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Physics in Perspective最新文献

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Ludvig Lorenz and His Non-Maxwellian Electrical Theory of Light 洛伦兹和他的非麦克斯韦光电学理论
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1
Helge Kragh
{"title":"Ludvig Lorenz and His Non-Maxwellian Electrical Theory of Light","authors":"Helge Kragh","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maxwell’s celebrated electromagnetic theory of light dates from 1865. Two years later, without appealing to the ether as a carrier of light waves, the Danish physicist Ludvig Lorenz (1829–1891) independently published another electrical theory of light based on optical equations and the novel idea of retarded potentials. In spite of resting on a very different conceptual foundation, Lorenz’s theory led to almost the same results as Maxwell’s. But whereas Maxwell’s field theory heralded a revolution in physics, Lorenz’s alternative was largely forgotten and soon relegated to a footnote in the history of physics. In part based on archival material and other sources in Danish, this paper offers a detailed contextual account of Lorentz’s theory and its reception in the physics community. Moreover, it includes a brief introduction to other of Lorenz’s scientific contributions and discusses the reasons why his electrical theory of light failed to attract serious interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 3","pages":"221 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0223-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4123737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Celebrity Physicist: How the Press Sensationalized Einstein’s Search for a Unified Field Theory 著名物理学家:媒体如何轰动爱因斯坦对统一场论的研究
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-06-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0
Paul Halpern
{"title":"Celebrity Physicist: How the Press Sensationalized Einstein’s Search for a Unified Field Theory","authors":"Paul Halpern","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Einstein’s later years, from the late 1920s onward, his reputation in the physics community as an innovator had faded as he pursued increasingly unrealistic unified field theories. Yet from the perspective of the press, his image and ideas were still marketable. We will see how his various attempts to craft a unified field theory generated numerous headlines, despite their lack of experimental evidence or even realistic solutions. We will examine how Einstein’s “latest theory,” became a much sought-after commodity used to generate interest in books, magazines, and newspapers.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 3","pages":"254 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0224-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5013708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How Pressure Became a Scalar, Not a Vector 压强如何变成标量，而不是矢量
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3
Alan Chalmers
{"title":"How Pressure Became a Scalar, Not a Vector","authors":"Alan Chalmers","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gradual emergence of a science of hydrostatics during the course of the seventeenth century is testament to the fact that a technical concept of pressure that was up to the task was far from obvious. The first published version of a theory of hydrostatics containing the essentials of the modern theory appeared in book 2 of Isaac Newton’s <i>Principia</i>. Newton derived the propositions of hydrostatics from a definition of a fluid as a medium unable to withstand a distorting force. Newton’s reasoning required that pressure be understood as a force per unit area acting on either side of imaginary planes within the body of a fluid. For a fluid in equilibrium, the forces at some location within a fluid are independent of the orientation of such planes. As Newton came to realize, within the body of a liquid, pressure acts equally in all directions so that there is no resultant pressing in any direction. Pressure has an intensity but not a direction. In modern terms, it is a scalar, not a vector. Although earlier scholars such as Simon Stevin, Blaise Pascal, and Robert Boyle helped set the scene for Newton’s innovations, they were unable to transcend the common sense of pressure as a directed force acting on the solid surfaces bounding a fluid.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 2","pages":"165 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0221-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4738657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Science and Politics Collide 当科学与政治碰撞
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-04-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2
Robert P. Crease, Joseph D. Martin, Peter Pesic
{"title":"When Science and Politics Collide","authors":"Robert P. Crease,&nbsp;Joseph D. Martin,&nbsp;Peter Pesic","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 2","pages":"163 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0222-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4745574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Fiftieth Anniversary of Brookhaven National Laboratory: A Turbulent Time 布鲁克海文国家实验室五十周年纪念:一个动荡的时代
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-03-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x
Peter D. Bond
{"title":"The Fiftieth Anniversary of Brookhaven National Laboratory: A Turbulent Time","authors":"Peter D. Bond","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fiftieth anniversary year of Brookhaven National Laboratory was momentous, but for reasons other than celebrating its scientific accomplishments. Legacy environmental contamination, community unrest, politics, and internal Department of Energy issues dominated the year. It was the early days of perhaps the most turbulent time in the lab’s history. The consequences resulted in significant changes at the lab, but in addition they brought a change to contracts to manage the Department of Energy laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 2","pages":"180 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0219-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4261955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Desire to Data: How JLab’s Experimental Program Evolved Part 2: The Painstaking Transition to Concrete Plans, Mid-1980s to 1990 从欲望到数据:JLab的实验项目是如何演变的。第二部分:从1980年代中期到1990年，艰难地过渡到具体的计划
