}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by measuring the location of these distribution peaks with a RMSE of 5.2%. We evaluated the impact of the MB localization precision <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> on our ability to retrieve the bimodal signature of a pulsatile flow. Together, our results demonstrate that pulsatility can be retrieved from ULM acquisitions at kilohertz frame rate and that the estimation of the pulsatility fraction improves with localization precision.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"283-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09954170.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multipath Flow Metering of High-Velocity Gas Using Ultrasonic Phased-Arrays","authors":"Christoph Haugwitz;Claas Hartmann;Gianni Allevato;Matthias Rutsch;Jan Hinrichs;Johannes Brötz;Dieter Bothe;Peter F. Pelz;Mario Kupnik","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3141333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3141333","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we combine a multipath ultrasonic gas flow meter (UFM) with an ultrasonic air-coupled phased-array. This allows complementing the advantages of a multipath UFM, i.e. higher accuracy and more robustness to irregular flow, with the extended velocity measuring range due to sound drift compensation via a phased-array. We created a 3D-printed flow meter consisting of an $8 times 8,,lambda /2$ phased-array for transmission and 14 individual receivers for seven upstream and seven downstream sound paths. Measurements were conducted in a test rig with a maximum gas flow rates of 8.3 m3 s−1 (107 ms−1). A differential pressure nozzle was used as reference sensor. Three configurations were compared: Parallel sound paths with a single transmitter; parallel sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter; and fan-shaped sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and deviation of measured flow were used as comparison criteria. In addition, we measured the optimum steering angles of the phased-array required to compensate the sound drift effect. Using the phased-array with the sound drift effect compensation enabled and disabled, the SNR increases by 10.6 dB and 4.95 dB, respectively, compared to the single transmitter setup at 83 m s−1. Furthermore, the phased-array with compensation active, extends the velocity measuring range by 29%, from 83 ms−1 to 107 m s−1, while maintaining a similar standard deviation of the flow measured. Besides demonstrating that a phased-array in a gas flow meter significantly extends the measurement range, our setup qualifies as versatile research platform for designing future high-velocity gas flow meters.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09675139.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinearity of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer Using AlN Thin Film","authors":"Zhifang Luo;Junxiang Cai;Songsong Zhang;Yuandong Gu;Liang Lou;Tao Wu","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3182926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3182926","url":null,"abstract":"We present the nonlinearity of Aluminum Nitride (AlN)-based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) utilizing Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) technique. The PMUT working at resonant frequency excite the piezoelectric layer into strong nonlinear region. The nonlinear phenomena are observed, such as frequency shift and nonlinear out-of-plane displacement magnitude. A mathematic model of piezoelectric nonlinearity is employed for analyzing the nonlinear behavior, and the second order piezoelectric coefficient is obtained subsequently. Approximately 120 harmonics, which are generated by PMUT nonlinearity, are obtained experimentally under a single-tone AC signal of a relatively high-level voltage. In addition, the number of harmonics can be controlled meticulously. Three different applications are developed to utilize harmonic generations in acoustic-optical hybrid microsystem and Radio Frequency (RF) field. The observation and analysis of AlN piezoelectric nonlinearity could benefit a further understanding of PMUT based on AlN thin film. We believe the generated harmonics can be potentially used in a wide variety of applications in signal processing and modulation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09795327.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2022 Index IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Vol. 2","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3261160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3261160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/10083267.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Spiral Phased Array for High-Precision Beamforming and Imaging","authors":"Gianni Allevato;Matthias Rutsch;Jan Hinrichs;Christoph Haugwitz;Raphael M&#x00FC;ller;Marius Pesavento;Mario Kupnik","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3142710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3142710","url":null,"abstract":"Sparse spiral phased arrays are advantageous for many emerging air-coupled ultrasonic applications, since grating lobes are prevented without being constrained to the half-wavelength element spacing requirement of well-known dense arrays. As a result, the limitation on the maximum transducer diameter is omitted and the aperture can be enlarged for improving the beamforming precision without requiring the number of transducers to be increased. We demonstrate that in-air imaging, in particular, benefits from these features, enabling large-volume, unambiguous and high-resolution image formation. Therefore, we created an air-coupled ultrasonic phased array based on the Fermat spiral, capable of transmit, receive and pulse-echo operation, as well as 3D imaging. The array consists of 64 piezoelectric 40-kHz transducers (Murata