Energy & Environmental Science最新文献

{"title":"Homogenizing perovskite precursors selective coordination for outdoor-stable solar cells","authors":"Peng Xu,Xinzhu Li,Wenda Shi,Zhenhu Zhang,Jinping Zhang,Jinzhan Cheng,Wanlin Guo,Xiaoming Zhao","doi":"10.1039/d6ee03421g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee03421g","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are at the forefront of next-generation photovoltaic technologies, yet the complex crystallization kinetics inherent to solution processing remain a significant barrier to achieving macroscopic uniformity in large-area modules. Here, we report a selective coordination strategy that enables the formation of homogeneous prenucleation clusters (PNCs) by precisely modulating the precursor coordination equilibrium. This approach effectively suppresses disorder of precursor species and lowers the thermodynamic barrier for nucleation, yielding high crystallinity and spatial uniformity of perovskite films. Consequently, we achieved PCEs of 27.0% (certified 26.6%) and 24.5% (certified 24.3%) for 0.05 cm2 cells and 11.45 cm2 modules, the latter of which represents the highest certified value reported to date for perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Importantly, our modules retain stable power output after three months of outdoor operation, underscoring the viability of our strategy for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148902477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprogramming spatial ion–solvent organization in the inner Helmholtz plane for high-energy-density and long-life lithium metal batteries","authors":"Minjian Gong,Cheng Zhou,Zihao Fang,Zhuo Chen,Linbing Jiang,Chenxu Dong,Shiqi Liu,Huji Zhang,Xu Xu,Liqiang Mai","doi":"10.1039/d6ee03965k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee03965k","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium metal anodes are promising for next-generation energy storage owing to their high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. However, the native solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is often compositionally heterogeneous and prone to damage, leading to continuous SEI growth, ultimately hindering uniform lithium-ion deposition. Here, we demonstrate an inner Helmholtz plane (IHP) engineering strategy by constructing a finely controlled spatial-organization-regulating Li2O interfacial layer on the lithium surface. Li2O reprograms ion–solvent organization within the IHP, thereby redirecting the reaction pathways and spatial evolution of SEI formation. Consequently, a thinner SEI enriched in Li2O and LiF is formed on the Li surface. Owing to this design, a high-energy-density pouch cell (431.1 Wh kg−1) can stably cycle for 500 cycles with a capacity retention of 80.7%. This unique insight—modulating electrolyte molecular behavior through an artificial surface functional layer—offers a novel strategy toward dendrite-free lithium deposition and long-term cycling stability.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148899294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the Activity-Stability Trade-off in Oxygen Reduction via Sulfur-Modulated Fe–Zr Dual-Site Microenvironment Engineering","authors":"Siqi Qiu,Hao Wan,Yuechao Yao,Xiao Xu,Junzhao Yang,chongyang zeng,Zhangjian Li,Hongliang Wu,Lin Zeng,Jizhao Zou,Tianyi Ma","doi":"10.1039/d6ee05522b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee05522b","url":null,"abstract":"The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) lies at the heart of metal–air batteries and emerging sustainable energy technologies; however, the persistent trade-off between catalytic activity and operational durability poses a formidable challenge that impedes real-world deployment. Herein, a sulfur−doped, atomically dispersed Fe,Zr dual−site catalyst (Fe,Zr−SNC) is developed through a facile one−pot synthesis strategy to address the coupled activity−stability limitation of conventional Fe−based ORR catalysts. The catalyst features a polarized Fe coordination center represented by an FeN₃S-like asymmetric configuration adjacent to oxyphilic Zr sites, forming a cooperative dual−site microenvironment for oxygenated−intermediate regulation. Benefiting from this structure, Fe,Zr−SNC exhibits excellent ORR performance with a half−wave potential of 0.913 V, together with a peak power density of 237 mW cm−2 and exceptional long−term stability exceeding 1300 h in zinc−air batteries. Mechanistic studies reveal that the neighboring Zr site provides complementary regulation of oxygenate adsorption through its distinct affinity toward hydroxyl-related intermediates, while the sulfur-modulated Fe coordination center selectively regulates the adsorption and conversion of key oxygenated intermediates (*OOH, *O, and *OH) through a dynamically tunable electronic structure. This site-dependent oxygenate regulation within the cooperative Fe–Zr microenvironment effectively alleviates conventional adsorption coupling and breaks the linear scaling relationship, thereby enabling concurrent enhancement of ORR kinetics and durability.