Energy and climate change最新文献

{"title":"Incentivizing hydrogen: A perspective review of lifecycle analysis methodology disparities affecting hydrogen incentives in policy frameworks","authors":"Santiago Gonzalez Hernandez,&nbsp;Abby Kirchofer","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is anticipated to play a pivotal role in decarbonizing the global energy supply chain, and governments worldwide are implementing policies and incentives to foster the adoption of low-carbon hydrogen technologies. However, the divergent lifecycle carbon intensity (CI) calculation methodologies and sustainability requirements at federal and state levels may inadvertently promote certain low-carbon hydrogen technologies over others due to the CI variability arising from the calculation methodologies. This perspective focuses on key sustainable hydrogen technologies favored by industry leaders for commercial deployment. It offers a comprehensive review of the applicability, challenges, and opportunities associated with these technologies under relevant government incentive programs. The study evaluates published lifecycle CI data for hydrogen production methods including low-temperature water electrolysis, high-temperature water electrolysis, biomass gasification, and steam methane reforming of natural gas with carbon capture and sequestration. Methodologies and requirements from prominent programs such as the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), the US federal clean hydrogen production tax credit (45V), and the EU's renewable energy directive (RED) are compared by the authors. This perspective's analysis contributes valuable insights to the discourse on life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling for low-CI hydrogen. It highlights the discrepancies between key government incentives for hydrogen technologies deemed critical to meeting the world's climate goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A defossilised EU petrochemical production system: Consequences for the meta-cluster in the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr Area","authors":"Clemens Schneider ,&nbsp;Max Åhman ,&nbsp;Stefan Lechtenböhmer ,&nbsp;Mathieu Saurat","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Today's petrochemical industry relies on fossil hydrocarbons, not only for energy purposes but also as feedstock. This use of fossil materials is being challenged by the European Union's target to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The most affected region in Europe is the cross-border region between Antwerp, Rotterdam and the Rhine-Ruhr area in western Germany, an interconnected petrochemical meta-cluster. Although several defossilisation scenarios for petrochemicals have been developed both at the EU level and for single countries, the effect that an EU-wide transition from fossil to non-fossil feedstock would have on technology routes, feedstock alternatives and final product shares, as well as the resulting locational and geographical consequences are not yet understood. To fill this gap, the paper presents a scenario where the European petrochemical industry transitions away from fossil by 2050 and analyses how the energy supply and the defossilisation of carbon supply will change this industry. With this scenario as a backdrop, a zoom-in shows how the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr Area might evolve technically and spatially. To this end, a techno-economic bottom-up model is employed that derives cost-optimal pathways towards defossilised petrochemical production networks. The analysis shows that a scenario for petrochemicals that achieves full non-fossil feedstock use in the EU by 2050 is very likely to be associated with a significant change not only in the feedstock base but also in the production technologies. The meta-cluster will face major challenges as its current strength in specialty polymers might suffer from cost increases for aromatics and the high energy intensity of the respective polymerisation steps. This requires specific strategies in regard to feedstock and energy supply as well as infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonizing Ukraine's electricity sector in 2035: Scenario analysis","authors":"Iryna Sotnyk ,&nbsp;Jan-Philipp Sasse ,&nbsp;Evelina Trutnevyte","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we considered the case of decarbonizing Ukraine's electricity sector that has significant import dependence, high energy and carbon intensity, and an unprecedented destruction of electricity facilities due to ongoing war. Using a newly built UKRAINE-EXPANSE model, which covers 24 Ukrainian oblasts (regions) and five neighboring countries at high temporal and spatial resolution, we offered four cost-optimal scenarios for the national electricity sector in 2035. Considering the targets of the current National Energy and Climate Plan and the Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement, we analyzed the structure of the installed capacities, annual electricity generation, storage, transmission, and trade with neighboring countries and calculated sustainability impacts (greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions, employment, land use, and total system costs). We showed that in 2035, the undamaged total installed capacity (as of May 2024) should be increased by 2.7–3.2 times while supplying up to 16.3 % higher electricity demand compared to the pre-war period. Nuclear and gas power would still remain the primary electricity sources in 2035, supported by intensive growth in wind power, pumped hydropower