Energy and climate change最新文献

{"title":"Future changes in surface solar radiation over India: A bias-corrected and downscaled assessment of CMIP6 projections for renewable energy planning","authors":"Ashwin Vijay Jadhav,&nbsp;Rohini Lakshman Bhawar","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding future changes in surface solar radiation (SSR) is crucial for long-term renewable energy planning, especially in solar-rich countries such as India. However, high-resolution and bias-corrected SSR datasets for India remain scarce, limiting accurate assessment of future solar energy potential. In this study, we develop daily bias-corrected and statistically downscaled (BCD) dataset of SSR at a spatial resolution of 0.25°×0.25° for the Indian subcontinent. Simulations from nine Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase-6 (CMIP6) climate models are used for the historical period (1951–2014) and future period (2021–2100) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP5–8.5). The BCD was implemented using the Empirical Quantile Mapping (EQM) method at each fine-resolution grid point, improving local-scale variability representation. ERA5’s surface solar radiation downward (SSRD) is used as the reference dataset to downscale, bias correct, and validate the models. Evaluation of BCD dataset against observations showed substantial performance improvement, with correlation coefficients increasing from 0.65 to 0.81 (raw) to 0.89–0.94 (corrected) and reducing root mean square error across all models. These improvements in dataset reliability lay a strong foundation for analysing future SSR dynamics under different climate scenarios.</div><div>Future projections indicate a progressive decline in SSR with increasing emission intensity: modest changes under SSP1–2.6, with slight positive anomalies over parts of northern India, and pronounced reductions of up to –10 % under SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5, particularly over central, southern, and eastern India. Decadal trends reveal average declines of –0.11 %, –0.52 %, and –0.60 % per decade under SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, and SSP5–8.5, respectively, with a temporary slowdown in mid-century (2041–2060) under SSP2–4.5 followed by renewed intensification. The resulting high-resolution BCD dataset not only represents a technical advancement in the robust downscaling of CMIP6 SSR for India but also provides a practical resource to guide solar park siting, optimize grid integration strategies, and support climate-resilient energy policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying hydrogen technology acceptance: Insights from Bayesian networks","authors":"Daniel Z. Herr ,&nbsp;Mitchell Scovell ,&nbsp;Nikolai Kinaev ,&nbsp;Radislav Vaisman","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional social science analyses often emphasise qualitative explanations, limiting the integration of insights into quantitative frameworks, which constrains predictive analysis and rigorous theoretical testing. We address this gap by showing how causal inference methods, specifically Bayesian networks, can strengthen technology acceptance theories through an explicit representation of hypothesised structural dependencies. This approach enables the principled exploration of hypothetical interventions (even in contexts with scarce data) by leveraging information in the parametrised network and adhering to a theoretically informed process called the do-calculus. We demonstrate the approach by examining hydrogen hub acceptance using survey data from 1682 Australian residents who were asked about hosting a hub in their communities. The resulting Bayesian network outperforms eight widely used structure-agnostic machine learning algorithms in predictive accuracy and identifies the strong causal influence of perceived risk and economic benefit on hub acceptance. By simulating ‘what-if’ interventions, the model delivers quantitative decision support under uncertainty, informing policy design and communication strategies for hydrogen-technology projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of integrated assessment models in food-water-energy-environment analysis: A bibliometric analysis","authors":"Songhua Huan ,&nbsp;Liwen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Food-Water-Energy-Environment (FWEE) analysis plays a crucial role in understanding the interconnected challenges of resource scarcity, sustainability, and climate change. However, these challenges are often complex and interdependent, making it difficult for a single model to capture their full dynamics. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) have emerged as a promising approach to address this issue. As a result, IAMs within the FWEE framework have become a major research focus, attracting considerable academic attention. Despite this, current research is fragmented and lacks a cohesive framework. To fill this gap, we conducted a bibliometric analysis using data from the Web of Science Core Collection, reviewing IAMs research in the FWEE domain from 1990 to 2024. Utilizing VOSviewer and CiteSpace for data visualization and assessment, we mapped the research landscape of IAMs in FWEE. Our study employed various techniques, such as co-occurrence analysis, clustering, and burst analysis, to: (1) identify key research trends, journals, and domains; (2) map the leading countries, their collaborations, and prominent authors and institutions; (3) highlight the foundational knowledge system, focusing on model development, emerging technologies, and research methods, noting a shift from early theoretical analyses to empirical studies on emerging technologies and policy analysis; and (4) pinpoint current research hotspots, including energy technology, social costs, and technical change, while providing an overview of research evolution and quality distribution. Finally, we suggest that future studies focus on advancing IAMs development for FWEE, especially with the integration of artificial intelligence. This study offers a comprehensive framework of existing research, providing valuable insights for future theoretical exploration and innovative applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar assisted generation of plasmonic silver photocatalyst for wastewater remediation and green hydrogen production","authors":"Preeti Kumari,&nbsp;Aditya Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aims to develop sustainable technologies to address the imperative problems of water pollution and energy crisis. This research involves the solar-driven synthesis of a plasmonic silver photocatalyst with properties that aid in environmental and energy applications. The structural, optical, and catalytic properties of the developed photocatalyst are investigated using several analytical techniques, including XRD, XPS, UV-Vis, FESEM, HRTEM, and Raman spectroscopy. The developed photocatalyst is capable of degradation of organic pollutants present in wastewater. The photodegradation capability of photocatalyst is assessed through a comprehensive study of the reaction kinetics involved and the determination of quantum efficiency. Moreover, the photocatalyst also contributes to transition to a green economy via hydrogen production through water splitting. Although the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of the silver photocatalyst is not appreciable but it paves out way for the development of an efficient photocatalyst by doping or using it as a co-catalyst with semiconductor materials. Thus, the entire study contributes significantly to the development of a clean and sustainable future and takes a step towards the transformation to a renewable energy-based economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policy implications of net-zero emissions: A multi-model analysis of United States emissions and energy system impacts","authors":"John E.T. Bistline ,&nbsp;Matthew Binsted ,&nbsp;Geoffrey Blanford ,&nbsp;Gale Boyd ,&nbsp;Morgan Browning ,&nbsp;Yongxia Cai ,&nbsp;Jae Edmonds ,&nbsp;Allen A. Fawcett ,&nbsp;Jay Fuhrman ,&nbsp;Ruying Gao ,&nbsp;Chioke Harris ,&nbsp;Christopher Hoehne ,&nbsp;Gokul Iyer ,&nbsp;Jeremiah X. Johnson ,&nbsp;P. Ozge Kaplan ,&nbsp;Dan Loughlin ,&nbsp;Megan Mahajan ,&nbsp;Trieu Mai ,&nbsp;James R. McFarland ,&nbsp;Haewon McJeon ,&nbsp;Mei Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many countries, subnational jurisdictions, and companies are setting net-zero emissions goals; however, questions remain about strategies to reach these targets, policy measures, technology gaps, and economic impacts. We investigate the potential policy implications of reaching economy-wide net-zero CO₂ emissions across the United States by 2050 using results from a multi-model comparison with 14 energy-economic models. Model results suggest that achieving net-zero CO₂ targets depends on policies that accelerate deployment of zero- and low-emitting technologies that have seen rapid cost reductions in recent years (including wind, solar, battery storage, and electric vehicles) as well as relatively nascent options (including carbon capture and storage, advanced biofuels, low-carbon hydrogen, advanced nuclear, and long-duration energy storage). While net-zero policies are likely to lower fossil fuel consumption, including considerable coal and petroleum reductions, achieving net-zero emissions does not necessarily mean phasing out all fossil fuels. Model results indicate that the Inflation Reduction Act’s energy and climate provisions amplify near-term decarbonization but that net-zero policies have larger impacts on long-run outcomes. Stringent climate policy can have large fiscal impacts on tax revenue and government spending—revenues from carbon pricing and subsidies for carbon removal range from 0.1 % to 3.7 % of GDP in 2050 across models. Each dollar per metric ton carbon price leads to a 0.06 % to 0.31 % reduction in economy-wide CO₂ emissions relative to a reference scenario with current policies. Spending on energy across the economy decreases relative to today for many models under reference and net-zero policies, especially as a share of GDP, due primarily to end-use electrification and energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100191"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Net-zero for Canada: An open-method modeling approach","authors":"Kowan T. V. O’Keefe ,&nbsp;Matthew