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Physics in Perspective最新文献

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Physics Global and Local 物理全局和局部
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0184-1
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引用次数: 0
The History of “Anomalous” Atmospheric Neutrino Events: A First Person Account “异常”大气中微子事件的历史:第一人称叙述
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0185-0
John M. LoSecco
{"title":"The History of “Anomalous” Atmospheric Neutrino Events: A First Person Account","authors":"John M. LoSecco","doi":"10.1007/s00016-016-0185-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-016-0185-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The modern picture of the neutrino as a multiple-mass, highly mixed neutral particle has emerged over forty years of study. Best known of the issues leading to this picture was the apparent loss of neutrinos coming from the sun. This article describes another piece of evidence that supports the picture; the substantial reduction of high-energy muon-type neutrinos observed in nature. For much of the forty-year period before the modern picture emerged, this observation was known as the “atmospheric neutrino anomaly,” since these neutrinos originate in the Earth’s atmosphere. This paper describes the discovery of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly. I explore the scientific context and motivations in the late 1970s, from which this work emerged. The gradual awareness that the observations of atmospheric neutrinos were not as expected took place in the 1983–1986 period.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"18 2","pages":"209 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-016-0185-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4580894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber, 1911–1998: Nuclear Physicist Against the Odds 格特鲁德·沙夫-戈德哈伯，1911-1998:核物理学家
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-07-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0181-4
Michael H. Goldhaber
{"title":"Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber, 1911–1998: Nuclear Physicist Against the Odds","authors":"Michael H. Goldhaber","doi":"10.1007/s00016-016-0181-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-016-0181-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The author’s mother, Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber, was a prominent nuclear physicist who had to overcome steep odds to pursue her work. She lived and worked at a time when it was very uncommon for any woman to be a scientist and even more uncommon for a mother of young children. She also faced Nazi persecution and a series of other challenges in growing up in Germany. Drawing on personal conversations and testimony of her friends, this brief account includes a number of intimate details to illustrate some of the difficulties she faced and the zest for life and for understanding the world that pushed her forward anyway. Details of her work and a bibliography are included.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"18 2","pages":"182 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-016-0181-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4214088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Transnational Quantum: Quantum Physics in India through the Lens of Satyendranath Bose 跨国量子:通过萨提恩德拉纳特·玻色的镜头看印度的量子物理学
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0182-3
Somaditya Banerjee
{"title":"Transnational Quantum: Quantum Physics in India through the Lens of Satyendranath Bose","authors":"Somaditya Banerjee","doi":"10.1007/s00016-016-0182-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-016-0182-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper traces the social and cultural dimensions of quantum physics in colonial India where Satyendranath Bose worked. By focusing on Bose’s approach towards the quantum and his collaboration with Albert Einstein, I argue that his physics displayed both the localities of doing science in early twentieth century India as well as a cosmopolitan dimension. He transformed the fundamental new concept of the light quantum developed by Einstein in 1905 within the social and political context of colonial India. This cross-pollination of the local with the global is termed here as the locally rooted cosmopolitan nature of Bose’s science. The production of new knowledge through quantum statistics by Bose show the co-constructed nature of physics and the transnational nature of the quantum.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"18 2","pages":"157 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-016-0182-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4547210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Physics Textbooks Don’t Always Tell the Truth 物理教科书并不总是讲真话
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0178-z
Allan Franklin
{"title":"Physics Textbooks Don’t Always Tell the Truth","authors":"Allan Franklin","doi":"10.1007/s00016-016-0178-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-016-0178-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anyone who studies the history of physics quickly realizes that the history presented in physics textbooks is often inaccurate. I will discuss three episodes from the history of modern physics: (1) Robert Millikan’s experiments on the photoelectric effect, (2) the Michelson-Morley experiment, and (3) the Ellis-Wooster experiment on the energy spectrum in <i>β</i> decay. Everyone knows that Millikan’s work established the photon theory of light and that the Michelson-Morley experiment was crucial in the genesis of Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. The problem is that what everyone knows is wrong. Neither experiment played the role assigned to it by physics textbooks. The Ellis-Wooster experiment, on the other hand, is rarely discussed in physics texts, but it should be. It led to Wolfgang Pauli’s suggestion of the neutrino. I will present a more accurate history of these three experiments than those given in physics texts.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"18 1","pages":"3 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-016-0178-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4192987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
The Shelter Island Conferences Revisited: “Fundamental” Physics in the Decade 1975–1985 庇护所岛会议重访:1975-1985年间的“基础”物理学
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0180-5
S. S. Schweber
{"title":"The Shelter Island Conferences Revisited: “Fundamental” Physics in the Decade 1975–1985","authors":"S. S. Schweber","doi":"10.1007/s00016-016-0180-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-016-0180-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The focus of this broad historical overview of “the steady evolution of theoretical ideas” from Shelter Island I in 1947 to Shelter Island II in 1983 is some of the developments in “fundamental” physics after the establishment of the standard model, in particular, the adoption of the view that all present day field theories are “effective field theories” based on the gauge concept; taking seriously big bang cosmology, grand unified field theories (GUTs), and inflation; and the emergence of a new symbiosis of physics and mathematics.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"18 1","pages":"58 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-016-0180-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4828632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Do Physics Conferences Still Matter? 物理学会议还重要吗?
