Gang Zhong , Yixuan Luo , Meng Wang , Zhengran Yu , Xuenong Zou , Gang Wang , Fei Chen , Yin Yu
{"title":"Transcript-activated collagen matrix for enhanced bone marrow stem cell differentiation and osteochondral repair","authors":"Gang Zhong , Yixuan Luo , Meng Wang , Zhengran Yu , Xuenong Zou , Gang Wang , Fei Chen , Yin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The regeneration of critical-sized osteochondral defects remains a significant challenge due to the limited self-healing capacity of cartilage. Traditional approaches, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), have shown promise but are limited by issues like insufficient cell availability, dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during expansion, and the formation of fibrocartilage rather than functional hyaline cartilage. This study presents a promising approach utilizing transcript-activated matrices (TAMs) with mRNA to enhance the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in situ. Chemically modified mRNA (cmRNA) encoding transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) was encapsulated in a collagen hydrogel to provide localized, sustained delivery of chondrogenic signals. In a rat model of critical-sized osteochondral defects, this strategy significantly promoted cartilage regeneration, achieving structural and molecular restoration within six weeks. Histological and biochemical analyses revealed robust chondrogenesis, enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and superior mechanical properties. Moreover, TAM therapy maintained subchondral bone integrity This work highlights the transformative potential of mRNA-activated matrices as a platform technology that not only addresses key limitations of existing cartilage repair strategies but also provides a biomimetic microenvironment that guides stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 111-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zijun Guan, Jianbo Huang, Yang Gao, Hongju Zhou, Liyun Wang, Lang Ma, Li Qiu
{"title":"Ultrasonic manipulation in tissue engineering","authors":"Zijun Guan, Jianbo Huang, Yang Gao, Hongju Zhou, Liyun Wang, Lang Ma, Li Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic waves exert radiation force on cells and other cell size particles, applied in particle manipulation, growth factor delivery, substance cavitation, and single cell tweezing. Featuring in the safe, contactless, precise, and tunable properties and advantages, ultrasonic waves can be used to control cell's locations aiding in the morphogenesis of complex cell systems, which will be widely used in the future generation tissue engineering. In this review, we summarized current application of ultrasonic waves in the field of cell manipulation and tissue engineering. First, we briefly introduced the physical mechanisms of cell manipulation and described the five kinds of device designs including holographic device, tweezer device, stream standing wave device, surface acoustic wave device, and bulk acoustic wave device. Secondly, we concluded recent works to culture tissue cells in certain spatial patterns using ultrasonic device including bone tissue, cartilage, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, endothelial, and neurons. Finally, we systematically highlighted the current challenges and future perspectives. It is believed that this cutting review will substantially stimulate the development and widespread utilization of ultrasonic standing wave in future tissue engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 74-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoyu Teng , Qinlian Jiao , Yidan Ren , Xin Su , Zigan Li , Yuxuan Cai , Tangbin Hu , Maoxiao Feng , Xiaoyan Liu , Ming Xia , Jun Tai , Yana Zhang , Yunshan Wang , Mo Wang
{"title":"The microenvironment in atherosclerosis: molecular regulation mechanism and immunotherapy","authors":"Xiaoyu Teng , Qinlian Jiao , Yidan Ren , Xin Su , Zigan Li , Yuxuan Cai , Tangbin Hu , Maoxiao Feng , Xiaoyan Liu , Ming Xia , Jun Tai , Yana Zhang , Yunshan Wang , Mo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease closely linked to immune dysregulation. The immune microenvironment within atherosclerotic lesions is highly complex, involving diverse innate and adaptive immune cells and their intricate crosstalk. These immune interactions collectively contribute to plaque formation, progression, and destabilization. This review comprehensively examines the roles of key immune cell populations—including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells—in regulating inflammation, foam cell formation, and lesion stability. Special attention is given to intercellular regulatory circuits such as the Th1–M1 feedback loop, the OX40L–Th17 axis, and DC–T–NK amplification loops. Furthermore, the review highlights the influence of immunometabolic reprogramming on immune cell function and plaque phenotype, illustrating how metabolic states shape inflammatory outcomes. It also discusses the contribution of key signaling pathways—including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)—to atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque vulnerability. Advances in immunotherapy are also reviewed, including anti-inflammatory agents such as colchicine and canakinumab, as well as emerging vaccine strategies targeting lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation.</div><div>A deeper understanding of immune cell interplay and signaling dynamics in atherosclerosis will provide a foundation for developing more effective, multi-targeted immunotherapeutic interventions. Future research should aim to refine these strategies to maximize efficacy and safety, with the goal of reducing the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 174-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sana Ahmed , Eman Alshehri , Sarah Nazneen , Fayrouz Attia , Dalia Obeid , Hanan Almuzaini , Alaa Alzahrani , Jahan Salma , Iriya Fujitsuka , Abdullah M. Assiri , Dieter C. Broering , Raja Chinnappan , Ahmed Yaqinuddin , Tanveer Ahmad Mir
{"title":"Current advances and prospects in biomaterials-guided tools for liver organoids research","authors":"Sana Ahmed , Eman Alshehri , Sarah Nazneen , Fayrouz Attia , Dalia Obeid , Hanan Almuzaini , Alaa Alzahrani , Jahan Salma , Iriya Fujitsuka , Abdullah M. Assiri , Dieter C. Broering , Raja Chinnappan , Ahmed Yaqinuddin , Tanveer Ahmad Mir","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liver is the largest solid organ in the human body engaged in an array of critical physiological activities that primarily support metabolism, digestion, nutrient storage, detoxification. Liver dysfunction due to disease or surgical intervention often leads to severe life-threatening complications or death in humans. Therefore, in vitro liver models that mimic key functional characteristics are considered a reliable option for the study of liver diseases and the development of new therapeutic agents. Furthermore, they can overcome the limitations of conventional monolayer cultures and animal related experiments in assessing the response of new therapeutic agents and drug molecules. In recent years, the emergence and advancement of organoid technology has greatly facilitated the development of reliable in vitro liver models for a variety of biomedical and pharmacological applications. However, organoid culture primarily relies on tumor-derived extracellular matrix, such as Matrigel, which pose challenges due to its xenogeneic nature and variable composition. Therefore, creating organoid models using Matrigel-free hydrogel materials could significantly improve the outcomes of regenerative medicine and experimental studies. In this review, we provide an overview of rapidly evolving biomaterials for organoid research. We then outline preparation methods and the most relevant studies applying different hydrogels for engineering liver organoid models. Finally, we discuss the challenges, future perspectives, and opportunities of hydrogels in engineering next-generation liver organoid models for translational applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 203-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gang Zhong , Yixuan Luo , Meng Wang , Zhengran Yu , Xuenong Zou , Gang Wang , Fei Chen , Yin Yu
{"title":"Transcript-activated collagen matrix for enhanced bone marrow stem cell differentiation and osteochondral repair","authors":"Gang Zhong , Yixuan Luo , Meng Wang , Zhengran Yu , Xuenong Zou , Gang Wang , Fei Chen , Yin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The regeneration of critical-sized osteochondral defects remains a significant challenge due to the limited self-healing capacity of cartilage. Traditional approaches, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), have shown promise but are limited by issues like insufficient cell availability, dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during expansion, and the formation of fibrocartilage rather than functional hyaline cartilage. This study presents a promising approach utilizing transcript-activated matrices (TAMs) with mRNA to enhance the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in situ. Chemically modified mRNA (cmRNA) encoding transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) was encapsulated in a collagen hydrogel to provide localized, sustained delivery of chondrogenic signals. In a rat model of critical-sized osteochondral defects, this strategy significantly promoted cartilage regeneration, achieving structural and molecular restoration within six weeks. Histological and biochemical analyses revealed robust chondrogenesis, enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and superior mechanical properties. Moreover, TAM therapy maintained subchondral bone integrity This work highlights the transformative potential of mRNA-activated matrices as a platform technology that not only addresses key limitations of existing cartilage repair strategies but also provides a biomimetic microenvironment that guides stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 111-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R J F Sørensen , Nicolas Bertram , Ugne Dubonyte , Bob A Hersbach , Alison Salvador , Anpan Han , Agnete Kirkeby , Rune W Berg , Jaspreet Kaur
