定义“减少”的化石燃料和工业过程排放

IF 5.6 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS
Christopher Bataille , Alaa Al Khourdajie , Heleen de Coninck , Kiane de Kleijne , Lars J. Nilsson , Igor Bashmakov , Steven J. Davis , Paul S. Fennell
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引用次数: 0

摘要

科学界一致认为,按照《巴黎协定》的目标限制气候变暖需要在本世纪中叶达到二氧化碳净零排放,之后达到净负排放。由于在几乎所有全球模拟情景中估计的当前化石燃料能源和原料需求的巩固,“减少”化石燃料和工业过程和产品使用(IPPU)的二氧化碳排放,使用碳捕获和储存(CCS)技术进行碳管理,可能是任何转型的一部分。除了化石燃料燃烧外,这将主要用于水泥。石灰窑、化学生产,以及可能的废物焚烧和钢铁制造,在产生最大浓度二氧化碳废物流的过程中。然而,在最近承诺的范围内,减少化石燃料和IPPU的二氧化碳排放需要考虑燃料加工和最终使用的捕获率、储存的持久性、减少上游生产和最终使用逸出的甲烷以及吸收残余排放的充分手段。根据对现有部门和司法管辖区不断发展的CCS技术的评估,提出了确定“减少”化石燃料和IPPU排放基准的标准,其中最终将实现接近100%的温室气体减排,并分别考虑一氧化二氮和氟化气体。这可以通过以下方式实现:1)二氧化碳捕获率超过或等于排放二氧化碳的95%;2)永久储存捕获的排放物;3)将上游和最终用途的逸散甲烷排放量减少到占天然气产量的0.5%,并减少到0.2%;煤的等价物;4)通过永久去除二氧化碳来平衡剩余的排放。将这些标准应用于钢铁和水泥,在采取所有其他合理且成本较低的行动后,估计每年减少的二氧化碳量超过或等于1.37亿吨。与此同时,我们承认捕获率低于95%的价值,只要它们的设计能够通过过程学习实现最终的全面减排。我们还讨论了CCS的商业化和部署政策,强调了将这些标准纳入国际气候协议的必要性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Defining ‘abated’ fossil fuel and industrial process emissions
There is scientific consensus that limiting warming in line with the Paris Agreement goals requires reaching net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century and net negative emissions thereafter. Because of the entrenchment of current fossil fuel energy and feedstock demand estimated in almost all global modelled scenarios, 'abated' fossil fuel and industrial process and product use (IPPU) CO2 emissions, using carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to perform carbon management, are likely to be part of any transition. In addition to fossil fuel combustion, this will be primarily in cement & lime kilns, chemical production, and possibly waste incineration and iron and steel making, in processes producing maximally concentrated CO2 waste streams. Abated fossil fuel and IPPU CO2 emissions in the context of recent commitments, however, requires consideration of capture rates for fuel processing and end-use, permanence of storage, reduction of upstream production and end-use fugitive methane, and sufficient means to sequester residual emissions. Based on an assessment of evolving CCS technologies in existing sectors and jurisdictions, criteria are proposed for defining a benchmark for 'abated' fossil fuel and IPPU emissions as where near 100 % GHG abatement is to be eventually achieved, with N2O and fluorinated gases considered separately. This can be accomplished through: 1) CO2 capture rates of more than or equal to 95 % of CO2 emitted; 2) permanent storage of captured emissions; 3) reducing upstream and end-use fugitive methane emissions to <0.5 % and towards 0.2 % of gas production & an equivalent for coal; and 4) counterbalancing remaining emissions using permanent carbon dioxide removal. Application of these criteria to just steel and cement yields estimates of more than or equal to 1.37 Gt CO2 per year reductions after all other reasonable and lower cost actions are taken. At the same time, we acknowledge the value of capture rates below 95 %, so as long they are designed to enable eventual full abatement through process learning. We also discuss commercialisation and deployment policy for CCS, highlighting the need to integrate these criteria into international climate agreements.
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来源期刊
Energy and climate change
Energy and climate change Global and Planetary Change, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
CiteScore
7.90
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