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Physics in Perspective最新文献

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The Scientific Revolution in Art 艺术的科学革命
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-021-00274-4
Robert Fleck
{"title":"The Scientific Revolution in Art","authors":"Robert Fleck","doi":"10.1007/s00016-021-00274-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00016-021-00274-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the continuing spirit of narrowing the gap between the “two cultures,” this essay illustrates, quite literally through representative works of Western art, the striking parallels between the visual arts and the discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution, the period between Copernicus’s 1543 <i>De revolutionibus</i> and Newton’s 1687 <i>Principia</i> when the foundations of modern science swept away the scientific heritage of the ancient and medieval worldviews, a period that, though underrepresented in art–science studies, marked the birth of the modern mind and, indeed, the modern world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"23 2-3","pages":"139 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4062985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Writing Things Up: Endings and Beginnings 把事情写下来:结束和开始
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-021-00272-6
Robert P. Crease, Joseph D. Martin, Richard Staley
{"title":"Writing Things Up: Endings and Beginnings","authors":"Robert P. Crease,&nbsp;Joseph D. Martin,&nbsp;Richard Staley","doi":"10.1007/s00016-021-00272-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-021-00272-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"23 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-021-00272-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5180658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Occupation of Niels Bohr’s Institute: December 6, 1943–February 3, 1944 占领玻尔研究所:1943年12月6日至1944年2月3日
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2021-03-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-021-00270-8
Stephan Schwarz
{"title":"The Occupation of Niels Bohr’s Institute: December 6, 1943–February 3, 1944","authors":"Stephan Schwarz","doi":"10.1007/s00016-021-00270-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-021-00270-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The occupation of the Niels Bohr Institute by German authorities in war-time Denmark has hitherto not been described or analyzed in detail, leaving a number of questions open, such as the background and purpose of the occupation, the lack of planning of the operation, formation, mandate and actual work of the “Expert Commission,” and the justification of release without conditions. These questions are addressed and answers suggested compatible with all relevant facts available.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"23 1","pages":"49 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-021-00270-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4092646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Observation and Annihilation: The Discovery of the Antiproton 观察与湮灭:反质子的发现
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2021-02-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-021-00271-7
Kevin Orrman-Rossiter
{"title":"Observation and Annihilation: The Discovery of the Antiproton","authors":"Kevin Orrman-Rossiter","doi":"10.1007/s00016-021-00271-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-021-00271-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper is the first investigation of the events associated with the discovery of the antiproton. The 1955 observation of the antiproton by Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis was “no surprise,” in Chamberlain’s words, and might therefore be understood as a classic example of an experimental proof of an existing theory—except there was no complete theory—at best it was a further validation of Dirac’s 1930 prediction of antiparticles. Instead, I argue, it became a contest between the serendipitous observations of cosmic-ray events and the deliberate observation possible with the new accelerator-based experiments. I show that the discovery was an extended event and was seen by the physicists involved as emerging from a combination of supporting experiments—the counter-based detection of antiprotons was accepted as proof of discovery only with the supporting images of antiproton annihilations.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"23 1","pages":"3 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-021-00271-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5041802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Professors of Natural Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century 十九世纪的自然哲学教授
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2020-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-020-00264-y
Thomas B. Greenslade Jr.
{"title":"Professors of Natural Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"Thomas B. Greenslade Jr.","doi":"10.1007/s00016-020-00264-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00264-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The introductory physics course taught in American College and Universities in the twenty-first century is a descendent of the natural philosophy—later, physics—course that developed in these institutions in the nineteenth century. In the present paper, I discuss the backgrounds of a number of prominent professors of natural philosophy who taught these courses. These came, variously from experience as high-school teachers, engineers, and clergymen. Few of them planned to become faculty members, as contrasted to today’s professors who have rigorous educational and research training to prepare themselves for their task.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"22 4","pages":"226 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00264-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4683649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Problem of Reflection in Eighteenth-Century Projectile Theories of Light 18世纪抛射光理论中的反射问题
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-020-00266-w
Breno Arsioli Moura
{"title":"The Problem of Reflection in Eighteenth-Century Projectile Theories of Light","authors":"Breno Arsioli Moura","doi":"10.1007/s00016-020-00266-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00266-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper explores the mechanical models elaborated by projectile theorists throughout the eighteenth century to explain the reflection of light. Influenced by Isaac Newton’s <i>Opticks</i>, these projectile theorists proposed that repulsion was the cause of reflection. My purpose is to show that their models were not unified and lacked a deeper understanding of the origin of repulsive powers. This analysis illustrates how a simple optical phenomenon was not easy for eighteenth-century theorists to explain, even when the projectile theory of light was prominent among natural philosophers.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"22 4","pages":"191 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00266-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4015932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art 艺术史中物理学的基本主题