Binsted ,&nbsp;Leon Clarke ,&nbsp;Ryna Cui ,&nbsp;Nathan Hultman ,&nbsp;Robert Hunt Sprinkle","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canada is a major oil- and gas-producing country that has committed into law an ambitious goal: net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions economy-wide by 2050. In this work, transition dynamics for Canada are examined across several net-zero GHG emissions scenarios with detailed policy representation using the open-source Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM). To our knowledge, this study is the first modeling analysis of Canadian net-zero GHG emissions scenarios with extensive policy representation and detailed sensitivity analysis. A major contribution of our open-method modeling approach is making our entire analysis publicly available to facilitate vetting, replicability, precise comparability with other studies, and modification by others to explore additional scenarios. Our results show that net-zero achievement in Canada would demand major technological transformation across all sectors of the economy. Scenarios presented herein highlight considerable gaps between Canada’s current policy actions and its net-zero ambitions. Indeed, the largest gaps between current-policy and net-zero scenarios pertain to rates of end-use electrification, buildout of power sector capacity, deployment of carbon dioxide removal, and accompanying reductions in production and consumption of fossil fuels. The results also highlight the importance of effective policy implementation and the variation in transition dynamics attributable to socioeconomic and technological assumptions, carbon dioxide removal scalability, and non-CO₂ mitigation options.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonizing the Dutch industrial sector: between maintaining domestic production and partial relocation","authors":"Ahmed M. Elberry ,&nbsp;Martin Scheepers ,&nbsp;Joost van Stralen ,&nbsp;Juan S. Giraldo ,&nbsp;Bob van der Zwaan","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industry is one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonize in the Dutch energy system. This is due to several factors such as the difficulty in moving away from existing technologies and the availability of still relatively cheap natural gas. In this study, we introduce two scenarios to investigate possible energy transition pathways for the Dutch industrial sector. The first scenario focuses on keeping industrial production largely in the Netherlands. The second explores relocating part of it abroad to regions in which low–cost sustainable energy sources are available. We employ an energy system optimization model to analyze these scenarios. Our results for the first scenario show a reduction of about 80% in fossil fuel consumption by 2050 in the industrial sector, primarily achieved by substituting fossil fuels with hydrogen, bioenergy, and synthetic fuels. To achieve the carbon-neutrality target by 2050, a cumulative total of about 552 MtCO₂ needs to be captured from the industrial sector, with 52% utilized and the rest stored. The second scenario does not yield a large difference in the relative energy mix compared to the first. However, it results in substantial changes in terms of more rapid decarbonization, with less final energy consumption, lower investment costs, and more limited deployment of CO₂ capture technology. In both scenarios, a radical technological transformation of the industrial sector is necessary for reaching the energy system carbon-neutrality target, with industry contributing to this goal by achieving net-negative CO₂ emissions in 2050.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolving electricity supply and demand to achieve net-zero emissions: Insights from the EMF-37 study","authors":"Ruying Gao ,&nbsp;Trieu Mai ,&nbsp;Seyed Shahabeddin Mousavi ,&nbsp;Charles Rossmann ,&nbsp;Matthew Binsted ,&nbsp;John Bistline ,&nbsp;Geoff Blanford ,&nbsp;Morgan Browning ,&nbsp;Matthias Fripp ,&nbsp;Patrick Lamers ,&nbsp;Matteo Muratori ,&nbsp;Sharon Showalter ,&nbsp;John Weyant","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the role of electricity in achieving economy-wide net-zero CO₂ emissions by 2050 in the United States based on results from 17 models as part of the 37th Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF-37). In the study’s Net-Zero scenario, the models use diverse pathways to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, with gross energy-related residual emissions ranging from 17.2 to 66.6 % of 2020 levels. Electricity consistently emerges as central to achieving net-zero, with models projecting rapid electrification of end-uses and rapidly declining CO₂ intensity of electricity. However, the extent of electrification and the technology mix to decarbonize the power sector vary considerably across models. In the Net-Zero scenario, electricity is projected to evolve from ∼20 % of final energy in 2020 to 17–63 % in 2050 across the models driven by electrification in all sectors—buildings, industry, and transportation—and, to a lesser extent by direct air capture. By 2050, total electricity consumption increases by 24–176 % (relative to 2020), accompanied by