IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

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Deep and Complex Vascular Anatomy in the Rat Brain Described With Ultrasound Localization Microscopy in 3D 用三维超声定位显微镜描述大鼠大脑深层复杂的血管解剖结构
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3342751
Arthur Chavignon;Baptiste Heiles;Vincent Hingot;Cyrille Orset;Denis Vivien;Olivier Couture
{"title":"Deep and Complex Vascular Anatomy in the Rat Brain Described With Ultrasound Localization Microscopy in 3D","authors":"Arthur Chavignon;Baptiste Heiles;Vincent Hingot;Cyrille Orset;Denis Vivien;Olivier Couture","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3342751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3342751","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) enables imaging microvessels in the brain with a resolution of a few tens of micrometers in-vivo. The planar architecture of arterioles and venules was revealed with a 2D ultrasound scanner in the cortex of the rat brain. However, deeper in the brain, where the vascularization becomes tri-dimensional, 2D imaging remains limited by the elevation projection. In this study, volumetric ultrasound imaging was performed in the craniotomized rat brain to yield 3D ULM in vivo within 7.5 min of acquisition with a commercial system. For instance, it highlighted the thalamus or the circle of Willis with small vessels down to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$21 ~mu text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Microbubbles tracking also gave access to the 3D velocity vector of blood flow allowing to distinguish flow directions. Volumetric ULM resolved deep complex tri-dimensional vascular structures and was compared to 2D ULM. It is a safe, simple and repeatable system to image wide field of view in the brain.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"203-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10368081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139034310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of Aberration Effects on Flow Imaging and Quantification in Echocardiography 分析畸变对超声心动图血流成像和定量的影响
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3338570
Stefano Fiorentini;Svein-Erik Måsøy;Jørgen Avdal
{"title":"Analysis of Aberration Effects on Flow Imaging and Quantification in Echocardiography","authors":"Stefano Fiorentini;Svein-Erik Måsøy;Jørgen Avdal","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3338570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3338570","url":null,"abstract":"In medical ultrasound, aberration is a phenomenon that causes distortion of the ultrasound wavefront as it travels through an inhomogeneous medium. Aberration has been investigated since the 1960s and is known as a major cause of image quality loss in several applications, such as abdominal, breast, transcranial, and cardiac imaging. In the attempt to improve image quality in the presence of aberration, research has focused on two fronts: to provide deeper understanding of the physics behind aberration, and to develop robust methods for aberration correction based on such knowledge. However, most of the work found in the literature is focused towards improving BMode image quality, whereas little attention is given to other modalities. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of aberration on two established blood flow imaging and quantification modalities, Pulsed Wave (PW) Doppler and Color Flow. The study was carried out on phantom and in-vivo recordings, using acquisitions and aberration conditions commonly encountered in cardiac imaging. In this work, aberration was modeled as a near-field phase screen, allowing for easier design and manufacturing compared to more realistic models. The results indicate that, as in BMode imaging, aberration degrades signal-to-noise ratio and resolution. Moreover, the increased sample volume size can significantly affect mean velocity and variance estimates in Color Flow, especially in the presence of strong velocity gradients occurring laterally to the beam direction. Similar effects were observed in PW Doppler. The conclusion is that blood flow imaging and quantification modalities in cardiac applications can potentially benefit from the development of aberration correction methods.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10341282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138577996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of Nonreciprocal Transmission Through Dissipative Phononic Crystals With Machine Learning Techniques 利用机器学习技术优化通过耗散声晶的非互惠传输
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3334234
Dmitrii Shymkiv;Arnav Mazumder;Jesús Arriaga;Arkadii Krokhin
{"title":"Optimization of Nonreciprocal Transmission Through Dissipative Phononic Crystals With Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Dmitrii Shymkiv;Arnav Mazumder;Jesús Arriaga;Arkadii Krokhin","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3334234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3334234","url":null,"abstract":"Transmission through a phononic crystal of metallic rods in a viscous environment is numerically calculated. The cross-section of the rods is selected to be asymmetric to provide very different transmission in opposite directions along a given crystallographic line. Difference in transmission contains the reciprocal part, caused by asymmetry of the scatterers, and the truly nonreciprocal part, related to nonequal viscous losses for sound waves propagating in opposite directions. The rectification ratio for different levels of asymmetry is evaluated and optimized over its value at a fixed frequency, with various machine learning models. The possibility of using asymmetric phononic crystals as acoustic diodes is discussed.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10322727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138570758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Generating Patient-Specific Acoustic Simulations for Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Procedures Based on Optical Tracking Information 基于光学跟踪信息的经颅聚焦超声手术患者特异性声学模拟
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3318560
Michelle K. Sigona;Thomas J. Manuel;M. Anthony Phipps;Kianoush Banaie Boroujeni;Robert Louie Treuting;Thilo Womelsdorf;Charles F. Caskey
