IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Mean Radiation Force of Shear Plane Waves on a Sphere in an Elastic Medium","authors":"F. G. Mitri","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3308553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3308553","url":null,"abstract":"The mean (time-averaged) longitudinal force component (i.e. acting along the direction of wave propagation) arising from the interaction of linearly-polarized plane progressive shear elastic waves, incident upon a sphere embedded in an elastic medium, is considered. Exact partial-wave series expansions are derived based on the integration of the radial component of the time-averaged elastodynamic Poynting vector in spherical coordinates. The method is verified stemming from the law of energy conservation applied to elastic scattering. The analytical modeling is useful and provides improved physical understanding of shear-to-compressional (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> P) mode conversion, as well as shear-to-shear (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> S) and transverse-to-transverse (T <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> T) mode preservation in the context of the mean elastic force. The elastic wave scattering formulation based on Debye’s shear and transverse potentials is solved first, and used subsequently to derive the mathematical expression of the mean force efficiency. Numerical computations illustrate the analysis with particular emphasis on the components related to mode preservation, coupling and conversion separately. It is shown here that the total force originates from individual interactions of scattering terms between the scattered pure shear (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> S) and transverse (T <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> T) waves, in addition to shear-to-transverse (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$rightleftarrows $ </tex-math></inline-formula> T) coupling, and a shear-to-compression (S <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$to $ </tex-math></inline-formula> P) mode conversion that contributes negligibly to the total mean force. The benchmark solution presented in this analysis for the time-averaged elastic force of shear plane progressive waves can be utilized to validate numerical methods (such as the FEM, BEM, FDTD or other). The results can provide a priori information for the optimization and design of experimental setups in various applications in biomedical ultrasound, elastography and elasticity imaging, shear-wave activation of implantable devices, characterization of biological tissue, seismology and other related applications in elastic wave scattering and radiation force.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"128-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10233021.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Anatomically Realistic Simulation Framework for 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"Hatim Belgharbi;Jonathan Porée;Rafat Damseh;Vincent Perrot;Léo Milecki;Patrick Delafontaine-Martel;Frédéric Lesage;Jean Provost","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3235766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3235766","url":null,"abstract":"The resolution of 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) is determined by acquisition parameters such as frequency and transducer geometry but also by microbubble (MB) concentration, which is linked to the total acquisition time needed to sample the vascular tree at different scales. In this study, we introduce a novel 3D anatomically-realistic ULM simulation framework based on two-photon microscopy (2PM) and in-vivo MB perfusion dynamics. As a proof of concept, using metrics such as MB localization error, MB count and network filling, we quantify the effect of MB concentration and PSF volume by varying probe transmit frequency (3-15 MHz). We found that while low frequencies can achieve sub-wavelength resolution as predicted by theory, they are also associated with prolonged acquisition times to map smaller vessels, thus limiting effective resolution (i.e., the smallest vessel that can be reconstructed). A linear relationship was found between the maximal MB concentration and the inverse of the point spread function (PSF) volume. Since inverse PSF volume roughly scales cubically with frequency, the reconstruction of the equivalent of 10 minutes at 15 MHz would require hours at 3 MHz. We expect that these findings can be leveraged to achieve effective reconstruction and serve as a guide for choosing optimal MB concentrations in ULM.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10013486.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 Index IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Vol. 3","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3362631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2024.3362631","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"223-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10423418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139700446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scandium-Doped Aluminum Nitride PMUT Arrays for Wireless Ultrasonic Powering of Implantables","authors":"Bernard Herrera;Pietro Simeoni;Gabriel Giribaldi;Luca Colombo;Matteo Rinaldi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221708","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3221708","url":null,"abstract":"The present work reports on the novel usage of Scandium-doped Aluminum Nitride (AlScN) PMUT arrays for enhanced power transfer in implantable applications. Optimization considerations were explored for the PMUT array towards high performance. The transmission metric, compared to identical arrays based on Aluminum Nitride (AlN), showed a 25dB increase. Power transfer measurements also confirmed a considerable increase as compared to previous work based on AlN. Different matching strategies were explored to maximize the output power including inductor conjugate matching and matching utilizing resonators in series and parallel topologies. A full characterization of the transferred power versus incident acoustic intensity on the array revealed transmission of power levels of several milliwatts for intensities below the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) limit. The performance of the array, as compared with other implementations with a range of frequencies, dimensions and input acoustic intensities was bench-marked through the use of the conversion efficiency as the figure-of-merit. The practical applicability of the system, utilizing a realistic tissue phantom as the medium, was proven by interfacing with a commercially available boost converter to obtain a rectified voltage and power levels sufficient for powering and charging intra-body electronics.