MA40S4S), spanning an aperture of 200mm. First, we provide an application-independent numerical and experimental characterization of the conventional beamforming performance of all operation modes for varying focal directions and distances. Second, we examine the resulting imaging capabilities using the single line transmission technique. Apart from the high maximum sound pressure level of 152 dB, we validate that unambiguous high-accuracy 3D imaging is possible in a wide field of view (±80°), long range (20cm to 5m+) and with a high angular resolution of up to 2.3°. Additionally, we demonstrate that object shapes and patterns of multiple reflectors are recognizable in the images generated using a simple threshold for separation. In total, the imaging capabilities achieved are promising to open up further possibilities, e.g. robust object classification in harsh environments based on ultrasonic images.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"40-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09678369.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3257501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3257501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/10083223.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning the Relative Strengths of Electromechanical Resonances Using Non-Uniform Polarization of Piezoelectric Wafers","authors":"Anurup Guha;Cristian Pantea;Vamshi Krishna Chillara","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3134935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3134935","url":null,"abstract":"A free piezoelectric disc with uniform polarization shows multiple radial modes of vibration that occur in the low-frequency range. The strength of these radial mode resonances is fixed and reduces with increasing frequency or mode number. In this article, we show that piezoelectric wafers can be designed with appropriate non-uniform polarization profiles to selectively excite single or any combination of multiple radial modes with an additional capability of altering the relative strengths of electromechanical resonances that is not possible with uniform polarization. We first discuss the theory behind our approach based on a Fourier-Bessel expansion technique. Then, we present several examples demonstrating the capability of tuning the relative strengths of electromechanical resonances in a piezoelectric disc using axisymmetric, non-uniform polarization profiles. The methodology presented in this article finds application in the design of single element transducers with multi-frequency operation, frequency-tuned sensors/receivers, collimated beam sources for underwater acoustics, and other non-traditional applications such as information storage.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09646958.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Cause and Impact of Negative Capacitance Effect in Ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Gate Stack and Its Application to Landau Transistor","authors":"Khoirom Johnson Singh;Nitanshu Chauhan;Anand Bulusu;Sudeb Dasgupta","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3172665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3172665","url":null,"abstract":"A novel approach to overcome Boltzmann’s tyranny is to exploit the negative capacitance (NC) effect found naturally in many ferroelectric (FE) materials. We apply a set of coupled equations based on electrostatics, Kirchoff’s law, and a well-calibrated Ginzburg-Landau-Khalatnikov technology computer-aided design (TCAD) model to simulate an organic FE poly(vinylidene fluoride- <italic>co</italic> -trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)]-based resistor metal-FE-metal (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-MFM) series circuit and a Landau transistor (LT) exhibiting sub-60 mV/decade subthreshold swing (<italic>SS</italic>). TCAD simulation parameters for P(VDF-TrFE) are derived from the reported experimental polarization versus voltage characteristics using Landau theory. Unlike oxide FEs, the P(VDF-TrFE)-based <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-MFM series circuit can exploit the NC effect at a lower supply voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$V_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of ±0.5 V with little energy dissipation of ~2.7 fJ through <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Our simulation results show an 84.89% reduction in the P(VDF-TrFE)’s coercivity concerning the oxide FE. We show that the underlying mechanism of the NC effect is directly related to FE polarization (FE-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) switching. The NC effect occurs only when the FE-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is in the negative curvature of the P(VDF-TrFE)’s free energy landscape. The NC effect is explored in terms of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$V_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, FE thickness, domain variations, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and dipole switching resistivity. The influence of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula> variation on the NC time (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$delta t$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is investigated at 100 kHz. We can observe that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$delta t$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula> have a linear relationship. As <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula> approaches zero, we determined that the inherent FE-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switching speed exclusively restricts the NC effect. Finally, a 32 nm P(VDF-TrFE) LT provides a minimal <italic>SS</italic> of 23.39 mV/decade, 74.92% less than its CMOS counterpart. Therefore, the proposed organic MFM stack could open the path for developing beyond CMOS transistor technology operating in sub-60 mV/decade.