{"title":"Generating Patient-Specific Acoustic Simulations for Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Procedures Based on Optical Tracking Information","authors":"Michelle K. Sigona;Thomas J. Manuel;M. Anthony Phipps;Kianoush Banaie Boroujeni;Robert Louie Treuting;Thilo Womelsdorf;Charles F. Caskey","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3318560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3318560","url":null,"abstract":"Optical tracking is a real-time transducer positioning method for transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) procedures, but the predicted focus from optical tracking typically does not incorporate subject-specific skull information. Acoustic simulations can estimate the pressure field when propagating through the cranium but rely on accurately replicating the positioning of the transducer and skull in a simulated space. Here, we develop and characterize the accuracy of a workflow that creates simulation grids based on optical tracking information in a neuronavigated phantom with and without transmission through an ex vivo skull cap. The software pipeline could replicate the geometry of the tFUS procedure within the limits of the optical tracking system (transcranial target registration error (TRE): 3.9 ± 0.7 mm). The simulated focus and the free-field focus predicted by optical tracking had low Euclidean distance errors of 0.5 ± 0.1 and 1.2 ± 0.4 mm for phantom and skull cap, respectively, and some skull-specific effects were captured by the simulation. However, the TRE of simulation informed by optical tracking was 4.6 ± 0.2, which is as large or greater than the focal spot size used by many tFUS systems. By updating the position of the transducer using the original TRE offset, we reduced the simulated TRE to 1.1 ± 0.4 mm. Our study describes a software pipeline for treatment planning, evaluates its accuracy, and demonstrates an approach using MR-acoustic radiation force imaging as a method to improve dosimetry. Overall, our software pipeline helps estimate acoustic exposure, and our study highlights the need for image feedback to increase the accuracy of tFUS dosimetry.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"146-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10262121.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Graded Elastic Waveguide Metamaterial Rod for Up-Conversion of Longitudinal Axisymmetric Guided Ultrasonic Wave Modes 纵向轴对称导超声模向上转换的梯度弹性波导超材料棒
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3317363
S. R. Sandeep Kumar;Vineeth P. Ramachandran;Krishnan Balasubramaniam;Prabhu Rajagopal
{"title":"Graded Elastic Waveguide Metamaterial Rod for Up-Conversion of Longitudinal Axisymmetric Guided Ultrasonic Wave Modes","authors":"S. R. Sandeep Kumar;Vineeth P. Ramachandran;Krishnan Balasubramaniam;Prabhu Rajagopal","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3317363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3317363","url":null,"abstract":"Cylindrical or circular rod-type waveguides are of much interest in applications such as measurement of flow, temperature, material properties in harsh environments, and also in medical diagnostics. However, multiple waveguide modes exist in such systems, out of which only some are of interest to certain applications. For example, L(0,3) longitudinal mode excitation can optimally transmit elastic waves into the test specimen and help in better sensing and measurement when compared to other modes within the family of longitudinal guided waves. This paper demonstrates the up-conversion of longitudinal modes within the family of guided ultrasonic rod waves (from L(0,2) to L(0,3)), which is of interest to certain waveguide transducer applications. The mode up-conversion is demonstrated using numerical simulations and experiments. An analysis is used to bring more insights and guide the design of the metamaterial in this process.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"157-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10256115.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Neural Network-Based Inverse Design of Nonlinear Phononic Crystals 基于神经网络的非线性声子晶体反设计
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3314396
Kunqi Huang;Yuanyuan Li;Yun Lai;Xiaozhou Liu
{"title":"Neural Network-Based Inverse Design of Nonlinear Phononic Crystals","authors":"Kunqi Huang;Yuanyuan Li;Yun Lai;Xiaozhou Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3314396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3314396","url":null,"abstract":"Phononic crystals are artificial periodic structural composites. With the introduction of nonlinearity, nonlinear phononic crystals(NPCs) have shown some novel properties beyond their linear counterparts and thus attracted significant interest recently. Among these novel properties, the second harmonic characteristics have potential applications in the fields of acoustic frequency conversion, non-reciprocal propagation, and nondestructive testing. Therefore, how to accurately manipulate the second harmonic band structure is a main challenge for the design of NPCs. Traditional design methods are based on parametric analysis and continuous trials, leading to low design efficiency and poor performance. Here, we construct the convolutional neural networks(CNNs) and the generalized regression neural networks(GRNNs) to inversely design the physical and geometric parameters of NPCs using the information of harmonic transmission curves. The results show that the inverse design method based on neural networks is effective in designing the NPCs. In addition, the CNNs have better prediction accuracy while the GRNNs have a shorter training time. These methods also can be applied to the design of higher-order harmonic band structures. This work confirms the feasibility of neural networks for designing the NPCs efficiently according to target harmonic band structures and provides a useful reference for inverse design of metamaterials.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"166-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10247576.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers Using High-Order Mode With High Performance and High Frequency 高性能高频高阶压电微机械超声换能器的设计
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3307085
Kangfu Liu;Yaoqing Lu;Sheng Wu;Xinxin Li;Tao Wu