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-016-0179-y
The Editors
{"title":"Do Physics Conferences Still Matter?","authors":"The Editors","doi":"10.1007/s00016-016-0179-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-016-0179-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-016-0179-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4620261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
American Influence on Chinese Physics Study in the Early Twentieth Century 20世纪初美国对中国物理学研究的影响
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2016-01-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-015-0174-8
Danian Hu
{"title":"American Influence on Chinese Physics Study in the Early Twentieth Century","authors":"Danian Hu","doi":"10.1007/s00016-015-0174-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-015-0174-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To save China from the perils she faced in the early twentieth century, the majority of the Chinese seemed to agree that it was necessary to strengthen the country by developing <i>shiye</i> or industry and commerce. For this purpose, they overhauled China’s education system and sent a large number of students to study overseas. Many of them enrolled in American colleges, sponsored either by governmental grants or by private funds. As American physics advanced rapidly during the early twentieth century, Chinese physicists?studying in top US institutions received first-class professional training. They later went on to become a main driving force in Chinese physics development. The study-in-America programs were apparently more successful than other study-overseas programs. Among other factors, the historical lessons learned from the aborted Chinese Educational Mission in the 1870s, the prevalent and long-time presence of American mission schools in China, and stable public and private funding contributed to their success. American-trained Chinese physicists not only advanced physics study in China but also played leading roles in the development of Chinese science and technology during the twentieth century. This fertile and far-reaching American influence has been embedded in all their accomplishments.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"17 4","pages":"268 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-015-0174-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4495865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Michigan State University Cyclotron Laboratory: Its Early Years 密歇根州立大学回旋加速器实验室:早期
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-015-0175-7
Sam M. Austin
{"title":"The Michigan State University Cyclotron Laboratory: Its Early Years","authors":"Sam M. Austin","doi":"10.1007/s00016-015-0175-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-015-0175-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Michigan State University Cyclotron Laboratory was founded in 1958 and over the years grew in stature, becoming the highest-ranked university-based program in nuclear science. Its K50 cyclotron had unmatched capability as a light-ion accelerator and helped to define what a modern cyclotron could do to advance our understanding of nuclei. This paper describes the first twenty years of the Cyclotron Laboratory’s evolution and gives some insight into the cultural characteristics of the laboratory, and of its early members, that led it to thrive.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"17 4","pages":"298 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-015-0175-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4566316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Superconducting Niobium-Titanium: Enabler for Affordable MRI and the Search for the Higgs Boson 超导铌钛:可负担的核磁共振成像和寻找希格斯玻色子的推动者
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2015-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-015-0172-x
T. G. Berlincourt
{"title":"Superconducting Niobium-Titanium: Enabler for Affordable MRI and the Search for the Higgs Boson","authors":"T. G. Berlincourt","doi":"10.1007/s00016-015-0172-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-015-0172-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1961, Bell Telephone Laboratories researchers startled the world of physics by reporting that, at temperatures near absolute zero, a superconducting niobium-tin compound could support enormous electric current densities without resistance in the presence of very high magnetic fields. Suddenly, it became possible to fabricate supermagnets that generate high magnetic fields with unprecedented efficiency and economy. Scientists raced to find additional such materials and also to account theoretically for their behavior. Disregarded early on as unpromising, niobium-titanium alloys eventually emerged from among thousands of superconductors to become the most widely used, finding application in many thousands of MRI medical imaging systems and in huge particle accelerator magnets. In 1962, at Atomics International, experiments that revealed the supermagnet promise of niobium-titanium alloys also made essential contributions to the confirmation of the initially overlooked superconductivity theories of Soviet scientists Ginzburg, Landau, Abrikosov, and Gor'kov as the appropriate framework for understanding the physics of high magnetic field superconductivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"17 4","pages":"334 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-015-0172-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4567033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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