{"title":"Bioactive diamond scaffolds support neuronal survival and axonal growth","authors":"R J F Sørensen , Nicolas Bertram , Ugne Dubonyte , Bob A Hersbach , Alison Salvador , Anpan Han , Agnete Kirkeby , Rune W Berg , Jaspreet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) can have devastating consequences for the individual, and strategies to promote endogenous axonal regeneration may be a promising future therapeutic avenue. In the case of spinal cord injury, one approach is to generate a scaffold-bridge across the injury site, through which the neuronal axons can grow and reconnect. Inspired by the various properties of diamond, including its chemical inertness, we proposed a strategy in which synthetic diamond scaffolds were coated with proteins with beneficial properties to promote biocompatibility of the scaffolds towards neurons. Here, we demonstrated that bare, non-coated diamond scaffolds, when terminated with either oxygen or hydrogen, were unable to adhere to the human embryonic stem cell-derived interneurons in culture. In contrast, oxygen terminated protein-coated scaffolds (i.e., bioactive diamond scaffold) efficiently enabled neuronal attachment and supported the survival, migration, and neurite elongation across an induced injury gap in culture. Further, hydrogen terminated bioactive scaffolds also promoted cell adhesion, migration, and neurite elongation upon injury, but not as efficiently as oxygen-terminated bioactive scaffolds. With this data we suggest that bioactive synthetic diamond scaffolds could provide a valuable tool for future therapeutic strategies in the context of CNS injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 160-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R J F Sørensen , Nicolas Bertram , Ugne Dubonyte , Bob A Hersbach , Alison Salvador , Anpan Han , Agnete Kirkeby , Rune W Berg , Jaspreet Kaur
{"title":"Bioactive diamond scaffolds support neuronal survival and axonal growth","authors":"R J F Sørensen , Nicolas Bertram , Ugne Dubonyte , Bob A Hersbach , Alison Salvador , Anpan Han , Agnete Kirkeby , Rune W Berg , Jaspreet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) can have devastating consequences for the individual, and strategies to promote endogenous axonal regeneration may be a promising future therapeutic avenue. In the case of spinal cord injury, one approach is to generate a scaffold-bridge across the injury site, through which the neuronal axons can grow and reconnect. Inspired by the various properties of diamond, including its chemical inertness, we proposed a strategy in which synthetic diamond scaffolds were coated with proteins with beneficial properties to promote biocompatibility of the scaffolds towards neurons. Here, we demonstrated that bare, non-coated diamond scaffolds, when terminated with either oxygen or hydrogen, were unable to adhere to the human embryonic stem cell-derived interneurons in culture. In contrast, oxygen terminated protein-coated scaffolds (i.e., bioactive diamond scaffold) efficiently enabled neuronal attachment and supported the survival, migration, and neurite elongation across an induced injury gap in culture. Further, hydrogen terminated bioactive scaffolds also promoted cell adhesion, migration, and neurite elongation upon injury, but not as efficiently as oxygen-terminated bioactive scaffolds. With this data we suggest that bioactive synthetic diamond scaffolds could provide a valuable tool for future therapeutic strategies in the context of CNS injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 160-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahsan Riaz Khan , Amol D. Gholap , Navdeep Singh Grewal , Zhang Jun , Mohammad Khalid , Hai-Jun Zhang