significant expansion in renewable electricity production. Together, solar and wind generation grows by 175–834 %, supplying 45–90 % of total electricity in 2050, with wind achieving slightly higher shares than solar. Electricity storage technologies are deployed at scale to support wind and solar generation. The electricity generation mix varies across models: some project almost complete reliance on renewables, while others see a substantial role for natural gas, often with carbon capture and storage. This paper synthesizes the rich diversity of modeling approaches and results, highlighting differing views on how key drivers of electricity demand and supply might evolve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the industrial sector hard to decarbonize or hard to model? A comparative analysis of industrial modeling and net zero carbon dioxide pathways","authors":"P. Ozge Kaplan ,&nbsp;Gale Boyd ,&nbsp;Morgan Browning ,&nbsp;Kelly Perl ,&nbsp;Sarang Supekar ,&nbsp;Nadejda Victor ,&nbsp;Ernst Worrell","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the results of the Energy Modeling Forum Study 37 on Deep Decarbonization &amp; High Electrification Scenarios for North America (EMF 37), with specific focus on industrial decarbonization pathways. Broadly, industrial decarbonization can be delivered through a wide range of actions such as energy efficiency, circular economy, electrification, low-carbon fuels, feedstocks, and energy sources, and carbon capture utilization and sequestration (CCUS). Remaining positive emissions in the energy system can be offset by carbon dioxide removal (CDR). The extent to which these options are, or are not, included in the models will impact the extent to which industrial decarbonization is projected to contribute to achieving an economy-wide net-zero climate policy. If adequate actions and technological levers are included in the model structure, but are more expensive than other options, in particular CCUS and CDR, then projected industry emissions reductions play a smaller role in meeting a net-zero constraint. The distinction between “hard to decarbonize” and “hard to model” has significant policy implications. If industry is hard to decarbonize, policies should focus on innovative and cost-effective industrial technologies, CDR, or both. If industry is hard to model, there may be overlooked opportunities for decarbonization that require further exploration. There is no consensus across the models in the study regarding both the level of decarbonization that could be achieved in industry or the pathways to achieve it. We caution against drawing conclusions solely from existing models and recommend rigorous and coordinated modeling efforts to better capture industrial innovation and decarbonization strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100190"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing climate change impacts on the WEF nexus: A case study of water availability, thermal energy production, and rice yield in the Kangsabati river basin","authors":"Krishna Mondal ,&nbsp;Vishal Gupta ,&nbsp;Chandranath Chatterjee ,&nbsp;Rajendra Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2025.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change significantly impacts the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus because the WEF nexus's components naturally fluctuate due to dynamic changes in climate variables. The present study analysed the impact of climate change on water availability, thermal energy output, and rice yield in the Kangsabati River basin using CMIP6 data, and the basin's WEF nexus using a newly developed WEF Nexus model. The WEF nexus model has been developed using the Modified Pardee Rand indicator–based approach, which primarily uses secondary data for the analysis, except climatic data like rainfall and evapotranspiration. We initially analysed the WEF nexus for 2011 and 2021, and then based on the decadal change, we projected different inputs of the WEF nexus model except for climate data, rice yield and thermal energy production (examined from EC-Earth3 GCM, AquaCrop and scenario-based empirical energy model, respectively). We used the WEF nexus model to forecast the WEF nexus for 2031 to 2091, at a decadal time step, under SSP245 and SSP585. Results indicate that the annual average precipitation in the near-future will likely be higher in SSP245 than in SSP585. Under SSP245 and SS585, the basin's actual evapotranspiration will increase by 3.70–8.20 %, while thermal energy production will decline by 0.21–2.42 %. Furthermore, SSP245 forecasts a 10–15 % drop in paddy output during Kharif (June–September) and 15–20 % during Rabi (October–December), while SSP585 forecasts a higher decline of 15–20 % and 20–25 %. The study also reveals that the Water, Energy and Food Sub-indices, and WEF Nexus Index of the basin will decline by 42.33 %, 1.67 %, 7.67 % and 19.33 %, respectively, under SSP245, and 25.67 %, 4.67 %, 8.67 % and 11.33 %, respectively, under SSP585 in 2091 compared to 2021. This study provides recommendations to achieve SDGs 2, 6, and 7 targets by mitigating the impact of climate change on WEF security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}