storage, bioenergy and expansion of transmission grids. Implementing environmentally friendly scenarios with 30 % of renewable generation and/or no hard coal power would require only 5 to 13 % higher total system costs compared to the least cost scenario, which could be socially and politically acceptable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Land use trade-offs in decarbonization of electricity generation in the American West” [Energy and Climate Change 4 (2023) 100107]","authors":"Neha Patankar ,&nbsp;Xiili Sarkela-Basset ,&nbsp;Greg Schivley ,&nbsp;Emily Leslie ,&nbsp;Jesse Jenkins","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140271430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of drought on hydropower generation in the Volta River basin and future projections under different climate and development pathways","authors":"Akwasi Adu-Poku ,&nbsp;Ebenezer K. Siabi ,&nbsp;Nathaniel Oppong Otchere ,&nbsp;Francis B. Effah ,&nbsp;Edward A. Awafo ,&nbsp;Francis Kemausuor ,&nbsp;Mashael Yazdanie","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydropower is a major electricity source for Ghana, supplying about 28 % of the national generation capacity. Looking to the future, Ghana's vulnerability to drought may intensify with climate change projections in the Volta Basin indicating higher temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events and greater rainfall variability, which could exacerbate drought risks, alter river flow and disrupt electricity production from dams. This poses major energy security concerns for Ghana, which depends heavily on hydropower and has limited capacity to adapt. Therefore, this study evaluated the potential impacts of future droughts, measured by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), on hydropower generation and electricity pricing in Ghana under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios. A statistically significant Random Forest Regression model driven by SPEI projections was developed to forecast hydropower output from Ghana's largest hydropower plant, the Akosombo Dam, through 2050. Results indicate drought risks across SSPs, with more frequent hydropower generation deficits compared to optimal historical baseline averages. As generation fluctuates, electricity prices are forecast to continue rising substantially, although favourable socioeconomic pathways like SSP1 can limit price spikes. The findings underscore the importance of diversifying Ghana's electricity mix and implementing climate adaptation measures to hedge against increasing uncertainty in hydropower resources. The insights provide vital information to guide power sector planning and policies to build climate resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green certificates for optimizing low-carbon hydrogen supply chain","authors":"Darya Maksakova,&nbsp;Sergei Popov","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the primary challenges to the advancement of hydrogen technologies is their high costs. The study explores the potential of implementing green certificates for hydrogen, drawing parallels with the use of green certificates for electricity. The paper proposes a novel modeling tool to quantify the effect of trade in green certificates for hydrogen on trade flows and supply costs. The model is based on linear programming and covers both physical hydrogen trade and trade in green certificates for hydrogen simultaneously. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the applicability of the model. The main conclusion is that the existence of a green certificate market could substantially reduce costs within a hydrogen supply system by reshaping transportation routes, all while maintaining the same level of low-carbon hydrogen production. This cost reduction effect raises hydrogen competitiveness and stimulates its production in remote areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of decarbonisation challenges for the process industry in Sweden and Norway","authors":"Markus Steen ,&nbsp;Johnn Andersson ,&nbsp;Hans Hellsmark ,&nbsp;Teis Hansen ,&nbsp;Jens Hanson ,&nbsp;Elizaveta Johansson","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy-intensive process industries (EPIs) account for a high share of global carbon emissions but have so far been slow to decarbonise. One of the reasons for the slow pace is that central problems and solutions are contested among stakeholders. To develop effective and inclusive transition policy, a better understanding of different perspectives on decarbonisation challenges is needed. In this paper, we use Q methodology to address this gap with an analysis of EPI decarbonisation in Sweden and Norway. The research draws on 50 interviews where different types of stakeholders sorted and reflected upon statements that describe potential decarbonisation challenges. Through factor analysis, we identify four salient narratives in each country, which emphasise different problems and trade-offs. However, we also find similarities across the narratives, both within and across countries. A key challenge that is emphasized in both countries is to ensure a sufficient supply of electricity at competitive prices. Ultimately, we demonstrate how these findings are important for providing policy recommendations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cobalt-based molecular electrocatalyst-mediated green hydrogen generation: A potential pathway for decarbonising steel industry","authors":"Santanu Ghorai ,&nbsp;Suhana Karim ,&nbsp;Sukanta Saha ,&nbsp;Arnab Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid the climate change crisis, researchers are investigating the transformative potential of green hydrogen produced by renewable energy electrolysis to decarbonize the steel sector, a significant contributor to global carbon emissions. It aims to lower the carbon footprint of the steel industry by showcasing green hydrogen's potential as a cleaner substitute for traditional fossil fuels in the production process. Despite its potential, issues such as high costs, restricted availability, and infrastructural alterations must be addressed. Cobalt-based synthetic catalysts, especially cobaloximes, are being considered as a key electrocatalytic component for hydrogen production via water-splitting. Cobaloximes, noted for their efficiency and stability in catalysing hydrogen evolution, have made considerable advances in the field of molecular catalysis. Recently, advanced immobilisation procedures have appreciably enhanced their overall catalytic output and application. This article discusses several electrolyser technologies, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis, highlighting the benefits of multi-stacked electrolyser systems for boosting hydrogen generation efficiency. These encouraging results are vital for unravelling a durable catalytic material that can be scaled up without much financial stringency. In light of the global climate pledges, the document concludes that green hydrogen might provide 24 % of the world's energy needs by 2050, resulting in a considerable reduction in CO₂ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing equitable value chains for the global hydrogen economy","authors":"Kathleen M. Kennedy ,&nbsp;Maria A. Borrero ,&nbsp;Morgan R. Edwards ,&nbsp;Patrick O'Rourke ,&nbsp;Nathan E. Hultman ,&nbsp;Kavita Surana","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a rapidly growing focus for countries seeking to develop green industries, but there are many questions about how the nascent global hydrogen economy will develop, and what this implies for equitable sharing of benefits and burdens between nations. In this perspective we summarize emerging trends in national hydrogen strategies and develop recommendations for researchers and policymakers to center equity in hydrogen development. This will require integrating innovation and development perspectives on international technology transfer, developing more detailed representation of hydrogen trade in systems models, building equity considerations into national and international planning processes, and establishing robust technology transfer efforts. Policymakers will also need to grapple with the difficulties of verifying life cycle emissions of hydrogen if hydrogen trade emerges as a significant trend, potentially requiring new methods of emissions accounting and trade reforms that prioritize international equity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health and air pollutant emission impacts of net zero CO2 by 2050 scenarios from the energy modeling forum 37 study","authors":"Daniel H. Loughlin ,&nbsp;Alexander R. Barron ,&nbsp;Charavee Basnet Chettri ,&nbsp;Abigail O'Meara ,&nbsp;Luis Sarmiento ,&nbsp;Danni Dong ,&nbsp;David L. McCollum ,&nbsp;Sharon Showalter ,&nbsp;Robert H. Beach ,&nbsp;John Bistline ,&nbsp;G. Joyce Kim ,&nbsp;Christopher G. Nolte ,&nbsp;Johannes Emmerling ,&nbsp;P. Ozge Kaplan","doi":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dioxide and non-greenhouse gas air pollutants are emitted from many of the same sources. Decarbonization actions thus typically yield air pollutant emission reductions, resulting in significant air quality benefits. Although several studies have highlighted this connection, including in the context of net zero carbon emission targets, substantial uncertainty remains regarding how alternative technological pathways to this goal will affect the spatial distribution and magnitude of air pollutants. Comprehensive multi-model and multi-scenario analyzes are needed to explore the relative impacts of alternative pathways. Our study begins to address this gap by leveraging the results from the recent Energy Modeling Forum 37 inter-model comparison exercise on U.S. decarbonization pathways. Comparing the results of the six teams who submitted air pollutant emissions suggests that strategies that target net zero U.S. carbon emissions would yield significant reductions in many air pollutants, and that this finding is generally robust across pathways. However, some energy sources, such as biomass and fossil fuels with carbon capture, will emit air pollutants and can potentially influence the magnitude, spatial distribution, and even sign of localized air pollutant emission changes. In the second part of this analysis, a simplified air quality and health impacts screening model is used to evaluate the air quality impacts in 2035 of sectoral emission changes from the three models that provided sectoral detail. Relative to a reference scenario, a net zero pathway is estimated to reduce fine particulate matter concentrations across the contiguous U.S., with health benefits from reduced mortality ranging from $65 billion to $250 billion in 2035 alone (2023$s). These benefits would be expected to grow over time as the net zero trajectory becomes more stringent. Both the magnitude of potential benefits and the substantial variation of the projections across models underscore the need for an EMF-like inter-model comparison exercise focused on air quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72914,"journal":{"name":"Energy and climate change","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}