{"title":"Advances in smart hybrid scaffolds: A strategic approach for regenerative clinical applications","authors":"Ahsan Riaz Khan , Amol D. Gholap , Navdeep Singh Grewal , Zhang Jun , Mohammad Khalid , Hai-Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of innovative 3D-printed hybrid scaffolds is transforming the landscape of tissue engineering by effectively addressing various regenerative clinical challenges. These scaffolds, which combine the advantageous properties of metals, polymers, and ceramics, surpass the limitations associated with single-material constructs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the applications of hybrid scaffolds in cardiology, orthopedics, and neural tissue regeneration, highlighting their role in advancing biomimetics, accelerating wound healing, enabling targeted drug delivery, and facilitating tumor therapy. Critical factors such as biomechanical compatibility, bioactivity, degradation rates, and mechanical integrity are critically evaluated following scaffold integration into host tissues. Additionally, nano-topographical features are explored to assess scaffold performance and cellular interactions. Key architectural parameters such as porosity, pore size, and interconnectivity are analyzed for their biological implications in physiological conditions. Furthermore, the investigation extends to smart scaffolds that incorporate stimuli-responsive mechanisms through 4D printing and shape memory polymers, which mimic the complex and dynamic properties of living tissues in response to various stimuli. The review concludes by highlighting the significance of integrating stimuli-responsive characteristics as a fourth dimension in hybrid scaffolds, thereby enhancing their potential for advanced clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 85-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taiyu Song , Rui Liu , Feika Bian , Bin Kong , Jingjing Gan
{"title":"Engineering neuroblastoma models for clinical translation","authors":"Taiyu Song , Rui Liu , Feika Bian , Bin Kong , Jingjing Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuroblastoma is a profoundly heterogenous extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients. Elevated risk grade of neuroblastoma has been correlated with unsatisfactory prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Despite multimodal therapies exploited for killing neuroblastoma tumor cells, in high-risk neuroblastoma patients, the long-term survival is currently less than 50%. Promising approaches to evaluating the extent of heterogeneity via gene expression profiling of cell subpopulations within individual tumors are still lacking. There is uncertainty about the cross-talk between neuroblastoma cells and other non-neoplastic cell components in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, concerns about individualized eradication therapies have advanced the demand for the diversified construction of neuroblastoma tumor models. This review briefly introduces the genetic variation, subpopulations, and tumor microenvironment aspects of neuroblastoma heterogeneity. Then, we summarize recent methods of constructing tumor models to mimic the biological features of neuroblastoma tumors <em>in vitro</em>. Finally, we conclude the future trends and perspectives in neuroblastoma tumor therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 146-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongxin Xu , Yi Jin , Yuting Huang , Ya Wen , Zhifeng Gu , Yujuan Zhu
{"title":"Targeted drug delivery system for Golgi apparatus's diseases","authors":"Yongxin Xu , Yi Jin , Yuting Huang , Ya Wen , Zhifeng Gu , Yujuan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.engreg.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engreg.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Golgi apparatus (GA) is an organelle widely present in eukaryotic cells and involved in a variety of cellular physiological activities, including but not limited to protein modification and secretion. There is increasing evidence that structural or functional disorders of the GA are closely associated with the occurrence and development of diseases. As potential therapeutic targets, researchers have developed GA-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) for disease treatment. Compared with traditional therapy, DDS achieves remarkable curative effect with high specificity, low dose, reduced drug resistance and side effects, via the alterations in GA morphology or biosynthesis. Therefore, GA-targeted therapy is of great clinical significance and has broad application prospects. In this review, the structure and function of GA are briefly introduced, and mechanisms of DDS entering cells and binding to the GA is classified. Then the typical applications of GA-targeted DDS in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, fibrosis, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative diseases is introduced in detail, displaying its great potential in disease treatment. At last, the bottlenecks and future development of this field are discussed. It is our hope that this review will inspire the development of GA-based DDS for clinical applications in the foreseeable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72919,"journal":{"name":"Engineered regeneration","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages 17-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141408168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}