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09768803.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Bayesian Regularization for Cardiac Strain Imaging: Simulation and In Vivo Results","authors":"Rashid Al Mukaddim;Nirvedh H. Meshram;Ashley M. Weichmann;Carol C. Mitchell;Tomy Varghese","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3130021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3130021","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac strain imaging (CSI) plays a critical role in the detection of myocardial motion abnormalities. Displacement estimation is an important processing step to ensure the accuracy and precision of derived strain tensors. In this paper, we propose and implement Spatiotemporal Bayesian regularization (STBR) algorithms for two-dimensional (2-D) normalized cross-correlation (NCC) based multi-level block matching along with incorporation into a Lagrangian cardiac strain estimation framework. Assuming smooth temporal variation over a short span of time, the proposed STBR algorithm performs displacement estimation using at least four consecutive ultrasound radio-frequency (RF) frames by iteratively regularizing 2-D NCC matrices using information from a local spatiotemporal neighborhood in a Bayesian sense. Two STBR schemes are proposed to construct Bayesian likelihood functions termed as Spatial then Temporal Bayesian (STBR-1) and simultaneous Spatiotemporal Bayesian (STBR-2). Radial and longitudinal strain estimated from a finite-element-analysis (FEA) model of realistic canine myocardial deformation were utilized to quantify strain bias, normalized strain error and total temporal relative error (TTR). Statistical analysis with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all Bayesian regularization methods significantly outperform NCC with lower bias and errors (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${p} &lt; $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<italic>0.001</i>\u0000). However, there was no significant difference among Bayesian methods. For example, mean longitudinal TTR for NCC, SBR, STBR-1 and STBR-2 were 25.41%, 9.27%, 10.38% and 10.13% respectively An \u0000<italic>in vivo</i>\u0000 feasibility study using RF data from ten healthy mice hearts were used to compare the elastographic signal-to-noise ratio (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {SNR}}_{mathrm {e}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) calculated using stochastic analysis. STBR-2 had the highest expected SNR\u0000_e\u0000 both for radial and longitudinal strain. The mean expected SNR\u0000_e\u0000 values for accumulated radial strain for NCC, SBR, STBR-1 and STBR-2 were 5.03, 9.43, 9.42 and 10.58, respectively. Overall results suggest that STBR improves CSI \u0000<italic>in vivo</i>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"1 ","pages":"21-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9377491/09623563.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49908122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronous Temperature Variation Monitoring During Ultrasound Imaging and/or Treatment Pulse Application: A Phantom Study","authors":"Hermes A. S. Kamimura;Niloufar Saharkhiz;Stephen A. Lee;Elisa E. Konofagou","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3085539","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3085539","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound attenuation through soft tissues can produce an acoustic radiation force (ARF) and heating. The ARF-induced displacements and temperature evaluations can reveal tissue properties and provide insights into focused ultrasound (FUS) bio-effects. In this study, we describe an interleaving pulse sequence tested in a tissue-mimicking phantom that alternates FUS and plane-wave imaging pulses at a 1 kHz frame rate. The FUS is amplitude modulated, enabling the simultaneous evaluation of tissue-mimicking phantom displacement using harmonic motion imaging (HMI) and temperature rise using thermal strain imaging (TSI). The parameters were varied with a spatial peak temporal average acoustic intensity (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{spta}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) ranging from 1.5 to 311 W.cm\u0000⁻²\u0000, mechanical index (MI) from 0.43 to 4.0, and total energy (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) from 0.24 to 83 J.cm\u0000⁻²\u0000. The HMI and TSI processing could estimate displacement and temperature independently for temperatures below 1.80°C and displacements up to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim -117 mu {text{m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{spta} &lt; 311 text{ W.cm}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$MI &lt; 4.0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$E &lt; 83 text{ J.cm}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) indicated by a steady-state tissue-mimicking phantom displacement throughout the sonication and a comparable temperature estimation with simulations in the absence of tissue-mimicking phantom motion. The TSI estimations presented a mean error of ±0.03°C versus thermocouple estimations with a mean error of ±0.24°C. The results presented herein indicate that HMI can operate at diagnostictemperature levels (i.e., <1°C)> <tex-math>$720 text{ mW.cm}^{-2} &lt; I_{spta} &lt; 207 text{ W.cm}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). In addition, the combined HMI and TSI can potentially be used for simultaneous evaluation of safety during tissue elasticity imaging as well as FUS mechanism involved in novel ultrasound applications such as ultrasound neuromodulation and tumor ablation.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/OJUFFC.2021.3085539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9298198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}