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"250-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9956971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volumetric Ultrasound Localization Microscopy of the Whole Rat Brain Microvasculature","authors":"Baptiste Heiles;Arthur Chavignon;Antoine Bergel;Vincent Hingot;Hicham Serroune;David Maresca;Sophie Pezet;Mathieu Pernot;Mickael Tanter;Olivier Couture","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3214185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3214185","url":null,"abstract":"Technologies to visualize whole organs across scales in vivo are essential for our understanding of biology in health and disease. To date, only post-mortem techniques achieve cellular resolution across entire organs. Here, we demonstrate in vivo volumetric ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM). We detail a universal methodological pipeline including dedicated 3D ULM, motion correction and realignment algorithms, as well as post-processing quantification of cerebral blood diameter and flow. We illustrate the power of this approach, by revealing the whole rat brain vasculature at a 14-fold improved resolution of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$12 ~mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and cerebral blood flows ranging from 1 to 120 mm/s. The exposed methodology and results pave the way to the investigation of in vivo vascular and hemodynamic processes across the mammalian brain in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"261-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/9674185/09918020.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49907679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive Ultrasound Localization Microscopy of Nanodroplet Vaporizations During Proton Irradiation","authors":"Sophie V. Heymans;Gonzalo Collado-Lara;Marta Rovituso;Hendrik J. Vos;Jan D’hooge;Nico De Jong;Koen Van Den Abeele","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3213534","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3213534","url":null,"abstract":"Superheated nanodroplets (NDs) were recently proposed for in vivo proton range verification, owing to their ability to vaporize into echogenic microbubbles (MBs) upon exposure to ionizing radiation. In a previous publication, vaporization events were detected with 2D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) based on a pulse-echo method. Here, we introduce P-ULM, a passive version of ULM, based on the detection of acoustic signatures emitted by vaporizing NDs, without actively transmitting ultrasound. Due to the lack of a time reference for the trigger of the ND vaporization, the time differences of arrival to each transducer element are used to retrieve the position of vaporizing NDs. P-ULM, compared to ULM, can continuously detect and super-localize sparse radiation-induced vaporization events with inherent specificity against already existing microbubbles, which otherwise would hinder range verification in the presence of vascular flow. We evaluated the localization performances of both methods theoretically and experimentally, by interleaving active and passive acquisitions on ND-phantoms irradiated with protons. P-ULM offered a higher sensitivity to vaporizations, as it detected twice as many events as ULM. Both methods retrieved, in the acoustic lateral direction, the proton range and range dispersion with sub-millimeter accuracy. In the acoustic axial direction, despite a degraded theoretical resolution limit, P-ULM retrieved the proton spot size with an accuracy similar to ULM. Importantly, P-ULM detected vaporization events with high specificity in the presence of flowing MBs, which makes the technique a candidate for in vivo proton range verification in the presence of flow.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"203-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9915615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hand-Held 190+190 Row–Column Addressed CMUT Probe for Volumetric Imaging","authors":"Rune Sixten Grass;Mathias Engholm;Andreas Spandet Havreland;Christopher Beers;Martin Lind Ommen;Stine Løvholt Grue Pedersen;Lars Nordahl Moesner;Matthias Bo Stuart;Mudabbir Tufail Bhatti;Borislav G. Tomov;Jørgen Arendt Jensen;Erik Vilain Thomsen","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3213013","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3213013","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 190+190 row-column addressed (RCA) capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array integrated in a custom hand-held probe handle. The array has a designed 4.5 MHz center frequency in immersion and a pitch of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$95~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 m which corresponds to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx ~lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/4. The array has a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.14times2.14$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 footprint including an integrated apodization scheme to reduce ghost echoes when performing ultrasound imaging. The array was fabricated using a combination of fusion and anodic bonding, and a deposit, remove, etch, multistep (DREM) etch to reduce substrate coupling and improve electrode conductivity. The transducer array was wire-bonded to a rigid-flex printed circuit board (PCB), encapsulated in room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone polymer, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielded, and mounted in a 3D-milled PPSU probe handle. The probe was characterized using the SARUS experimental scanner and 3D volumetric imaging was demonstrated on scatter and wire phantoms. The imaging depth was derived from tissue mimicking phantom measurements (0.5 dB MHz\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-1} text{cm}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 attenuation) by estimating the SNR at varying depths. For a synthetic aperture imaging sequence with 96+96 emissions the imaging depth was 3.6 cm. The center frequency measured from the impulse response spectra in transmit and pulse-echo was 6.0 ± 0.9 MHz and 5.3 ± 0.4 MHz, and the corresponding relative bandwidths were 62.8 ± 4.5 % and 86.2 ± 10.4 %. The fabrication process showed clear improvement in relative receive sensitivity and transmit pressure uniformity compared to earlier silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based designs. However, at the same time it presented yield problems resulting in only around 55 % elements with a good response.