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2
Catherine Westfall
{"title":"From Desire to Data: How JLab’s Experimental Program Evolved Part 2: The Painstaking Transition to Concrete Plans, Mid-1980s to 1990","authors":"Catherine Westfall","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This is the second in a three-part article describing the development of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility’s experimental program, from the first dreams of incisive electromagnetic probes into the structure of the nucleus through the era in which equipment was designed and constructed and a program crafted so that the long-desired experiments could begin. These developments unfolded against the backdrop of the rise of the more bureaucratic New Big Science and the intellectual tumult that grew from increasing understanding and interest in quark-level physics. Part 2, presented here, focuses on the period from 1986 to 1990. During this period of revolutionary change, laboratory personnel, potential users, and DOE officials labored to proceed from the 1986 laboratory design report, which included detailed accelerator plans and very preliminary experimental equipment sketches, to an approved 1990 experimental equipment conceptual design report, which provided designs complete enough for the onset of experimental equipment construction.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"43 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0214-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4642315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Playing with Quantum Toys: Julian Schwinger’s Measurement Algebra and the Material Culture of Quantum Mechanics Pedagogy at Harvard in the 1960s 玩量子玩具:朱利安·施温格的测量代数和20世纪60年代哈佛大学量子力学教学的物质文化
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3
Jean-François Gauvin
{"title":"Playing with Quantum Toys: Julian Schwinger’s Measurement Algebra and the Material Culture of Quantum Mechanics Pedagogy at Harvard in the 1960s","authors":"Jean-François Gauvin","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the early 1960s, a PhD student in physics, Costas Papaliolios, designed a simple—and playful—system of Polaroid polarizer filters with a specific goal in mind: explaining the core principles behind Julian Schwinger’s quantum mechanical measurement algebra, developed at Harvard in the late 1940s and based on the Stern-Gerlach experiment confirming the quantization of electron spin. Papaliolios dubbed his invention “quantum toys.” This article looks at the origins and function of this amusing pedagogical device, which landed half a century later in the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard University. Rendering the abstract tangible was one of Papaliolios’s demonstration tactics in reforming basic teaching of quantum mechanics. This article contends that Papaliolios’s motivation in creating the quantum toys came from a renowned endeavor aimed, inter alia, at reforming high-school physics training in the United States: Harvard Project Physics. The pedagogical study of these quantum toys, finally, compels us to revisit the central role playful discovery performs in pedagogy, at all levels of training and in all fields of knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"8 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0213-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4292270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
John S. Rigden 约翰·s·里格登
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1
Roger H. Stuewer
{"title":"John S. Rigden","authors":"Roger H. Stuewer","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"4 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0215-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4244848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics CNO循环的历史及其对核天体物理的影响
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2018-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0
Michael Wiescher
{"title":"The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics","authors":"Michael Wiescher","doi":"10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The carbon cycle, or Bethe-Weizs?cker cycle, plays an important role in astrophysics as one of the most important energy sources for quiescent and explosive hydrogen burning in stars. This paper presents the intellectual and historical background of the idea of the correlation between stellar energy production and the synthesis of the chemical elements in stars on the example of this cycle. In particular, it addresses the contributions of Carl Friedrich von Weizs?cker and Hans Bethe, who provided the first predictions of the carbon cycle. Further, the experimental verification of the predicted process as it developed over the following decades is discussed, as well as the extension of the initial carbon cycle to the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) multi-cycles and the hot CNO cycles. This development emerged from the detailed experimental studies of the associated nuclear reactions over more than seven decades. Finally, the impact of the experimental and theoretical results on our present understanding of hydrogen burning in different stellar environments is presented, as well as the impact on our understanding of the chemical evolution of our universe.</p>","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"20 1","pages":"124 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4204961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Reply to James R. Hofmann 回复James R. Hofmann
IF 0.4 3区 哲学
Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2017-12-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9
Friedrich Steinle
{"title":"Reply to James R. Hofmann","authors":"Friedrich Steinle","doi":"10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":727,"journal":{"name":"Physics in Perspective","volume":"19 4","pages":"452 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00016-017-0212-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4530715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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