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2020-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7
Robert Fleck
{"title":"Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art","authors":"Robert Fleck","doi":"10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mindful of a stated <i>Project 2061</i> goal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, emphasizing that “scientific literacy includes seeing the scientific endeavor in the light of cultural and intellectual history,” and in the continuing spirit of narrowing the gap between the “two cultures” by enhancing STEAM awareness and education, this essay illustrates, quite literally through well-known works of Western art, the striking parallels between fundamental themes in physics and the visual arts through history. These connections include: the identification of microcosm–macrocosm analogies in prehistoric proto-science; the beginning of the appreciation in pre-classical antiquity of the lawfulness of nature under the aegis of a Divine Lawgiver; the rise of rationalism and the first theories of the architecture of matter during the so-called “Greek miracle”; the overlapping role of theology’s “handmaiden” during the emblematic medieval Age of Faith; Renaissance renovations and the triumph of the “mechanical universe” as the capstone of the scientific revolution in the early modern period; the influence on physics of the Romantic notion of an underlying unity in all of nature, and the increasing abstraction in both art and physics during the nineteenth century; and, finally, the parallels between twentieth-century art and the physics of relativity and quantum theory, concluding with examples from modern cosmology.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"23 1","pages":"25 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5502894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Redshifts versus Paradigm Shifts: Against Renaming Hubble’s Law 红移与范式转移:反对重命名哈勃定律
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-020-00263-z
Cormac O’Raifeartaigh, Michael O’Keeffe
{"title":"Redshifts versus Paradigm Shifts: Against Renaming Hubble’s Law","authors":"Cormac O’Raifeartaigh,&nbsp;Michael O’Keeffe","doi":"10.1007/s00016-020-00263-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00263-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We consider the proposal by many scholars and by the International Astronomical Union to rename Hubble’s law as the Hubble-Lema?tre law. We find the renaming questionable on historic, scientific, and philosophical grounds. From a historical perspective, we argue that the renaming presents an anachronistic interpretation of a law originally understood as an empirical relation between two observables. From a scientific perspective, we argue that the renaming conflates the redshift/distance relation of the spiral nebulae with a universal law of cosmic expansion derived from the general theory of relativity. We note that the first of these phenomena is merely one manifestation of the second, an important distinction that might be relevant to contemporary puzzles concerning the current rate of cosmic expansion. From a philosophical perspective, we note that many of the named laws of science are empirical relations between observables, limited in range, rather than laws of universal application derived from theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"22 4","pages":"215 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00263-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5103549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Reconsideration of Ştefania Mărăcineanu’s Measurements of Polonium-210’s Half-Life: Understanding Her Claim to the Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity 重新考虑Ştefania muricurcineanu对钋-210半衰期的测量:理解她对人工放射性发现的主张
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2020-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-020-00259-9
Dorel Bucurescu
{"title":"A Reconsideration of Ştefania Mărăcineanu’s Measurements of Polonium-210’s Half-Life: Understanding Her Claim to the Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity","authors":"Dorel Bucurescu","doi":"10.1007/s00016-020-00259-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00259-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I re-examine the raw data of the measurements of the half-life of <sup>210</sup>Po from the Romanian physicist ?tefania M?r?cineanu’s doctoral thesis, performed at the Institut du Radium, 1921–1923, under the supervision of Marie Curie. The half-life values reported in the thesis show relatively large divergences and a possible dependence on the (metallic) support on which the Po source was deposited. These findings influenced M?r?cineanu’s subsequent independent research, and later compelled her to claim priority for the discovery of artificial radioactivity. The present analysis of these data, performed with the least-squares method, certifies the outstanding accuracy of the experimental measurements by providing values with good agreement between the different series of measurements and an average value that is close to the currently adopted half-life value of this isotope. On the other hand, this analysis changes our perspective by showing that the rudimentary procedure M?r?cineanu used to processing the data introduced errors in her reported values, which favored a poor interpretation of the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"22 3","pages":"162 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00259-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4447751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Joshua Nall, News from Mars: Mass Media and the Forging of a New Astronomy, 1860–1910, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019, 287 pages, $50 (hardcover) 约书亚·纳尔，《来自火星的新闻:大众传媒与新天文学的形成，1860-1910》，匹兹堡:匹兹堡大学出版社，2019年，287页，50美元(精装本)
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2020-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-020-00261-1
Robert W. Smith
{"title":"Joshua Nall, News from Mars: Mass Media and the Forging of a New Astronomy, 1860–1910, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019, 287 pages, $50 (hardcover)","authors":"Robert W. Smith","doi":"10.1007/s00016-020-00261-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-020-00261-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"22 3","pages":"182 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00261-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4680109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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