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"220-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9913981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic Molecular Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit In Vivo","authors":"Thomas M. Kierski;Rachel W. Walmer;James K. Tsuruta;Jianhua Yin;Emmanuel Chérin;F. Stuart Foster;Christine E. M. Demore;Isabel G. Newsome;Gianmarco F. Pinton;Paul A. Dayton","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3212342","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3212342","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound molecular imaging (USMI) is a technique used to noninvasively estimate the distribution of molecular markers in vivo by imaging microbubble contrast agents (MCAs) that have been modified to target receptors of interest on the vascular endothelium. USMI is especially relevant for preclinical and clinical cancer research and has been used to predict tumor malignancy and response to treatment. In the last decade, methods that improve the resolution of contrast-enhanced ultrasound by an order of magnitude and allow researchers to noninvasively image individual capillaries have emerged. However, these approaches do not translate directly to molecular imaging. In this work, we demonstrate super-resolution visualization of biomarker expression in vivo using superharmonic ultrasound imaging (SpHI) with dual-frequency transducers, targeted contrast agents, and localization microscopy processing. We validate and optimize the proposed method in vitro using concurrent optical and ultrasound microscopy and a microvessel phantom. With the same technique, we perform a proof-of-concept experiment in vivo in a rat fibrosarcoma model and create maps of biomarker expression co-registered with images of microvasculature. From these images, we measure a resolution of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$23~mathrm {mu}{text {m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, a nearly fivefold improvement in resolution compared to previous diffraction-limited molecular imaging studies.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"237-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9912413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Phased Array Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (pMUTs) for Medical Imaging","authors":"Sina Sadeghpour;Sanjog Vilas Joshi;Chen Wang;Michael Kraft","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3207128","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3207128","url":null,"abstract":"Two kinds of 128 channels pMUT-based phased array ultrasound transducers are described in this paper, one with a high frequency of around 6 MHz and another with a low frequency of around 1.5 MHz. The active area of the transducer is around 25 mm long and 10 mm wide. There are in total 6270 pMUT elements in the reported arrays. For the transducer with a center frequency of 6 MHz, each pMUT has a membrane diameter of 85 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and the pitch between every two channels is 200 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The transducer benefits from a high transmission and receive sensitivity of 44 kPa/V/Channel @ 3 cm and 204 mV/MPa, respectively. For the transducer with a center frequency of 1.5 MHz, each pMUT has a membrane diameter of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$160~mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and the pitch between every two elements is 214 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The proposed transducer obtained a transmit and receive sensitivity of 430 Pa/V/Channel @ 3 cm and 190 mV/MPa, respectively. The transducer has a −3dB and −6dB bandwidth of 118% and 184%, respectively. The bandwidth is higher than any previously reported transducer in any technology, such as bulk-PZT, pMUT, or capacitive MUT (cMUT). The functionality of the transducer arrays is confirmed by obtaining B-mode images in water medium.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9893177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal-Mechanical Noise Modeling and Measurements of a Row-Column Addressed CMUT Probe","authors":"Tony Merrien;Audren Boulmé;Dominique Certon","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3197104","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2022.3197104","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal-Mechanical (T-M) noise is a natural phenomenon occurring in Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT). T-M noise is a value of great interest because it is linked to the minimal detectable pressure of a transducer and can also serve as a convenient characterization tool. Indeed, the general behavior of a CMUT array is translated through its T-M noise which does not require any external applied source to be assessed. However, T-M noise is difficult to measure, often time requires a dedicated measurement chain and is mostly based on spectrum analyzers in a carefully controlled environment. In this paper, we present a temporal technique to characterize the T-M noise of CMUT-based arrays with a commercially available amplifier and a digital oscilloscope. The approach is applied to an air coupled Row-Column Addressed (RCA) matrix array, for which the elements cannot be measured with traditional micro-probes systems. This task is performed using a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) dedicated to the characterization of RCA arrays and designed to drive rows and columns individually. Noise Power Spectral Density (PSD) modeling of the complete measurement chain is achieved using a lumped-parameter model of the RCA array element and using the amplifier gain, electrical impedance, and noise characteristics. Measurements obtained with the signal analyzer and the temporal method are in good agreement with the model. The presented characterization technique can be extended to other micromachined ultrasonic transducer probe architectures, technologies, and amplification systems.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"2 ","pages":"162-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9857839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62907678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}