{"title":"Design of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers Using High-Order Mode With High Performance and High Frequency","authors":"Kangfu Liu;Yaoqing Lu;Sheng Wu;Xinxin Li;Tao Wu","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3307085","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3307085","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes the piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) design using high-order mode. Analytical models are established and used to estimate the performance of pMUT in \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${n} ^{text {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-order axisymmetric mode. To prove the concept, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3^{text {rd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-order pMUT by finite element method (FEM). The analytical models give guidance for the design of electrode configuration and geometric dimensions, which are verified by FEM. With optimized electrode configuration and thickness, the proposed pMUT design shows extraordinary performance improvement in transmitting and round-trip sensitivity. Approximately \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10.2times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.12times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 improvements in transmitting sensitivity and round-trip sensitivity have been achieved compared to the traditional \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1^{text {st}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-order pMUT in the same radius, while there is an \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$8.6times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 improvement of the receiving voltage in the pulse-echo analysis. The high frequency, round-trip sensitivity, and directivity features of the proposed high-order pMUT design shown in FEM make it very promising for forming a high-frequency large-scale pMUT array.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"176-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10225593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62908847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL Ieee超音波学、铁电学与频率控制开放期刊
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3263281
{"title":"IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3263281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3263281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10174839.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modeling and Characterization of Pre-Charged Collapse-Mode CMUTs 预充电坍缩模式cmut的建模与表征
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3240699
Marta Saccher;Shinnosuke Kawasaki;Johan H. Klootwijk;Rob Van Schaijk;Ronald Dekker
{"title":"Modeling and Characterization of Pre-Charged Collapse-Mode CMUTs","authors":"Marta Saccher;Shinnosuke Kawasaki;Johan H. Klootwijk;Rob Van Schaijk;Ronald Dekker","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3240699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3240699","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the applications of ultrasound transducers expanded from high-end diagnostic tools to point of care diagnostic devices and wireless power receivers for implantable devices. These new applications additionally require that the transducer technology must comply to biocompatibility and manufacturing scalability. In this respect, Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (CMUTs) have a strong advantage compared to the conventional PZT based transducers. However, current CMUTs require a large DC bias voltage for their operation, which limits the miniaturizability of these devices. In this study, we propose a pre-charged collapse-mode CMUT for immersive applications that can operate without an external bias by means of a charge trapping Al2O3 layer embedded in the dielectrics between the top and bottom electrodes. The built-in charge layer was analytically modeled and four layer stack combinations were investigated and characterized. The measurement results of the CMUTs were then used to fit the model and to quantify the amount and type of trapped charge. It was found that these devices polarize due to the ferroelectric-like behavior of the Al2O3, and the amount of charge stored in the charge-trapping layer was estimated to be approximately 0.02 C/m2. Their acoustic performance shows a transmit and receive sensitivity of 8.8 kPa/V and 13.1 V/MPa respectively. In addition, we show that increasing the charging temperature, the charging duration, and the charging voltage results in a higher amount of stored charge. Finally, results of ALT tests showed that these devices have a lifetime of more than 2.5 years at body temperature.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"14-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10029911.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49959012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Fiber-Optic Frequency and Timing Transfer Over an Urban Optical Fiber Link 城市光纤链路上的光纤频率和定时传输
IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3284781
Miho Fujieda;Motohiro Kumagai
{"title":"Fiber-Optic Frequency and Timing Transfer Over an Urban Optical Fiber Link","authors":"Miho Fujieda;Motohiro Kumagai","doi":"10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3284781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJUFFC.2023.3284781","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a fiber-optic frequency and timing transfer system. It has been installed to provide timing synchronization between NICT and a distant university site connected by a 58-km urban optical fiber link. The timing signal generated at the remote site is derived from a frequency source that is stabilized using the link, and it is synchronized by a transferred timing marker. A second, separate fiber link confirms a timing synchronization uncertainty of 5.7 ns and a 10-MHz frequency instability of less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{-16}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> s averaging time. We additionally demonstrate a timing marker delivery using a code-based signal, which combines nanosecond-level uncertainty with the simplicity and compactness suitable for a system that can be deployed for synchronization across numerous sites.","PeriodicalId":73301,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"3 ","pages":"70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/9292640/10031625/10147246.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49930448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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