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148899292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent molecular branching drives synergistic solvation and antifreezing for ultra-low-temperature anode-free sodium metal batteries","authors":"Yun Bai,Ting Sun,Jiawen Huang,Jian Peng,Yao Xiao,Wei Kong Pang,Hua Kun Liu,Shi Xue Dou,Chao Wu","doi":"10.1039/d6ee03355e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee03355e","url":null,"abstract":"Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AFSMBs) promise high energy density and sustainability but are substantially hindered by kinetic limitations at low temperatures, where sluggish ion transport and irreversible sodium loss rapidly cause failure. We report a solvent molecular branching strategy that directly drives the antifreezing performance and synergistic solvation of electrolytes for ultra-low temperature AFSMBs. By combining two weakly coordinating, branched ether solvents, 1,2-dimethoxypropane and dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, we create a mixed electrolyte in which a synergistic solvation of branched solvents lowers the overall solvation free energy with a low desolvation barrier. The synergistic solvation environment significantly suppresses electrolyte freezing at low temperature. This unique solvation environment results in a high ionic conductivity down to −80 °C. As a result, sodium plating and stripping remain highly reversible at −60 °C, achieving a coulombic efficiency of 99.88% for 1000 cycles. When assembled into Ah-level anode-free full batteries, this electrolyte allows stable cycling at −40 °C with nearly no capacity decay over 100 cycles, delivering an energy density of 123.07 Wh kg−1. These results establish molecular branching-driven synergistic solvation as a general design principle for electrolytes operating at extreme temperatures and provide a pathway toward high-energy batteries for cryogenic environments.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148899293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sacrificing Energy Density Fails to Deliver Safety: Cathode Structure Determines the Safety of Sodium-ion Batteries","authors":"Junxian Hou,Yinan Ma,Xuning Feng,Chunyan Luo,Li Wang,Xuebing Han,Chengshan Xu,Shilong Wen,Zhiwei Liu,Hui Li,Languang Lu,Yanxia Li,Xiangming He,Cheng Bao,Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1039/d6ee04331c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee04331c","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium-ion batteries are widely regarded as a promising successor to lithium-ion batteries due to the element abundance in the Earth's crust. The lower energy density of sodium-ion batteries has often led to the assumption that they may offer enhanced safety; however, this may not necessarily be the case. In this study, we compared the thermal failure behavior of sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries through calorimetric and material characterization tests to evaluate their thermal hazards. The results show that when sodium-ion batteries employ layered oxide cathodes—which are oxidative and can react with the reductive anode—the heat release exhibits a two-stage pattern: Stage I corresponds to the reaction between the anode and the electrolyte, while Stage II involves the reaction between the cathode and the anode. The thermal degradation of the layered oxide cathode follows a P3 → O3 → rock-salt phase transition, which is the driving force for Stage II. In contrast, polyanionic cathodes remain thermally stable up to 500 °C, confining the thermal runaway reaction to Stage I (anode–electrolyte reaction) and resulting in a significantly lower maximum temperature during thermal runaway. Since the cathode structure governs the thermal hazard of the full cell, sodium-ion batteries with polyanionic cathodes (110 Wh·kg⁻¹) exhibit failure temperatures (450–500 °C) comparable to those of lithium-ion batteries with layered oxide cathodes (170 Wh·kg⁻¹). Meanwhile, sodium-ion batteries with layered oxide cathodes (170 Wh·kg⁻¹) reach failure temperatures (900–1100 °C) as high as those of lithium-ion batteries with layered oxide cathodes (230 Wh·kg⁻¹). In summary, we demonstrate that sacrificing energy density does not yield improved safety in sodium-ion batteries. Unless the oxidative instability of layered cathodes is fundamentally resolved, pursuing such sodium-ion batteries offers no net advantage over lithium-ion batteries in terms of safety, energy density, and cost.