IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Simultaneous Estimation of Blood Pressure and Volume Flow Using Deep Learning- Enhanced Ultrafast Ultrasound","authors":"Ching-Yao Lu;Shao-Kai Lu;Hsiang-Chung Cheng;Yun-Chieh Chou;Jiun-Jr Wang;Shao-Yuan Chuang;Yin-Chi Wu;Chen-Hua Lin;Chi-Jung Huang;Bao-Yu Hsieh;Hao-Min Cheng;Geng-Shi Jeng","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3639212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3639212","url":null,"abstract":"The simultaneous measurement of blood pressure (P) and volume flow rate (Q) is essential for a comprehensive hemodynamic assessment, yet it remains a significant technical challenge. This work presents a novel ultrasound-based system that enables the simultaneous estimation of high-resolution P and Q waveforms at the same vascular location using a single transducer. We propose a system that leverages ultrafast multi-angle plane wave imaging to acquire high-frame-rate B-mode image sequences. A machine learning optical flow model called RAFT was adapted and fine-tuned for ultrasound to perform robust vector flow imaging for Q quantification. Concurrently, an efficient 2-D speckle tracking algorithm tracks vessel wall motion to derive the diameter waveform, from which P is estimated using a calibrated exponential model. The method was evaluated in flow phantom experiments and in vivo on the carotid arteries of healthy subjects. In phantom studies, the proposed method demonstrated high accuracy, with pressure estimates achieving a root-mean-square error of 1.76 mmHg against reference sensors. Crucially, Q estimates showed improved accuracy compared to conventional color Doppler and existing vector flow imaging methods such as blood speckle tracking and multi-angle vector Doppler. In vivo results confirmed that the proposed method provides high-resolution P and Q waveforms, enabling the reliable calculation of hemodynamic energy parameters sensitive to vascular aging. This work introduces a fully ML-driven ultrasound velocimetry method integrated with blood pressure estimation from vessel wall motion, potentially enhancing the diagnosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"228-241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniaturized Ultrasonic Transducer With PMN-PT Embedded Into Flexible LCP Substrate for Biocompatible Applications","authors":"Julian Kober;Tönnis Trittler;Edgar M. G. Dorausch;Cornelius Kühnöl;Julius Weber;Marc Hauer;Martin Oppermann;Henning Heuer;Jochen Hampe;Richard Nauber;Moritz Herzog","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3636834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3636834","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging ultrasound imaging technologies such as wearables and miniaturized invasive devices require exceptional piezoelectric performance alongside flexibility, small form factors, biocompatibility and scalable production capabilities. To address this, we investigate the embedding of high-performance lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) transducers in a flexible and biocompatible Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate with integrated conductor tracks. This approach aims to improve mechanical reliability and enable industrial-scale production of compact ultrasound devices. The piezoelectric elements were contacted during the embedding process, involving exposure to heat and pressure, requiring a subsequent repolarization process to restore the piezoelectric behavior. Performance was validated against encapsulated wire-bonded reference samples through electrical impedance measurements and acoustic pitch-catch experiments using a hydrophone in a water tank, with different sound incidence angles. After repoling, the embedded single crystal transducer demonstrated expected piezoelectric behavior in impedance data and achieved a peak negative output pressure amplitude of 4.70 kPa (measured at 10 mm distance in water), compared to 4.45 kPa for the encapsulated wire-bonded reference sample, representing a difference of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx ~5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> %. Directivity patterns showed minimal differences in emission angle, with resonance frequencies varying between prototypes due to the inherent characteristics of different manufacturing approaches in the acoustic stack. This embedding approach shows promising results for miniaturized applications, including external ultrasound wearables and patches, as well as invasive devices such as intravascular and implantable ultrasound systems.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"269-275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11268466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Inference for Closed-Loop Transmit Beamsteering in Fetal Doppler Ultrasound","authors":"Beatrice Federici;Ruud J. G. Van Sloun;Massimo Mischi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3636108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3636108","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces a closed-loop transmit beamsteering system for fetal Doppler ultrasound, driven by an active inference agent. The agent actively reduces uncertainty in fetal heart localization - estimated from power Doppler data via sequential Monte Carlo methods - by adaptively steering the ultrasound beam. This uncertainty-aware approach maintains high-quality Doppler signals and enables robust heart rate tracking, even under challenging, low signal-to-noise conditions.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"276-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Fluid Dynamics to Analyze Cellular Stress Induced by Surface Acoustic Waves in Biological Applications","authors":"D. S. Bidouba Sanvany;F. Kosior;D. Beyssen;A. Gigodot;E. Gaudion;F. Sarry","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3635126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3635126","url":null,"abstract":"Our study aims to investigate the impact of SAW on biological cells, including adherent (SaOs-2 osteoblasts) and circulating (THP-1 monocytes) cells, to assess the physical stresses on the latter, specifically acoustic radiation pressure and shear stresses, which are crucial in cell stimulation within biomedicine. We have presented the simulation for extracting shear stresses from circulating and adherent cells at resonant frequencies of 20 and 40 MHz, respectively. We utilized the direct simulation method to enhance liquid-level optimization. No one has previously presented this approach. Our model underwent validation by comparing simulation results with those obtained from the experiment, including wave amplitude, particle velocity temperature, and streaming shape. After validating the simulation model, we determined the shear stresses on the particles. An optimization study showed that the optimal level for adherent cells is 5 mm, whereas for circulating cells, it is 7 mm. We have also demonstrated that the heating is significantly above 20 dBm. The heating exceeds 1°C, which is harmful to biological cells.