Physics in Perspective最新文献

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Playing with Quantum Toys: Julian Schwinger’s Measurement Algebra and the Material Culture of Quantum Mechanics Pedagogy at Harvard in the 1960s 玩量子玩具:朱利安·施温格的测量代数和20世纪60年代哈佛大学量子力学教学的物质文化
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3
Jean-François Gauvin
{"title":"Playing with Quantum Toys: Julian Schwinger’s Measurement Algebra and the Material Culture of Quantum Mechanics Pedagogy at Harvard in the 1960s","authors":"Jean-François Gauvin","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the early 1960s, a PhD student in physics, Costas Papaliolios, designed a simple—and playful—system of Polaroid polarizer filters with a specific goal in mind: explaining the core principles behind Julian Schwinger’s quantum mechanical measurement algebra, developed at Harvard in the late 1940s and based on the Stern-Gerlach experiment confirming the quantization of electron spin. Papaliolios dubbed his invention “quantum toys.” This article looks at the origins and function of this amusing pedagogical device, which landed half a century later in the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard University. Rendering the abstract tangible was one of Papaliolios’s demonstration tactics in reforming basic teaching of quantum mechanics. This article contends that Papaliolios’s motivation in creating the quantum toys came from a renowned endeavor aimed, inter alia, at reforming high-school physics training in the United States: Harvard Project Physics. The pedagogical study of these quantum toys, finally, compels us to revisit the central role playful discovery performs in pedagogy, at all levels of training and in all fields of knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"8 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4292270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
John S. Rigden 约翰·s·里格登
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1
Roger H. Stuewer
{"title":"John S. Rigden","authors":"Roger H. Stuewer","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"4 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4244848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics CNO循环的历史及其对核天体物理的影响
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0
Michael Wiescher
{"title":"The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics","authors":"Michael Wiescher","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The carbon cycle, or Bethe-Weizs?cker cycle, plays an important role in astrophysics as one of the most important energy sources for quiescent and explosive hydrogen burning in stars. This paper presents the intellectual and historical background of the idea of the correlation between stellar energy production and the synthesis of the chemical elements in stars on the example of this cycle. In particular, it addresses the contributions of Carl Friedrich von Weizs?cker and Hans Bethe, who provided the first predictions of the carbon cycle. Further, the experimental verification of the predicted process as it developed over the following decades is discussed, as well as the extension of the initial carbon cycle to the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) multi-cycles and the hot CNO cycles. This development emerged from the detailed experimental studies of the associated nuclear reactions over more than seven decades. Finally, the impact of the experimental and theoretical results on our present understanding of hydrogen burning in different stellar environments is presented, as well as the impact on our understanding of the chemical evolution of our universe.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"124 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4204961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Reply to James R. Hofmann 回复James R. Hofmann
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-12-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9
Friedrich Steinle
{"title":"Reply to James R. Hofmann","authors":"Friedrich Steinle","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 4","pages":"452 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4530715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Is Seeing Believing?: Observation in Physics 眼见为实吗?:物理学中的观察
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0210-y
Allan David Franklin
{"title":"Is Seeing Believing?: Observation in Physics","authors":"Allan David Franklin","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0210-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0210-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2016 the LIGO-Virgo collaboration announced “the first <i>direct</i> detection of gravitational waves.” This was to distinguish their result from the <i>indirect</i> observation of Russell Hulse, Joel Weisberg, and Joseph Taylor, which used the decrease in the period of a binary pulsar to “establish, with a high degree of confidence the existence of gravitational radiation as predicted by general relativity.” This raises several interesting questions. One might ask how one can distinguish between direct and indirect observation and whether that distinction is exemplified in the practice of science. One might also ask whether a direct observation has more epistemic weight than an indirect observation. In this essay, I briefly discuss several episodes from the history of modern physics in an attempt to answer those questions. These episodes include Galileo and falling bodies, the discovery of the neutrino, the Higgs boson, and gravitational radiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 4","pages":"321 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0210-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4434816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Turning the Ship: The Transformation of DESY, 1993–2009 转向船舶:DESY的转型,1993-2009
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0209-4
Thomas Heinze, Olof Hallonsten, Steffi Heinecke
{"title":"Turning the Ship: The Transformation of DESY, 1993–2009","authors":"Thomas Heinze,&nbsp;Olof Hallonsten,&nbsp;Steffi Heinecke","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0209-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0209-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article chronicles the most recent history of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) located in Hamburg, Germany, with particular emphasis on how this national laboratory founded for accelerator-based particle physics shifted its research program toward multi-disciplinary photon science. Synchrotron radiation became DESY’s central experimental research program through a series of changes in its organizational, scientific, and infrastructural setup and the science policy context. Furthermore, the turn toward photon science is part of a broader transformation in the late twentieth century in which nuclear and particle physics, once the dominating fields in national and international science budgets, gave way to increasing investment in the materials sciences and life sciences. Synchrotron radiation research took a lead position on the experimental side of these growing fields and became a new form of big science, generously funded by governments and with user communities expanding across both academia and industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 4","pages":"424 - 451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0209-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4811114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Francis Bacon’s London 弗朗西斯·培根的伦敦
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0207-6
Robert P. Crease
{"title":"Francis Bacon’s London","authors":"Robert P. Crease","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0207-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0207-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 3","pages":"291 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0207-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4748192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Essay Review 论文评审
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0206-7
James R. Hofmann
{"title":"Essay Review","authors":"James R. Hofmann","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0206-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0206-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 3","pages":"307 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0206-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5003890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Where Is the Physics Frontier? 物理学的前沿在哪里?
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-07-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0208-5
Robert P. Crease, Joseph D. Martin, Peter Pesic
{"title":"Where Is the Physics Frontier?","authors":"Robert P. Crease,&nbsp;Joseph D. Martin,&nbsp;Peter Pesic","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0208-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0208-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 3","pages":"181 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0208-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4827802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Plasma Archipelago: Plasma Physics in the 1960s 等离子体群岛:20世纪60年代的等离子体物理学
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0205-8
Gary J. Weisel
{"title":"The Plasma Archipelago: Plasma Physics in the 1960s","authors":"Gary J. Weisel","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0205-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0205-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the foundation of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society in April 1959, plasma physics was presented as the general study of ionized gases. This paper investigates the degree to which plasma physics, during its first decade, established a community of interrelated specialties, one that brought together work in gaseous electronics, astrophysics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, space science, and aerospace engineering. It finds that, in some regards, the plasma community was indeed greater than the sum of its parts and that its larger identity was sometimes glimpsed in inter-specialty work and studies of fundamental plasma behaviors. Nevertheless, the plasma specialties usually worked separately for two inter-related reasons: prejudices about what constituted “basic physics,” both in the general physics community and within the plasma community itself; and a compartmentalized funding structure, in which each funding agency served different missions.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 3","pages":"183 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0205-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4463338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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