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148893367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"0D Perovskite Directing Oriented Crystallization toward High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules","authors":"Yang Liu,Jianfei Fu,Qinyong Tian,Huaiqing Luo,Bolin Zheng,Jiaxing Song,Zaifang Li,Jifeng Wu,Dongsheng Yu,Hai-Qiao Wang,Bin Fan,Wei Chen,Qiuju Liu","doi":"10.1039/d6ee04612f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee04612f","url":null,"abstract":"Precise control over crystallographic orientation, particularly the preferential (100) facet, is essential for enhancing the performance of perovskite photovoltaics. Here, we introduced a novel zero-dimensional (0D) perovskite based on π-stacked phenyl-1,3,5-triyltrimethanammonium (PTMA3+) cations as a crystal growth promoter. The PTMA-based 0D perovskite directs nucleation and significantly reduces the phase-transformation barrier, enabling the rapid formation of highly crystalline, preferred (100)-oriented perovskite films with superior stability. The corresponding inverted devices deliver a power conversion efficiency of 26.05% (certified, 25.78%) for 0.09 cm2 cells and 24.11% (certified, 24.09%) for 110 cm2 modules, respectively. The advanced module sets a record efficiency and demonstrates exceptional operational stability, retaining over 88% of its initial efficiency after 1200 hours of continuous maximum power point tracking at 85 °C. This work highlights the potential of 0D perovskites as crystalline promoters for producing highly ordered and stable perovskite film.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibited photon emission to overcome Boltzmann losses in a cavity configuration organic solar cell","authors":"Francisco Bernal-Texca,Chiara Cortese,Mariia Kramarenko,Quan Liu,Jordi Martorell","doi":"10.1039/d6ee03772k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee03772k","url":null,"abstract":"An intrinsic limitation of the sunlight to electrical energy conversion originates from three major loss mechanisms: Thermalization, Transmission, and Boltzmann. To overcome such a major drawback in solar cell performance a large amount of effort is currently placed on the fabrication of tandem architectures to reduce transmission and thermalization losses. However, although photon emission is considered to be unavoidable, by restricting the photon angular spread, it should be possible to reduce Boltzmann losses. Here we report on a PM6:Y6 inverted solar cell where photon emission is inhibited, leading to the highest power conversion efficiency to date for solar cells based on this particular configuration. Our work sets the path for matching the photon emission and the sunlight absorption cones, which can lead to open-circuit voltage Boltzmann loss suppression, thereby pushing the efficiency in planar single-junction solar cells far beyond the detailed balance limit which assumes radiative recombination being unavoidable.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redox-active halide materials for cathode applications","authors":"Zhuohan Li,Gerbrand Ceder","doi":"10.1039/d6ee03881f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee03881f","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemically redox-active halide (eREAL) materials are an emerging class of materials that combine high Li-ion conductivity with transition-metal redox activity, making them promising candidates for cathode or catholyte applications. As a redox-active catholyte, they could significantly increase the energy density of solid-state batteries. In this work, we perform first-principles calculations on Li–M–Cl (M = 3d transition metals) ternaries to establish such a theoretical foundation for their stability and electrochemical activity. We map the phase stability of eREAL structures with varying metal-to-Cl ratio, transition-metal species, oxidation states, and anion frameworks, and compute cation and anion redox potentials. We find that the high ionicity of metal–Cl bonds elevates cation redox potentials above those of conventional oxide cathodes, but also will promote Cl oxidation and Cl–Cl dimerization at high voltages, which may limit the stability of these materials. Anion substitution effectively tunes both cation and anion redox potentials, with F substitution standing out as a viable route to extend the reversible voltage window. Beyond the anion redox issue, eREAL compounds generally exhibit flat voltage profiles, which potentially poses an electrochemical compatibility challenge when paired with active materials that operate at different voltage values or over wider voltage ranges. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive analysis for redox behavior of eREAL materials, paving the way for their rational design and optimization in next-generation battery applications.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving ultra-high voltage triboelectric nanogenerators and improving charge utilization efficiency","authors":"Hanlin Sun,Yikui Gao,Zhihao Zhao,Xiaocheng Sun,Zilou Liu,Zhiwei Li,Jing-Shan Zhao,Zhong Lin Wang,Jie Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6ee04137j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee04137j","url":null,"abstract":"Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are well-suited to high-voltage power-source design because of their high-voltage, low current characteristics. However, the reliance on simplified ideal voltage models and a limited understanding of energy cycling mechanisms have restricted the potential for optimizing output voltage and charge utilization efficiency. Building upon the intrinsic V–Q characteristics of TENGs, this paper identifies the flattening of the energy cycle curve as a key factor limiting charge utilization efficiency in practical high-voltage applications and establishes a correlation between charge utilization efficiency and the theoretical maximum open-circuit voltage. Meanwhile, a theoretical model for the open-circuit voltage of the contact–separation-mode TENGs (CS-TENGs) in practical applications was developed, considering edge effects and parasitic capacitance. Building on this model, the sensitivity of the optimized parameters was analyzed, providing valuable insights into the standardization of high-voltage power supply designs. A series of effective ways were utilized to avoid the flattening of the V–Q curve, thereby improving charge utilization efficiency. Ultimately, a record-breaking output was achieved, with an ultra-high voltage exceeding 20 kV and exceptional durability over 11 million cycles. Rapid air purification within 1 min demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed device, highlighting its potential for self-powered high-voltage technologies in environmental and energy applications.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-initiated gradient doping for efficient and stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells","authors":"Ziyue Feng,Jungan Wang,Hongjae Shim,Mingrui He,Ziheng Liu,Robert Patterson,Xinyu Zhang,Hao Jin,Kaiwen Sun,Jan Seidel,Menglei Xu,Zhen Li,Xiaojing Hao","doi":"10.1039/d6ee04055a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee04055a","url":null,"abstract":"Wide-bandgap mixed-halide perovskites are the cornerstone of next-generation perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, yet their operational stability remains a fundamental barrier to commercial deployment. Two distinct instabilities, δ-phase impurity formation during crystallization and light-induced halide phase segregation under operation, share a common thermodynamic origin in the compositional mismatch of mixed halides, yet have so far required separate mitigation strategies. Here, we report an interface-triggered gradient doping strategy via rubidium fluoride (RbF) surface post-treatment that resolves both instabilities through a single chemical event. The exceptionally high electronegativity of F− drives preferential coordination to surface Pb2+, anchoring fluoride at the interface while liberating Rb+ to diffuse into the bulk and establish a continuous concentration gradient. This gradient distribution simultaneously raises the δ-phase formation barrier to promote α-phase purification, elevates the halide migration barrier to suppress polaron-driven phase segregation, and reconstructs the perovskite/electron-transporting layer interface into a dual-step conduction band cascade that minimizes extraction losses. The resulting single-junction device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.5% with 94% retention after 1000 h under ISOS-L-2I conditions. Integrated into monolithic perovskite/silicon tandems, the strategy delivers a PCE of 32.66% (certified 31.93%) with 91% retention after 1000 h under ISOS-L-1. This work establishes surface-initiated bulk modification as a conceptually distinct and scalable route to operationally stable wide-bandgap perovskites, broadening the chemical toolkit for engineering mixed-halide systems beyond conventional bulk additive approaches.","PeriodicalId":72,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Environmental Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":32.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}