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"254-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11261883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145729462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Compression Alters in Vivo VisR Stiffness, Viscosity, and Anisotropy Measurements in Human Breast","authors":"Anna V. Phillips;Cherie M. Kuzmiak;Doreen Steed;Caterina M. Gallippi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3631426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3631426","url":null,"abstract":"Viscoelastic response (VisR) ultrasound has been developed by our group to interrogate tissue stiffness and viscosity. VisR has several potential advantages for breast cancer diagnostic imaging such being non-invasive and low-cost. Because ultrasound can penetrate dense breasts more effectively than mammograms, it may improve the detection of malignant masses in women with dense breasts. VisR-based estimates of stiffness, viscosity, and anisotropy have been shown in our preliminary studies to discriminate malignant and benign breast lesions. However, a potential limitation of VisR could be dependence on tissue pre-loading from applied surface compression by the practitioner. We conducted an IRB-approved clinical study of 20 women with no known breast pathologies to assess the impact of compression on VisR measurements of peak displacement (PD), relative elasticity (RE), relative viscosity (RV), and degree of anisotropy (DoA). Participants were between the ages of 30-90, and 10/20 had mammographically dense breasts. We found that surface compression significantly affected measurements of PD, RE, and RV in breast tissue, in vivo. In particular, in women with dense breasts, stiffness (via PD and RE) increased significantly with applied compression. DoA of PD, RE, and RV increased, decreased, or stayed the same with compression. No significant difference was found in DoA with compression between the breast density groups. Based on these findings, we recommend that surface compression be standardized and monitored when using VisR for clinical breast imaging, especially in women with dense breasts. Further studies are needed to identify an optimal strain range for VisR measurement repeatability.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"242-253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11240139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic Guided Wave Transducers and Electronic System Design for Structural Health Monitoring","authors":"Lorenzo Capineri","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3630590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3630590","url":null,"abstract":"The design of electronic systems for ultrasonic guided wave structural health monitoring requires a dedicated electronic front-end considering the peculiarities of this application field. The characteristics of ultrasonic guided wave piezoelectric transducers are first decided based on the operating environment, the material of the structures and their dimensions, as well as the definition of connections and diagnostics of the transducers. Another specific feature of electronic design is for systems operating both in passive mode for impact detection and in active mode for damage detection and positioning. These two operating modes correspond to different analog electronic chains because the received signals have different amplitude levels and frequency spectrum. The paper will review the main building blocks of the electronic system with a focus on analog front-end electronic circuits and propose a new modular architecture for the electronics to address different SHM scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"214-227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11232463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Technique to Track Scatterers for Continuous High-Speed Plane-Wave Ultrasound Simulations Based on a Fluid Domain Model","authors":"Jeffrey A. Ketterling;Geraldi Wahyulaksana;Marisa S. Bazzi;Hadi Wiputra","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3618637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3618637","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound simulations of blood flow are useful to evaluate or optimize new transmit schemes, transducer geometries, or post processing methods such as vector flow. In cases of complex flow, a flow domain model (FDM) is often used to define the time history of the velocity field. Scatterers representing blood cells are seeded in the flow field and their positions are updated each time step after spatial and temporal interpolation of the FDM velocity field. At each time step, the scatterers are passed to an ultrasound simulator to generate synthetic ultrasound backscatter data. Here, a technique is described to continuously track, without temporal discontinuities, a stable concentration of scatterers representing complex flow with reverse, rotational, out-of-plane and/or helical features. The unique aspects of the tracking approach are 1) refresh zones at the input and output flow ports that randomly reseed scatterers each time step, 2) a stagnation threshold to remove low velocity orphaned scatterers near the boundary of the flow field, and 3) continuous tracking of particles in the full flow volume. The method can be adapted to any FDM, ultrasound simulator, transducer, or transmission scheme. To demonstrate the overall pipeline, we use the results of a prior fluid structure interaction (FSI) model of a mouse aorta to generate a continuous high-speed, plane-wave ultrasound simulation over 4 cardiac cycles with a 15-MHz linear array. The data were processed to produce vector flow to validate that the ultrasound vector-flow field was consistent with the FSI velocity field.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"166-175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11195197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effect of Drug Loading on the Acoustic Response of Nanobubbles in Stable and Inertial Cavitation Regimes","authors":"Muhammad Saad Khan;Victoria Bulycheva;Charlotte Ferworn;Omar Falou;Eric M. Strohm;Pinunta Nittayacharn;Elizabeth Berndl;Raffi Karshafian;Agata A. Exner;Michael C. Kolios","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3618629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3618629","url":null,"abstract":"Nanobubbles (NBs) have been investigated as ultrasound contrast agents and drug delivery carriers in medical applications. Previous studies have reported the efficacy of NBs in imaging and therapy. However, ultrasound (US) exposure parameters for stable and inertial cavitation of NBs need to be investigated. This study examines passive cavitation detection of ultrasound signatures from two types of NBs across three pressure ranges using passive cavitation detection (PCD), aiming to investigate their cavitation behaviour with and without the inclusion of the chemotherapeutic drug, Doxorubicin (HDox). We compared the power spectral density (PSD) of non-drug loaded Propylene-Glycol Glycerol (PGG) NBs and HDox NBs under 300 kPa, 600 kPa, and 900 kPa pressures at 1 MHz fundamental frequency and 1% duty cycle. Our results indicate that NBs exhibit stable cavitation at 300 kPa, while a mix of inertial and stable cavitation occur at 600 and 900 kPa. The loading of NBs with HDox affects their acoustic activity. HDox NBs exhibit higher acoustic activity at 300 kPa, but their PCD signal profile becomes similar to PGG NBs at 600 kPa and 900 kPa. A numerical model was used to gain additional insight into some of the characteristics of the NB power spectra observed. Our simulations indicate that nonlinear bubble oscillations are characterized by distinctly pronounced harmonics, particularly the third harmonic, with this effect being even more prominent in smaller bubbles and lower ultrasound amplitudes. These findings will help determine ultrasound pulse parameters in imaging and therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"190-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11195190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotic Compounding for Whole-Brain Non-Invasive 3D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"Hatim Belgharbi;Francisco Santibanez;Paul A. Dayton;Gianmarco F. Pinton","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3617425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3617425","url":null,"abstract":"3D ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) allows the extraction of anatomical and functional representations of vascular networks with a spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/10) by localizing injected microbubble (MB) contrast agents and tracking their positions over time. To advance this technology towards clinical diagnostics, the ability to obtain a large field of view (FOV) becomes a pressing necessity. One solution for large FOV imaging is automated stitching/compounding of multiple volume acquisitions. This is challenging for full-brain imaging, as the acquisition of images through the skull requires parallel positioning of the transducer surface relative to the skull to optimize ultrasound transmission. Herein, we demonstrate an automated positioning system that relies on predefined optimized orientations, enabling fast acquisition and positioning for rapid full-brain imaging. As an example of expanded FOV application, we achieved non-invasive full-brain imaging of an 8-week-old rat by collecting data across 11 transducer positions. To ensure optimal acoustic penetration through the intact skull, the transducer orientation was robotically positioned. We compared this approach with pure transducer translation. Additionally, we acquired whole-brain vasculature images from 4-week-old rats using 24 100-second scans of optimized transducer positions, comparing these results to a single-position 2400-second scan. Automated robotic compounding enabled the acquisition of full-brain vascular information while minimizing acquisition dead time. Optimized transducer angles enhanced the vascular network visualization across the brain, including challenging areas such as the cerebellum (10x improvement) and hindbrain (3.5x improvement). Moreover, our multi-position acquisition method allowed us to capture approximately four times more vascular volume transcranially, covering the entire rat brain, compared to the ~1 cm3 typically obtained with single-position acquisitions using the same transducer. This work demonstrates the benefit of automated robot-assisted multi-angle/multi-position acquisitions in ULM to acquire a volumetric field of view larger than otherwise possible with a single position acquisition, especially those through the skull.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"204-213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11192505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double Profile Intersection (DoPIo) Ultrasound With Acoustic Radiation Force Tilting Interrogates Young’s Modulus in Transversely Isotropic Media: An In Silico Study","authors":"Sabiq Muhtadi;Keita A. Yokoyama;Caterina M. Gallippi","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3613275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2025.3613275","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the potential for interrogating the Young’s elastic moduli in anisotropic media, including tissue, using Double Profile Intersection (DoPIo) ultrasound. DoPIo is an on-axis acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based elasticity imaging method that quantifies shear elasticity without relying on shear wave propagation. It is hypothesized that by applying a range of ARF excitations that are not perpendicular to the axis of symmetry (AoS) of transversely isotropic (TI) materials and monitoring the resultant variation in DoPIo-measured elasticity versus excitation angle, the Young’s elastic modulus may be interrogated in addition to the shear elastic modulus. The hypothesis was tested in silico, and results suggested that while DoPIo outcomes measured at normal (90°) ARF-AoS incidence were related to the shear elastic modulus alone, variation in DoPIo-derived elasticity over ARF-AoS incidence angle (defined as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta textit {Elasticity}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) exhibited a strong linear correlation with the longitudinal Young’s modulus (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${E}_{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The results suggest that <inline-formula> <tex-math>${E}_{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> evaluated by the rate of change of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta textit {Elasticity}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with ARF-AoS incidence angle may serve as a novel biomarker for characterizing elastically anisotropic tissues such as kidney, skeletal muscle, and breast.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"5 ","pages":"161-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11176129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}